RESUMO
Background: The ultrasound exam has always played a secondary role in pulmonary imaging, with its applicability restricted in emergency care to screen for pleural and/or pericardial effusion, pneumothorax and pulmonary contusion. The recognition of different reverberating artifacts arising from the normal aerated lungs (A lines) and in the presence of lungs with interstitial and/or alveolar infiltrates (B lines) led to wider application of the technique in patients with respiratory syndrome. The objective of this study was to describe the ultrasound imaging methodology and the aspects of the pleura, pleural space and lung fields in healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy dogs of different breeds and ages, males and females were evaluated in this study; good health status was confirmed by physical examination, electro and echocardiographic assessment, thoracic radiography and systemic arterial blood pressure measurements. Dogs were scanned by a single examiner experienced in diagnostic imaging and previously trained for 6 months in thoracic ultrasound image interpretation. A MyLab 40 with a microconvex multifrequency probe (5-8 MHz) was used in this study. Evaluation was performed in an orthopneic position (standing or sternal recumbecy) under manual containment. Ultrasound examinations were based on the VetBLUE (Veterinary Bedside Lung Ultrasound Exam) protocol. Lung fields were regionally scanned at the 2nd-3rd, 4-5th, 6-7th and 8-9th intercostal spaces in the right and left hemithorax. A subxiphoid window was added to screen for free fluid in the pleural space and/or pericardial sac. Pleural sliding and A lines, that are hyperechoic parallel equidistant lines arising from the visceral pleura-lung interface could be easily seen at all intercostal spaces in all dogs in this sample, with more difficult visualization at the 2nd-3rd intercostal space. B lines were observed in seven out of twenty dogs (35%).[...]
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Cães , Pulmão/fisiologia , Tórax/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: The ultrasound exam has always played a secondary role in pulmonary imaging, with its applicability restricted in emergency care to screen for pleural and/or pericardial effusion, pneumothorax and pulmonary contusion. The recognition of different reverberating artifacts arising from the normal aerated lungs (A lines) and in the presence of lungs with interstitial and/or alveolar infiltrates (B lines) led to wider application of the technique in patients with respiratory syndrome. The objective of this study was to describe the ultrasound imaging methodology and the aspects of the pleura, pleural space and lung fields in healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy dogs of different breeds and ages, males and females were evaluated in this study; good health status was confirmed by physical examination, electro and echocardiographic assessment, thoracic radiography and systemic arterial blood pressure measurements. Dogs were scanned by a single examiner experienced in diagnostic imaging and previously trained for 6 months in thoracic ultrasound image interpretation. A MyLab 40 with a microconvex multifrequency probe (5-8 MHz) was used in this study. Evaluation was performed in an orthopneic position (standing or sternal recumbecy) under manual containment. Ultrasound examinations were based on the VetBLUE (Veterinary Bedside Lung Ultrasound Exam) protocol. Lung fields were regionally scanned at the 2nd-3rd, 4-5th, 6-7th and 8-9th intercostal spaces in the right and left hemithorax. A subxiphoid window was added to screen for free fluid in the pleural space and/or pericardial sac. Pleural sliding and A lines, that are hyperechoic parallel equidistant lines arising from the visceral pleura-lung interface could be easily seen at all intercostal spaces in all dogs in this sample, with more difficult visualization at the 2nd-3rd intercostal space. B lines were observed in seven out of twenty dogs (35%).[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Cães , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Pulmão/fisiologia , Tórax/fisiologiaRESUMO
A ruptura do ligamento cruzado é uma das lesões ortopédicas que mais comumente afeta a espécie canina. O aumento do ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial tem sido relacionado com a ruptura do ligamento. A técnica cirúrgica de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) é uma das técnicas cirúrgicas preconizadas, que objetivam a reestabilização da articulação femorotibiopatelar. O exame radiográfico é uma ferramenta indispensável para o planejamento cirúrgico de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que visam osteotomias corretivas. Avaliar inicialmente o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial a partir do exame radiográfico é um pré-requisito para o procedimento da TPLO. A proposta do presente estudo é descrever as técnicas para a obtenção da projeção radiográfica correta e ressaltar as referências anatômicas utilizadas para medir o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial.(AU)
The rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common orthopedic injuries in dogs. The increase in the slope of the tibial plateau has been associated with the ligament tear. The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) is one of the recommended surgical techniques, and aims to reestablish the tibio and patellofemoral joints. Radiographic examination is an indispensable tool for surgical planning of various orthopedic techniques that apply the use of corrective osteotomies. Measurement of the initial slope of the tibial plateau from radiographic examination is a prerequisite for the TPLO procedure. The purpose of this study is to describe the techniques for a correct radiographic projection, as well as to highlight the anatomical references used for the measurement of the tibial plateau angle.(AU)
La ruptura del ligamento cruzado es una de las lesiones ortopédicas que afecta a los caninos con mayor frecuencia. El aumento del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial ha sido relacionado con la ruptura del ligamento. La técnica quirúrgica para nivelar la meseta tibial (TPLO) es una de las más recomendadas, en la que se busca reestabilizar la articulación femorotibiopatelar. El examen radiográfico es una herramienta indispensable para la realización de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que utilizan osteotomías correctivas. La evaluación inicial del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial en la radiografia es un pre requisito para poder realizar una TPLO. La propuesta del presente estudio es describir las técnicas para la realización de una proyección radiográfica correcta, y resaltar las referencias anatómicas utilizadas para medir el ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Ligamentos Articulares/lesões , Ligamentos Articulares , Fraturas da Tíbia/diagnóstico , Fraturas da Tíbia , Ruptura , Ruptura/veterináriaRESUMO
A ruptura do ligamento cruzado é uma das lesões ortopédicas que mais comumente afeta a espécie canina. O aumento do ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial tem sido relacionado com a ruptura do ligamento. A técnica cirúrgica de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) é uma das técnicas cirúrgicas preconizadas, que objetivam a reestabilização da articulação femorotibiopatelar. O exame radiográfico é uma ferramenta indispensável para o planejamento cirúrgico de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que visam osteotomias corretivas. Avaliar inicialmente o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial a partir do exame radiográfico é um pré-requisito para o procedimento da TPLO. A proposta do presente estudo é descrever as técnicas para a obtenção da projeção radiográfica correta e ressaltar as referências anatômicas utilizadas para medir o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial.
The rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common orthopedic injuries in dogs. The increase in the slope of the tibial plateau has been associated with the ligament tear. The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) is one of the recommended surgical techniques, and aims to reestablish the tibio and patellofemoral joints. Radiographic examination is an indispensable tool for surgical planning of various orthopedic techniques that apply the use of corrective osteotomies. Measurement of the initial slope of the tibial plateau from radiographic examination is a prerequisite for the TPLO procedure. The purpose of this study is to describe the techniques for a correct radiographic projection, as well as to highlight the anatomical references used for the measurement of the tibial plateau angle.
La ruptura del ligamento cruzado es una de las lesiones ortopédicas que afecta a los caninos con mayor frecuencia. El aumento del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial ha sido relacionado con la ruptura del ligamento. La técnica quirúrgica para nivelar la meseta tibial (TPLO) es una de las más recomendadas, en la que se busca reestabilizar la articulación femorotibiopatelar. El examen radiográfico es una herramienta indispensable para la realización de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que utilizan osteotomías correctivas. La evaluación inicial del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial en la radiografia es un pre requisito para poder realizar una TPLO. La propuesta del presente estudio es describir las técnicas para la realización de una proyección radiográfica correcta, y resaltar las referencias anatómicas utilizadas para medir el ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial.