Depressive symptoms in adolescence and quality of life 17 years later - follow-up study. / Objawy depresyjne w okresie adolescencji a jakosc zycia po 17 latach ­ badanie katamnestyczne.

OBJECTIVES: The answer to the question to what extent depressive symptoms which occur in the middle and late adolescence period affect the quality of life in adulthood. METHODS: The sample group consisted of 308 adults out of 3,445 who had participated in a 2000 study of prevalence of depressive symptoms among students. 17 years later, letters were sent to all study participants with information about the purpose of the study and an original questionnaire, with quality of life and quality of social network scales (the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe Social Network Index - COURAGE-SNI and WHOQOL-AGE) attached. RESULTS: The presence of depressive symptoms in the untreated population of adolescents is associated, in the case of women, with poorer education and fewer opportunities to work in adulthood compared to their non-depressive peers. In contrast, the men who were not depressive in adolescence take jobs in which they are more likely to earn a high income. An analysis of the quality of life showed statistically significant differences between men and women. In the group of non-depressive men, greater satisfaction with owned financial resources was observed. In the case of adult women, those who had been depressive in adolescence declared a sense of lower overall quality of life and satisfaction with the way of spending free time, satisfaction with achievement of life goals and owned financial means. Non-depressive women presented higher quality of social networks 17 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term observation in our prospective study supports the hypothesis of a developmental character of adolescent depression.

The intensity of empathy in adolescents treated in a day unit - preliminary reports. / Natezenie empatii u mlodziezy leczonej w oddziale dziennym ­ doniesienia wstepne.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the pilot study was to compare the level of empathy among adolescents treated in a psychiatric day unit in groups with varied age, gender and type of disorder (conduct and emotional disorders and depressive-anxiety disorders). METHODS: The study was carried out in a group of 117 adolescents (69 girls and 48 boys) aged 13-20, treated in the Clinical Day Unit of the Department of Adult, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the University Hospital in Kraków between 2016-2021. The Davis Empathy Scale and the Cohen Empathy Scale were used for the study. RESULTS: Girls scored significantly higher compared to boys on the Cohen and Davis Empathy scales and on the Davis subscale: Personal Distress. Statistically significant interactions were observed for the factors of gender and age, as well as age and disorder type. Older boys had statistically significantly higher scores on the Davis Empathy Scale compared to younger boys, while the reverse pattern was observed for girls (non-significant). Older patients with conduct disorders had significantly lower Cohen's Empathy Scale scores compared to younger patients; the opposite pattern was observed in the group of patients with anxiety-depressive disorders (non-significant). CONCLUSIONS: Girls exhibit higher levels of affective and cognitive empathy than boys. The intensity of empathy increases with age in the group of boys, while for girls the obtained differences are not statistically significant. The intensity of empathy is significantly lower in the group of older adolescents (versus younger) with conduct and emotional disorders. Among depressive-anxiety disorders, the opposite pattern was noted (non-significant). The unique results obtained indicate a different trajectory of empathy development in the group of patients with conduct disorders and with depressive-anxiety disorders.

Depressive symptoms among adolescents in non-clinical Krakow's population - thirty years' follow-up. / Objawy depresyjne wsród adolescentów w nieleczonej populacji Krakowa ­ 30-letnia katamneza.

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of predictive value of the occurrence of depressive symptoms during adolescence. For this purpose,the life history of untreated adolescents screened for the presence of depressive symptoms was assessed twice, at intervals of fifteen years, including an assessment of their health history, their family-related, occupational, material and social situation. The comparison of the fate of depressive adolescents with the fate of their non-depressive peers was aimed at answering the question about the influence of adolescent depression on health in adulthood. METHODS: In 1985, a random sample of 1,035 people - students aged 15 and 17 - was examined for a screening diagnosis of adolescent depression. The Krakow Depression Inventory (KID) questionnaires version for 15-year-olds ("IOB1") and for 17-year-olds ("IOC1") were used. After 15 years, data on 238 people (23%) were obtained. In 2015, responses were obtained from 101 people (9.8% of those surveyed in 1985). RESULTS: An analysis of the results of a 30-year prospective study of the relationship between depressiveness in adolescence, in untreated adolescents, and the health and functioning in adulthood indicates that, contrary to predictions, the appearance of depression in this phase of development cannot be treated as a predictor of mental disorders later in life. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term observation in our prospective study supports the hypothesis of a developmental character of adolescent depression.

[Factor structure of symptoms in the Krakow Depression Inventory KID IO "B1" among 15-year-olds]. / Struktura czynnikowa objawów w Krakowskim Inwentarzu Depresyjnym KID IO "B1" w grupie 15-latków.

AIM: The aim of the article is to partially verify the theoretical concept of depressive symptoms in adolescents, based on KID IO "B1", as well as to check the accuracy of the questionnaire. METHOD: The KID results from an untreated sample population of 15-year-olds were statistically analysed. Of the 1118 KID IO "B1" questionnaires submitted, 594 (246 boys and 348 girls) underwent factor analysis, of which 297, i.e. half, gained a result higher than the diagnostic threshold for depression. In search of the presence of general factors, as well as to verify the principles used to categorise depressive symptoms according to clinical criteria, analysis of the factors using methods consisting of oblimin, quatrimax and varimax rotations was carried out separately and combined for both genders. RESULTS: The following new factors were distinguished for boys: I--lowered mood, and anxiety, II--self-destruction, III--apathy, cognitive disturbances, IV--somatic symptoms, V--somatisation, apathy, self-destruction, VI--boredom and avoidance of social contact, and for girls: I--lowered mood, lack of consideration for future repercussions, II--lowered drive, learning difficulties, cognitive and motivational disturbances, III--anxiety, IV--dysphoria with self-destruction, V--self-destruction, VI--eating pattern disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: Depression, as derived from factor analysis of the KID IO "B1" questionnaire positions, is heterogeneous. Theoretical division of symptom groups, relating to the specific scale in the questionnaire, was confirmed to a very small degree through the analysis of the factors. The list of factors in genders differs. The groups of symptoms appearing in both genders gained from analysis are different in boys and girls with one exception, which may partially result from the different factor overviews of depressive symptoms in both genders.

[Prevalence of mental disorders and psychoactive substance use in metropolitan 17-year old youth population]. / Rozpowszechnienie zaburzen psychicznych i uzywania substancji psychoaktywnych w populacji 17-letniej mlodziezy wielkomiejskiej.

AIM: To determine the extent to which mental disorders (depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders) and psychoactive substance use are prevalent among Krakow secondary school adolescents in the late adolescent phase. METHOD: A representative sample of the population of Krakow secondary school pupils was tested. Two-stage draw method identified a group of 1933 2nd form pupils of all types of secondary schools: grammar schools, technical schools and vocational schools (17-year-olds). They were tested using the following screening questionnaires: Beck Depression Scale, EAT-26 eating disorders scale, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (Leyton) scale and the author's drug questionnaire. RESULTS: Girls declared symptoms of mental disorders twice as often as boys (41.2% vs. 22.7%). Among girls, the most common disorders were: depressive symptoms (33.6%), eating disorder symptoms (18.7%) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (5.4%). And in the boys group: depressive symptoms (22.7%), eating disorder (7.3%) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (3.4%). Findings were obtained concerning the prevalence of substance use in the boys and girls group (73% vs. 68%), mainly alcohol, as well as alcohol and cigarettes and alcohol, cigarettes and drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of mental disorders in the population of 17-year-olds is significant; it concerns especially depressive symptoms and eating disorder symptoms. A significant prevalence of psychoactive substance use was found in this age group, mainly alcohol and mixed type substance use: alcohol and cigarettes and alcohol, cigarettes and drugs.

Magnetic seizure therapy (MST)--a safer method for evoking seizure activity than current therapy with a confirmed antidepressant efficacy.

Since 1999, attempts have been made in the application of a new technique called magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or magnetic convulsion therapy (MCT) in the treatment of depressive disorder--as an alternative to electroconvulsive treatment. The technique of rapid rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is used to evoke intentional and repeated magnetoconvulsive seizures, though it requires the use of stimulation parameters practically inaccessible in commercially available rTMS magnetic stimulators. Magnetic convulsion therapy has been tested on monkeys as well as humans. A decisive majority of studies carried out both on animals and humans addressed the issue of safety of the MST method and confirmed that the side-effects (mostly of a cognitive nature) which occurred after magnetic seizures were weaker than those observed after electroconvulsive seizures. An analysis of available sources, however, does not confirm any proven antidepressant action of the MST technique. No experimental investigations have been carried out on animal models of depression. Clinical effectiveness had been confirmed in merely a few (perhaps three) patients with depression. The authors submit the results of the hitherto conducted studies on MST to critical analysis, particularly in the aspect of their antidepressant efficacy.

[Factor structure of symptoms in the Kraków Depression inventory (KID) IO "C1"]. / Struktura czynnikowa objawów w Krakowskim Inwentarzu Depresyjnym (KID) IO "C1".

AIM: The aim of this article is partial empirical verification of the depression image theoretical concept underlying the KID IO"C1" construction, and also, a check of the questionnaire's factor relevancy. METHOD: KID results of a study of an untreated population sample of 17-year-olds were analysed statistically. Out of 1823 questionnaires, 1349 were included in the analysis (560 filled in by boys and 789 girls by girls). Of these, 499 respondents received a screening diagnosis of depression. 474 sheets were rejected at random to standardise the distribution of the overall scale results. In search of the presence of a general factor and to verify the legitimacy of the division of depressive symptoms according to the clinical criterion, factor analyses were conducted using the principal components method with oblimin, quatrimax and varimax rotations separately and jointly for both sexes. RESULTS: The following new factors were identified: I--pessimism, II--mood instability, III--difficulty in learning, IV--self-destruction, V--fear of the future, VI--eating problems. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses conducted only partially confirm the validity ofa clinical-picture based questionnaire. A non-compliance of a number of factors with the assumed questionnaire scales emerges. A non-uniform symptomatic depression image in late adolescence phase is confirmed. Two factors stand out decidedly: self-destructive behaviours and eating problems.

[Generation changes of Polish adolescents self-image (cohorts 1987 versus 2001)]. / Zmiany generacyjne obrazu siebie wsród polskich adolescentów (kohorty 1987 versus 2001).

AIM. To compare the self-image of adolescents over fifteen years in Poland (1987 versus 2001). METHODS. Participants were 1752 school students aged 16 to 17 years randomly selected from high school in Kraków (university town). Self-image was measured by the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire. MANOVA, ANOVAs and CFA were applied as statistical methods. RESULTS. Between 1987 and 2001 self-image changes toward a more positive self perceptions in 2001. Boys described themselves better on most scales. Girls score better on vocational and educational goals and superior adjustment. CONCLUSIONS. Self-image changes over time. It is influenced by macrosocial conditions. The research confirms the 5-factor model of self-image structure of the questionnaire and its intergenerational and inter-cultural stability.

[Comorbidity in adolescence: simultaneous declaration of depressive, eating, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and use of psychoactive substances in the general population of 17 year old students in a big city]. / Wspólwystepowanie objawów depresyjnych, zaburzen jedzenia oraz obsesyjno-kompulsyjnych a uzywanie substancji psychoaktywnych w populacji 17-letniej mlodziezy wielkomiejskiej.

AIM: To determine whether the following symptoms: depressive symptoms, eating disorder symptoms and obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adolescents in Kraków secondary schools are associated with an increased risk of psychoactive substance use. METHOD: A representative sample of the population of Kraków secondary school pupils was tested. A two-stage draw method identified a group of 2034 2nd form pupils of all types of secondary schools: grammar schools, technical schools and vocational schools (17-year olds). They were tested using the following screening questionnaires: Beck Depression Scale, EAT-26 eating disorders scale, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (Leyton) scale and the author's drug questionnaire. RESULTS: The incidence of depressive symptoms among boys and girls is associated with an increased risk of alcohol use (74.8% among depressive boys versus 65.8% in the depressive group of girls), cigarette smoking (42.7% vs. 46.7%) and drug use (29.0% vs. 18.6%). All of the relationships are statistically significant in both sexes. 41.7% depressive boys admit to smoking, vs. only 32.6% in the non-depressive group. In the girls' group, these relationships are as follows: 46.7% versus 32.1%. The relationships are statistically significant in both sexes. The incidence of eating disorder symptoms among boys and girls is associated with a higher risk of alcohol use (respectively: 73.5% vs. 61.9%), cigarette smoking (42.1% vs. 46.9%), and drug use (31.6% versus 21.5%). Compared with a group of young people without eating disorder symptoms, the relationships are of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity of the following symptoms was found: depressive symptoms, eating disorder symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and symptoms of psychoactive substance use. The presence of depressive symptoms increases the risk of the use of psychoactive substances, especially alcohol and tobacco, to a lesser extent--drugs, both in the boys and in the girls. The presence of eating disorder symptoms increases the risk of smoking and drug use among both boys and girls.

[A comparative study on depression symptoms in Cracow primary school kids in years 1984 and 2001]. / Porównanie objawów depresji w populacji uczniów krakowskich szkól podstawowych w latach 1984 i 2001.

AIM: The study aims to find out whether or not the image of depression in children has remained related to the changing social context within a period of fifteen years. METHOD: For the depression study, version AO "B1" of the Kraków Depression Inventory (KID) was used. The subject group included 10-year-old fourth-form Kraków primary school students selected in 1984 and 2001 by two-stage draw. The analysis included subjects with a screening diagnosis of depression. In 1984, this was a group of 160, and in 2001-200 persons. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups of pupils under study in 1984 and 2001 as far as the scale of mood disorder is concerned (a reduction in the intensity of symptoms in girls and an increase in boys) and somatic symptoms (increase of symptoms in girls and a reduction in the intensity of symptoms in boys). On other scales, no differences of statistical significance were found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS. The changing social conditions have a relatively low effect on the symptomatic depression image in preadolescent children.

[A comparative study on adolescent depression in the general population of junior high school adolescents in a big city based on an analysis of outcomes of 1984 and 2001 studies using the IO "B1" symptom inventory]. / Porównanie obrazu depresji mlodzienczej w populacji uczniów krakowskich szkól gimnazjalnych na podstawie analizy wyników badan za pomoca inwentarza objawowego IO "B1" w latach 1984 i 2001.

AIM: This study describes an attempt at finding out whether or not the adolescent depression image in the mid-adolescent phase is related to the social context of adolescence. METHOD: For the depression study, version IO "B1" of the Kraków Depression Inventory (KID) was used. The subject group included 13-year-old seventh-form primary school students in 1984 and first-form junior high school students in 2001, selected using two-stage draw. The analysis allowed for the outcomes of subjects with a screening diagnosis of depression. In 1984, the group comprised 150, and in 2001 - 388 students. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in self-destructive symptoms in the 2001 population compared with the 1984 population (to a greater extent in girls than in boys). Girls in both populations displayed more intensified symptoms of mood disorder, anxiety and somatic symptoms, whereas in the boys' group, it was related to drive disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The changing social conditions affect the symptomatic depression image in adolescents. This change manifests itself in an externalization in self-destructive behaviours and an increase in depressive symptoms in the 2001 boys group.

[Change in self-image in the population of adolescents in 15 years--comparative study]. / Zmiana obrazu siebie w populacji mlodziezy w póznej fazie adolescencji na przestrzeni 15 lat--badania porównawcze.

UNLABELLED: The image of the self changes over time. The changes are conditioned by the culture and the social structure that the adolescents live in. AIM: The study aimed to compare self-image in the non- treated 17 y.o. population of adolescents during 15 years. METHOD: In 1987 and 2001, a representative sample of school-attending adolescents was screened with OSIQ (The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for Adolescents). RESULTS: In the period surveyed, the self-image of 17-year-olds improved. In the boys' group, there is still an incoherence of the self-image, while in girls the coherence grows. CONCLUSIONS: As a result ofmacrocultural factors, favourable changes take place in the area of mental health and coping that are reflected in the improvement of the self-image.

[Prospective study on dynamics of depression in mid-adolescence]. / Prospektywne badanie dynamiki depresji u mlodziezy w sredniej fazie dorastania.

AIM: The aim of the study is an evaluation of the occurrence and dynamics of depression during mid-adolescence. It was conducted in prospective studies on a representative group of gymnasium school adolescents in large towns. METHOD: In a two-stage draw, a representative group of 1737, 13 year-old adolescents was chosen. They were surveyed by the Krakow Depression Inventory (KID) subsequently in the years 2001, 2002, 2003. RESULTS: The point-prevalence of depression was respectively 24.6%, 24.5% and 26.6% for 13, 14 and 15 year-olds. The spread-out rate of depressive disorder in the studied group turned out to be relatively stable. CONCLUSION: Depression is more common amongst mid-adolescent girls than boys. Dynamics of the disorder, when studied throughout the three years show that amongst the mid-adolescent population, depression is a disorder of an unequivocal nature.

[Prospective study on dynamics of depression in late adolescence]. / Prospektywne badanie dynamiki depresji u mlodziezy w póznej fazie dorastania.

AIM: To assess changes in occurrence of depressive disorders during late adolescence a prospective epidemiological study was carried out. METHOD: Representative sample of 17 y.o. school adolescents (N=2094) was screened for depression with the Krakow Depression Inventory (KID) in 2001, 2002 and 2003. RESULTS: Point prevalence of depression was found respectively: 27.27% for 17 y.o., 27.43% for 18 y.o., and 26.69% for 19 y.o. and was relatively stable in the sample studied. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that depression is more often in late-adolescent girls than in boys of the same age. The dynamics of depression across the years suggests a differentiated nature of the disturbance.

[Point prevalence of depression in the Cracow population of 13 year old students in 1984 and 2001]. / Porównanie rozpowszechnienia depresji w populacji 13-letniej mlodzieiy krakowskich szkól srednich w latach 1984 i 2001.

UNLABELLED: Results of scarce epidemiological studies on depression in adolescents are diverse and dependent of survey methodology as well as on the theoretical approach of research. Those studies where the methods are comparable show that depression prevalence depends on the macrosocial situation and the adolescence stage. AIM: The study aimed to assess changes in depression prevalence in mid-adolescents between 1984 and 2001. A presumption was made that the social situation in Poland had changed in the last 17 years. METHOD: In 2001 a representative sample of school attending 13 y.o. adolescents was screened with KID-IO "B1". The results were compared with those of a similar survey, using the same method, carried out in 1984. RESULTS: Point prevalence index in 2001 appeared to be lower than in the survey in 1984 (24.6% versus 31.6%). This resulted exclusively from a significant decrease in depression among girls (26.8% versus 42.2%). CONCLUSION: The obtained data allows for an interpretation of the findings as being a result of macrosocial changes. Other hypotheses e.g. influence of the adolescence timing and course requires a longitudinal prospective study.

[Prospective studies on dynamics of depression from preadolescence to early adolescence]. / Prospektywne badanie dynamiki depresji u dzieci miedzy preadolescencja a wczesna faza dorastania.

AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate the changes in prevalence and dynamics of depression during puberty. It was conducted in prospective studies in a representative group of large-town primary school students. METHOD: A group of 1993, 10 year-old students were chosen in a two-stage draw. They were studied with the Karków Depression Inwentory (KID) in the subsequent years 2001, 2002, 2003. RESULTS: The point prevalence of depression was respectively 29%, 30% and 26% for 10, 11 and 12 year-olds. The spread-out rate of depressive disorder was relatively stable. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is more common in pre-adolescent boys than girls. The dynamics of the disorder, when studied in these three years show that depression is a disorder with a very unequivocal course amongst the preadolescents.

[Comparison of the clinical picture of adolescent depression in a population of Cracow high-school students based on the analysis of IO "C1" symptom check-list in the years 1984 and 2001]. / Porównanie obrazu depresji mlodzienczej w populacji uczniów krakowskich szkól srednich na podstawie analizy wyników badan za pomoca inwentarza objawów IO "C1" w latach 1984 i 2001.

AIM: The study was aimed at establishing the correlation between the socio-cultural context of adoelscence and symptoms of adolescent depression. METHODS: The Kraków Depression Inventory (KID), version IO "C1" was administered to 17 year old. students of secondary schools in Kraków in 1984 (last transformation) and 2001 (12th year of socio-political transformation). The groups studied were selected on two-stage sampling. KID IO "C1" results of these students who were screened as depressive (n = 153 in 1984; n = 522 in 2001) were analysed. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in Mood Scale results (higher in girls vs. Boys; higher in girls in 2001 vs. 1984), Anxiety Scale (lower in 2001 vs. 1984 in both gender groups), Self-destruction Scale (higher in girls in 2001 vs. 1984; higher in boys vs. girls), Somatisation Scale (higher in girls vs. boys). Cognition and Activity Level Scale showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Changing socio-cultural conditions correlate with the symptomatic manifestation of adolescent depression especially with an increase of externalisation in self-destructive behaviour.

[Point prevalence of depression in the Kraków population of 10 year old children in 1984 and 2001]. / Porównanie rozpowszechnienia depresji w populacji 10-letnich dzieci krakowskich szkól podstawowych w latach 1984 i 2001.

UNLABELLED: Results of scarce epidemiological studies on depression in children are diverse and dependent of survey methodology as well as on the theoretical approach of the research. Those studies where the methods are comparable show that depression prevalence depends on the macrosocial situation and the adolescence stage. AIM: The study aimed to assess changes in depression prevalence in early-adolescents between 1984 and 2001. A presumption was made that the social situation in Poland had changed in the last 17 years. METHOD: In 2001 a representative sample of school attending 10 y.o. children was screened with KID AO "B I". The results were compared with those of a similar survey, using the same method, carried out in 1984. RESULTS: Point prevalence index in 2001 appeared to be lower than in the survey in 1984 (27.7% versus 38.2%). This resulted exclusively from a significant decrease in depression among boys (31.0% versus 46.6%) and girls (23.9% versus 30.0%). CONCLUSION: The obtained data allows for an interpretation of the findings as a result of macrosocial changes. Other hypotheses e.g. the influence of the adolescence timing and course require a longitudinal prospective study.

[Prevalence of depression in Krakow population of 17 years old students in years 1984 and 2001]. / Porównanie rozpowszechnienia depresji wsród 17-letniej mlodziezy krakowskich szkól srednich w latach 1984 i 2001.

UNLABELLED: Results of scarce epidemiological studies on depression in adolescents are diverse and dependent of survey methodology as well as on the theoretical approach of researchers. Those studies where the methods are comparable show that depression prevalence depends on the macrosocial situation and the adolescence stage. AIM: The study aimed to assess changes in depression prevalence in mid-adolescents between 1984 and 2001. A presumption was made that the social situation in Poland had changed in the last 17 years. METHOD: In 2001 a representative sample of school attending 17 y.o. adolescents was screened with KID-IO"C1". The results were compared with those of a similar survey, using the same method, carried out in 1984. RESULTS: Point prevalence indexes appeared to be similar as well as higher for girls in comparison with boys. However, dependence of depression prevalence and the type of the senior school has changed. In 1984 it was higher in senior schools preparing for university studies, while in 2001--in those which train in a skill. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier conceptualisations of adolescent depression as connected with social conditions making ways to adulthood difficult (e.g. unemployment) as well as high indexes of depression prevalence in adolescents living in regions with higher unemployment rates than in Kraków, allow for an interpretation of the findings as result of macrosocial changes. Other hypotheses e.g. influence of the adolescence timing and course require a longitudinal prospective study.

[Point prevalence of psychoactive substance use and depression in childhood and adolescence]. / Rozpowszechnienie uzywania substancji psychoaktywnych przez dzieci i mlodziez a wyst powanie objawów depresyjnych.

Increasing use of psychoactive substances and early age of initiation to them demand effective methods of prevention and early intervention. In epidemiological studies, 12, 15 and 19 years old students responded anonymously to the question of BDI and Substance Use Questionnaire. The analysis of 3446 sets of questionnaires revealed statistically significant coincidence of depression and use of alcohol and "narcotics" in girls and boys in all studied age groups and of depression and smoking in 12 y.o. boys. The findings allow for indication of depressive children and adolescents as a risk group of substance abuse and dependency development.