Oral Treatment with the Pectin Fibre Obtained from Yellow Passion Fruit Peels Worsens Sepsis Outcome in Mice by Affecting the Intestinal Barrier.

The biological activities of plant-derived soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) have been widely investigated. Pectin from yellow passion fruit (YPF-peSDF) peels was suggested as a protective macromolecule in ulcers and colitis due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Sepsis has high mortality and morbidity and is characterised by inflammatory and oxidative stress imbalances. Evidence suggests that pectins may aid sepsis treatment; however, the effects of YPF-peSDF on sepsis remain unclear. Herein, polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal-ligation and puncture in mice treated with YPF-peSDF (1 and 10 mg/kg; gavage). YPF-peSDF accelerated mortality, reaching 100% in 24 h. Inflammation was present in the colons and small intestines (SI) of both vehicle- and fibre-treated mice. Although crypt depth and width, and villus height were preserved in the SI of septic mice administered YPF-peSDF, they exhibited exacerbated muscle layer atrophy and mucosa and submucosa hypertrophy, along with shortened enterocytes. Larger crypts and shorter enterocytes were noted in their colons in comparison with vehicle-controls. YPF-peSDF also reduced inflammatory cell numbers and exacerbated IL-6 levels in peritoneal lavage fluid (PELF) samples. YPF-peSDF modulated SI but not colon cytokines. Lipoperoxidation and antioxidant capacity levels were attenuated in PELF samples. Overall, in contrast to previous evidence, YPF-peSDF worsened polymicrobial sepsis outcomes in mice.

Comparative 3D study of dental arches in children with microcephaly associated with congenital Zika syndrome, orofacial cleft, and without craniofacial anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: The dentist participates in the treatment protocol for craniofacial anomalies in individuals from the first months of life. OBJECTIVE: to compare in a retrospective cohort study the morphometry of the edentulous palate of children microcephaly associated with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), unilateral complete cleft lip and alveolus (UCL), and without craniofacial anomalies. METHODS: Forty-five digitized dental molds composed the sample divided into three groups: CZS; UCL; and without craniofacial anomalies (control group). The following measurements were evaluated: intercanine and intertuberosity distances; dental arch length, area, volume, and mismatch superimposition. Parametric and non-parametric tests were applied (α = 5%). RESULTS: CZS group showed the smallest means of intercanine distance and area than those of the other groups (p = .001 and p = .010, respectively). The dental arch length was greater in the CZS group than in the control group (p = .020). The evaluation of the mismatch superimposition showed that the CZS group had the lowest means of maximum distance and root mean square than that of the UCL group (p = .025 and p = .005, respectively). CONCLUSION: CZS participants tended to palatal narrowing, while UCL individuals had parameters similar to those of the control group, despite the alveolus defect.

Analysis of salivary parameters of mucopolysaccharidosis individuals.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a heterogeneous group of rare, chronic, progressive and systemic inherited disorders resulting from deficiency or lack of lysosomal enzymes responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Products of nitrosative stress have been previously detected in blood and urine samples of patients with MPS. However, it is unclear whether they are present in the saliva of MPS patients and also if they correlate with salivary parameters such as flow and pH. This study compared the salivary levels of NOX (NO2- + NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), protein (albumin), erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, as well as the salivary flow rate and pH values of samples obtained from 10 MPS patients and 10 healthy subjects. MPS patients exhibited higher salivary levels of NOX and NO2- when compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Albumin was only detected in six saliva samples of MPS patients and, erythrocytes and leukocytes were detected in 60% and 40% of the MPS patients, respectively. In addition, salivary flow rate and pH averages were statistically lower in this group when compared to healthy samples (p < 0.05). Overall, the data indicates that the salivary levels of NO products can be used in combination with other heath indicators to monitor MPS disorders.

Analysis of salivary parameters of mucopolysaccharidosis individuals

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a heterogeneous group of rare, chronic, progressive and systemic inherited disorders resulting from deficiency or lack of lysosomal enzymes responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Products of nitrosative stress have been previously detected in blood and urine samples of patients with MPS. However, it is unclear whether they are present in the saliva of MPS patients and also if they correlate with salivary parameters such as flow and pH. This study compared the salivary levels of NOX (NO2- + NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), protein (albumin), erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, as well as the salivary flow rate and pH values of samples obtained from 10 MPS patients and 10 healthy subjects. MPS patients exhibited higher salivary levels of NOX and NO2- when compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Albumin was only detected in six saliva samples of MPS patients and, erythrocytes and leukocytes were detected in 60% and 40% of the MPS patients, respectively. In addition, salivary flow rate and pH averages were statistically lower in this group when compared to healthy samples (p < 0.05). Overall, the data indicates that the salivary levels of NO products can be used in combination with other heath indicators to monitor MPS disorders.

Flexural Strength of an Indirect Composite Modified with Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes.

OBJECTIVES: The low resistance to fracture has limited the use of indirect composite resins for dental restorations, particularly in regions that are exposed to strong occlusal forces. To overcome this issue, different types of reinforcement for composites have been proposed, one of which is carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural resistance of one commercial indirect composite resin (Sinfony, 3M/ESPE) after incorporation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs; Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, United States) with or without the silanization form. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens of composite resin were fabricated in a Teflon mold. The composite resin was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions (n = 10 for each group), with SWCNTs in three concentrations. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The SWCNTs and SWCNT/SiO2-ATES specimens were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, and a flexural test was conducted according to the ISO 4049/2009. Flexural strength data in MPa were submitted to one-way ANOVA following Tukey (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The SWCNTs did not improve the flexural strength of indirect composite resin when compared with the control, independent of the concentration added (p > 0.05). However, when SWCNTs and SWCNTs/SiO2-ATES were compared, the SWCNTs/SiO2-ATES showed higher values than the three concentrations of SWCNTs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The silanization process improves the SWCNTs strength proprieties, but the modification of chemical bonding between SWCNT and SWCNT/SiO2-ATES modified resins, in different concentrations, did not improve the composite resin flexural strength.

Saliva as a tool for monitoring hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract This study aimed to assess whether the reductions in serum urea and creatinine levels are different from the reductions in salivary urea and creatinine levels that occur after hemodialysis in chronic renal patients. The systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database. Eight databases were searched to identify pretest-posttest studies of chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, with no language or year restrictions. The JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analyses using random-effect models were conducted to compare salivary and serum correlations and to pooled mean and proportion differences from pre- to posthemodialysis urea and creatinine levels by subgroup analysis. The I2 test was used to assess heterogeneity, and a meta-regression was performed to statistically assess correlations and differences in the pooled effects pre- and postdialysis. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assess the certainty of evidence. The search resulted in 1404 records, and only six studies (n = 252 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included. The studies were published between 2013 and 2018. All studies showed a significant reduction in both salivary and serum urea/creatinine levels. All eligible studies presented a low risk of bias. The meta-analysis shows a moderate to high correlation between salivary and blood levels of urea (r: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.56-1.00) and creatinine (r: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.16-1.00), with a very low level of certainty. The reductions in salivary urea and creatinine levels are similar to and correlated with the reductions in blood urea and creatine levels after hemodialysis among chronic kidney disease patients.

Saliva as a tool for monitoring hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to assess whether the reductions in serum urea and creatinine levels are different from the reductions in salivary urea and creatinine levels that occur after hemodialysis in chronic renal patients. The systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database. Eight databases were searched to identify pretest-posttest studies of chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, with no language or year restrictions. The JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analyses using random-effect models were conducted to compare salivary and serum correlations and to pooled mean and proportion differences from pre- to posthemodialysis urea and creatinine levels by subgroup analysis. The I2 test was used to assess heterogeneity, and a meta-regression was performed to statistically assess correlations and differences in the pooled effects pre- and postdialysis. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assess the certainty of evidence. The search resulted in 1404 records, and only six studies (n = 252 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included. The studies were published between 2013 and 2018. All studies showed a significant reduction in both salivary and serum urea/creatinine levels. All eligible studies presented a low risk of bias. The meta-analysis shows a moderate to high correlation between salivary and blood levels of urea (r: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.56-1.00) and creatinine (r: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.16-1.00), with a very low level of certainty. The reductions in salivary urea and creatinine levels are similar to and correlated with the reductions in blood urea and creatine levels after hemodialysis among chronic kidney disease patients.

Alternative Method for Full Oral Rehabilitation in Patients with Pycnodysostosis Syndrome: A Case Report.

Pycnodysostosis (PYCD) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia arising from a change in the production of the cathepsin K enzyme and it is also known as Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome. The main changes in the buccal and maxillofacial region are modifications of the facial bones (leading to the loss of the mandibular angle due to micrognathia), deep palate, premature and/or delayed tooth eruption, hypopneumatization of the maxillary sinuses, chin hypoplasia, hypercementosis, enamel hypoplasia, hyperdontia, incomplete dentin calcification, root hypoplasia, pulp chamber obliteration, and increased free functional space. This paper aims to report a case of a patient with PYCD, in which are highlighted the oral manifestations of this syndrome and present an option of oral rehabilitative treatment through a removable overdenture made on natural tooth of the patient. The technique of dental coating through overdenture is a simple, viable and conservative alternative for oral rehabilitation of patients with large maxillomandibular discrepancies, as in cases of pycnodysostosis, especially in the presence of increased free space - characteristic of patients with this syndrome. The result was quite satisfactory both aesthetically and functionally and provided a better life quality for the patient.

Correspondence between try-in pastes and resin cements, and color stability of bonded lithium disilicate disks.

This study investigates the color correspondence of resin cements and try-in pastes, and the color stability of bonded lithium disilicate ceramic disks. Resin composite disks were fabricated (n = 36) to serve as the background for lithium disilicate disks prepared in two thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm, n = 18 each). Two brands were used for try-in and cement procedures: Variolink Veneer and AllCem Veneer. For baseline, water was applied between the ceramic disks and their respective backgrounds to achieve the control group. This set was subjected to color measurement using an intraoral measurement device (T0). The try-in was inserted between background and ceramic, and this set was subjected to color measurement (T1). After adhesive procedures, the ceramic disk was placed under cement, and color measurement was performed with uncured cement (T2) and 24 h after light-curing (T3). Each set was immersed in distilled water and thermal-cycled, with color measurement being performed after 10,000 (T4) and 20,000 (T5) cycles. Color differences were calculated by CIELab (rEab) and CIEDE2000 (rE00). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements and Tukey's test (α=5%). There was color correspondence of try-in and resin cement for the Variolink system, regardless of the ceramic thickness (p > 0.05). For the AllCem system, the thickness significantly influenced the color measurement (p < 0.001). The Variolink system also demonstrated color stability after 20,000 thermal cycles with rEab < 3.46 and rE00 < 2.25. It was concluded that the color correspondence between a try-in and its respective cement may vary according to resin cement composition.

Antifungal and Antivirulence Activity of Vaginal Lactobacillus Spp. Products against Candida Vaginal Isolates.

Candida yeasts are generally found in the vaginal microbiota; however, disruption of the balance maintained by host factors and microorganisms results in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). This study evaluated the antagonistic activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. on Candida albicans to verify whether active compounds of Lactobacillus spp. had antifungal and antivirulence activity. The antagonism assay showed that 15 out of 20 Lactobacillus strains had an inhibitory effect on C. albicans. Biosurfactants displayed surface-tension-reducing activity, with the best value obtained for Lactobacillus gasseri 1. Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, and Lactobacillus paracasei 11 produced biosurfactants that decreased C. albicans adhesion and disrupted biofilm formation. The best results were obtained in the pre-incubation assay for L. gasseri 1 and L. paracasei 11. Overall, Lactobacillus strains showed significant anti-Candida activity, and their biosurfactants exhibited considerable anti-adhesion and antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. To be considered safe for use in vivo, the safety of biosurfactant (BS) should be investigated using cytotoxicity assays.

Virulence properties and sensitivity profile of Candida parapsilosis complex species and Kodamaea ohmeri isolates from onychomycosis of HIV/AIDS patients.

Cutaneous fungal infections include onychomycosis, an infection of the nail that affects both healthy and immunocompromised patients. This study investigated the in vitro hydrolytic enzymes production, adhesion and biofilm formation capacity of Candida parapsilosis complex species and Kodamaea ohmeri isolates from onychomycoses of HIV/AIDS patients and also established the antifungal sensitivity profiles of these isolates. Onychomycosis in HIV/AIDS patients showed a high prevalence of emerging yeasts, among which C. parapsilosis complex species and K. ohmeri were the most frequent. Three C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and two C. orthopsilosis isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and 83% of isolates were resistant to terbinafine. All three different species evaluated were proteinase and hemolysin producers. All isolates adhered to stainless steel and siliconized latex surfaces, and carbohydrates intensified adhesion of all isolates. Isolates adhered to keratinous nail and 50% formed biofilms with strong intensity. In multispecies or polymicrobial biofilms, C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus regulated the biofilm formation of the analyzed species, decreasing the number of their cells in biofilms. The isolation of emerging yeast species from onychomycosis which are great producers of hydrolytic enzymes and with high adhesion and biofilm formation capacity is a result that should be considered relevant in clinical practice. In addition, half of the isolates was resistant to at least one of the tested antifungals. Taken together these data corroborate the infectious capacity and viability of these isolates under favorable conditions.

Hydrogen peroxide-based products alter inflammatory and tissue damage-related proteins in the gingival crevicular fluid of healthy volunteers: a randomized trial.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based products are effective in tooth whitening; however, their safety is controversial as they may harm patient tissues/cells. These effects are suggested to be concentration-dependent; nonetheless, to date, there are no reports on H2O2-mediated oxidative damage in the gingival tissue, and neither whether this can be detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples. We hypothesize that H2O2 whitening products may cause collateral oxidative tissue damage following in office application. Therefore, H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) levels were investigated in GCF samples obtained from patients undergoing dental bleaching with H2O2 at different concentrations, in a randomized, double-blind, split-mouth clinical trial. A proteomic analysis of these samples was also performed. H2O2-based whitening products promoted inflammation which was detected in GCF samples and lasted for longer following 35% H2O2 bleaching. This included time-dependent changes in NO levels and in the abundance of proteins associated with NO synthesis, oxidative stress, neutrophil regulation, nucleic acid damage, cell survival and/or tissue regeneration. Overall, H2O2-based products used in office promote inflammation irrespective of their concentration. As the inflammation caused by 35% H2O2 is longer, patients may benefit better from using lower concentrations of this bleaching product, as they may result in less tissue damage.

Correspondence between try-in pastes and resin cements, and color stability of bonded lithium disilicate disks

Abstract: This study investigates the color correspondence of resin cements and try-in pastes, and the color stability of bonded lithium disilicate ceramic disks. Resin composite disks were fabricated (n = 36) to serve as the background for lithium disilicate disks prepared in two thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm, n = 18 each). Two brands were used for try-in and cement procedures: Variolink Veneer and AllCem Veneer. For baseline, water was applied between the ceramic disks and their respective backgrounds to achieve the control group. This set was subjected to color measurement using an intraoral measurement device (T0). The try-in was inserted between background and ceramic, and this set was subjected to color measurement (T1). After adhesive procedures, the ceramic disk was placed under cement, and color measurement was performed with uncured cement (T2) and 24 h after light-curing (T3). Each set was immersed in distilled water and thermal-cycled, with color measurement being performed after 10,000 (T4) and 20,000 (T5) cycles. Color differences were calculated by CIELab (rEab) and CIEDE2000 (rE00). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements and Tukey's test (α=5%). There was color correspondence of try-in and resin cement for the Variolink system, regardless of the ceramic thickness (p > 0.05). For the AllCem system, the thickness significantly influenced the color measurement (p < 0.001). The Variolink system also demonstrated color stability after 20,000 thermal cycles with rEab < 3.46 and rE00 < 2.25. It was concluded that the color correspondence between a try-in and its respective cement may vary according to resin cement composition.

Phytochemical Characterization of Terminalia catappa Linn. Extracts and Their antifungal Activities against Candida spp.

Terminalia catappa Linn bark is used to treat dysentery by various populations in Southeast Asian countries, and its leaves have also been used in traditional medicine to treat hepatitis in India and the Philippines. Here, the antifungal actions of crude hydro-alcoholic extract (TcHE) and fractions from T. catappa leaves were assessed via the agar diffusion and microdilution tests on Candida reference strains and clinical isolates from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Additionally, the potential cytotoxic effects of TcHE were assessed on cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). T. catappa fractions and sub-fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron impact (GC/MS/EI), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry "electrospray" ionization in positive mode (HPLC/MS/MS/ESI+) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR). TcHE and its fractions were able to inhibit the growth of all tested Candida strains with the n-butanol (FBuOH) fraction presenting the best antifungal activity. Testing of different FBuOH sub-fractions (SF) showed that SF10 was the most active against Candida spp. Fractioning of SF10 demonstrated that 5 out of its 15 sub-fractions were active against Candida spp., with SF10.5 presenting the highest activity. Chemical analysis of SF10 detected hydrolysable tannins (punicalin, punicalagin), gallic acid and flavonoid C-glycosides. Overall, the results showed that T. catappa L. leaf extract, fractions and sub-fractions were antifungal against Candida spp. and may be useful to treat diseases caused by this fungus.

Antifungal Drug Susceptibility of Candida Species Isolated from HIV-Positive Patients Recruited at a Public Hospital in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Its progression results in invasive infections, which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to quickly and accurately identify Candida spp. from oral mucosa of AIDS patients recruited at Presidente Vargas Hospital, in São Luís city, Brazil and to evaluate the sensitivity profile of these fungi to antifungals by using an automated system. Isolates were collected from oropharyngeal mucosa of 52 hospitalized AIDS patients, under anti-viral and antifungal therapies. Patients were included in research if they were HIV-positive, above 18 years of age and after obtaining their written consent. CHROMagar®Candida and the automated ViteK-2®system were used to isolate and identify Candida spp., respectively. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the ViteK-2®system, complemented with the Etest®, using the drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, and voriconazole. Oropharyngeal candidiasis had a high prevalence in these hospitalized AIDS patients (83%), and the most prevalent species was Candida albicans (56%). Antifungal susceptibility test showed that 64.7% of the Candida spp. were susceptible, 11.8% were dose-dependent sensitive, and 23.5% were resistant. All the Candida krusei and Candida famata isolates and two of Candida glabrata were resistant to fluconazole. Most of AIDS patients presented oropharyngeal candidiasis and C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species. The results showed high variability in resistance among isolated species and indicates the need to identify the Candida spp. involved in the infection and the need to test antifungal susceptibility as a guide in drug therapy in patients hospitalized with AIDS. This is the first relate about AIDS patients monitoring in a public hospital in São Luís concerning the precise identification and establishing of antifungal profile of Candida spp..

In vitro Effects of Lemongrass Extract on Candida albicans Biofilms, Human Cells Viability, and Denture Surface.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether immersion of a denture surface in lemongrass extract (LGE) has effects on C. albicans biofilms, human cell viability and denture surface. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were performed for LGE against C. albicans. For biofilm analysis, discs were fabricated using a denture acrylic resin with surface roughness standardization. C. albicans biofilms were developed on saliva-coated discs, and the effects of LGE at MIC, 5XMIC, and 10XMIC were investigated during biofilm formation and after biofilm maturation. Biofilms were investigated for cell counting, metabolic activity, and microscopic analysis. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of LGE to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was analyzed using MTT. The effects of LGE on acrylic resin were verified by measuring changes in roughness, color and flexural strength after 28 days of immersion. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by a Tukey test at a 5% significance level. The minimal concentration of LGE required to inhibit C. albicans growth was 0.625 mg/mL, while MFC was 2.5 mg/mL. The presence of LGE during biofilm development resulted in a reduction of cell counting (p < 0.05), which made the MIC sufficient to reduce approximately 90% of cells (p < 0.0001). The exposure of LGE after biofilm maturation also had a significant antifungal effect at all concentrations (p < 0.05). When compared to the control group, the exposure of PBMC to LGE at MIC resulted in similar viability (p > 0.05). There were no verified differences in color perception, roughness, or flexural strength after immersion in LGE at MIC compared to the control (p > 0.05). It could be concluded that immersion of the denture surface in LGE was effective in reducing C. albicans biofilms with no deleterious effects on acrylic properties at MIC. MIC was also an effective and safe concentration for use.

Salivary parameters and oral health in the Moebius syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate salivary characteristics, such as flow rate, buffering capacity and amylase activity, and associate these parameters with oral health in individuals with Moebius syndrome (MS) and controls. METHODS: The researchers assessed caries (ICDAS), periodontal disease (PSR), and plaque (Silness Löe) indexes in both groups. Unstimulated, stimulated, and bilateral parotid saliva were also collected. The salivary flow (milliliters/minute) and α-amylase activity were measured in all samples. The α-amylase activity was determined by maltose production. The buffering capacity was measured in stimulated saliva by titration of 0.01N HCl. RESULTS: The occurrence of carious lesions, related to cut-off 2, as well as the occurrence of periodontal disease, was significantly higher (p > 0.05) in participants with MS when compared to the control group. Also, MS individuals presented decreased salivary flow, decreased buffering capacity, and amylase activity. CONCLUSIONS: MS individuals present salivary alterations, which can be related to higher risk for caries.

Zika virus infection spread through saliva--a truth or myth?

In this Point-of-view article we highlighted some features related to saliva and virus infection, in special for zika virus. In addition, we pointed out the potential oral problems caused by a microcephaly originated by a zika virus infection. In the end the, we demonstrated the importance of a more comprehensive exploration of saliva and their components as a fluid for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches on oral and systemic diseases.

Identification of acid-resistant proteins in acquired enamel pellicle.

OBJECTIVES: This study characterized the proteome profile of the acquired pellicle formed in vivo on enamel. Changes in this proteome profile after exposure to lactic or citric acid were also evaluated. METHODS: Volunteers (n=8) were subjected to dental prophylaxis. After 2 h to allow the formation of the acquired pellicle, the teeth were isolated with cotton rolls and 1 mL of citric acid (1%, pH 2.5) or lactic acid (0.1 M pH 4.8) or deionized water was gently applied with a pipette on the anterior teeth (both maxillary and mandibular) for 10 s. In sequence, the pellicle was collected with an electrode filter paper soaked in 3% citric acid. This procedure was repeated for two additional days following a crossover protocol. Proteins were subjected to reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS). MS/MS data were processed and submitted to Proteome Discoverer software. Searches were done using SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL databases for human proteins. RESULTS: In total, seventy-two proteins were present in all groups and were submitted to quantitative analysis (SIEVE). Some of these proteins were increased more than two-fold after exposure to the acids. Among them, cystatin-B was increased 20- and 13-fold after exposure to citric and lactic acids, respectively. Additionally, some proteins were identified in only one of the groups (18, 5, and 11 proteins for deionized water, citric and lactic acids, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results open new insights regarding potentially acid-resistant proteins that could be added to dental products to prevent acidic dissolution of the teeth.

Surface properties of multilayered, acrylic resin artificial teeth after immersion in staining beverages.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of staining beverages (coffee, orange juice, and red wine) on the Vickers hardness and surface roughness of the base (BL) and enamel (EL) layers of improved artificial teeth (Vivodent and Trilux). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens (n=8) were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and then submitted to the tests. Afterwards, specimens were immersed in one of the staining solutions or distilled water (control) at 37°C, and the tests were also performed after 15 and 30 days of immersion. Data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS: Vivodent teeth exhibited a continuous decrease (p<0.0005) in hardness of both layers for up to 30 days of immersion in all solutions. For Trilux teeth, similar results were found for the EL (p<0.004), and the BL showed a decrease in hardness after 15 days of immersion (p<0.01). At the end of 30 days, this reduction was not observed for coffee and water (p>0.15), but red wine and orange juice continuously reduced hardness values (p<0.0004). Red wine caused the most significant hardness changes, followed by orange juice, coffee, and water (p<0.006). No significant differences in roughness were observed for both layers of the teeth during the immersion period, despite the beverage (p>0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Hardness of the two brands of acrylic teeth was reduced by all staining beverages, mainly for red wine. Roughness of both layers of the teeth was not affected by long-term immersion in the beverages.