Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymer Composite: A Progress.

Additive manufacturing (AM) highlights developing complex and efficient parts for various uses. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most frequent fabrication procedure used to make polymer products. Although it is widely used, due to its low characteristics, such as weak mechanical properties and poor surface, the types of polymer material that may be produced are limited, affecting the structural applications of FDM. Therefore, the FDM process utilises the polymer composition to produce a better physical product. The review's objective is to systematically document all critical information on FDMed-polymer composite processing, specifically for part fabrication. The review covers the published works on the FDMed-polymer composite from 2011 to 2021 based on our systematic literature review of more than 150 high-impact related research articles. The base and filler material used, and the process parameters including layer height, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and screw type are also discussed in this review. FDM is utilised in various biomedical, automotive, and other manufacturing industries. This study is expected to be one of the essential pit-stops for future related works in the FDMed-polymeric composite study.

Early infant crying: child and family follow-up at three years.

Children who cried excessively at six to eight weeks of age were re-examined at two to four years of age to determine the enduring effects of excessive crying ("colic") on behavioural development, parent-child interaction, and family functioning. The more crying in early infancy, the more family disruptions occurred three years later (r = .29). Analyses showed that early crying had little impact on the children's later behavioural development. No significant major lasting effects on the family related to the infant's early crying behaviour were found. Families with sufficient social and economic resources can be reassured that problems related to early infant crying can be ameliorated over time.

Teaching behaviours of clinical instructors: an audit instrument.

This article describes the development and initial psychometric testing of an instrument that permits the observation and recording of teaching behaviours exhibited by clinical instructors while supervising nursing students. Observations of Nursing Teachers in Clinical Settings (ONTICS) consists of 44 items grouped into nine categories of desirable and undesirable teaching behaviours: questioning method; responding style; method of giving feedback; teaching skill; method of demonstration; interaction with patient/family; interactions with health team; undesirable teaching behaviours; undesirable questioning/responding method. The instrument was refined on several occasions based on input from expert judges. Construction validity, internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were found to be acceptable. ONTICS appears to capture an aspect of clinical teaching not readily identified by other, more subjective, instruments.

Supplementation of breastfed infants: does continuing education for nurses make a difference?

Supplementation of breastfed newborns in the first few days of life is a common practice that interferes with the establishment of lactation and is related to early cessation of breastfeeding. Quality assurance audit results at a large maternity hospital led to the development of a continuing education program to increase nurses' knowledge of breastfeeding and thereby reduce supplementation. An integrated quality assurance and research methodology was selected to analyze the impact of the education and yield results that would be more generalizable and interest a wider audience. Findings revealed no change in supplementation behavior occurred following a four-week education program. Only 33 percent of newborns in the study were unsupplemented during their hospital stay. Formula was the most often used supplement. Continuing education alone was not effective in changing behavior. As shown in the literature, post-course reinforcement of behavior needs to be built into the cost of the program to implement and sustain desired changes.

Extension splinting of palmar plate avulsion injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint.

Hyperextension injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint have traditionally been immobilized in flexion. This may lead to a proximal interphalangeal flexion contracture of the joint. In an effort to prevent flexion contracture and to simultaneously avoid hyperextension laxity, we have immobilized these injuries in zero degrees of extension for 7 to 10 days. Immobilization is followed by buddy taping and active range of motion until 3 weeks after injury. Protective buddy taping is used until the 6-week point. We report our results using this treatment for only palmar plate avulsion fractures. We did not include proximal interphalangeal joint injuries associated with dorsal dislocation or major collateral ligament injury. Twenty-two of 45 patients were available for follow-up evaluation. Length of follow-up averaged 30 months (range, 6 to 36 months). A high percentage of patients had good or excellent results. In no patient did hyperextension laxity develop and in only one was there a flexion contracture. On the basis of these results, we recommend this treatment protocol for hyperextension injuries of the palmar plate of the proximal interphalangeal joint associated with small avulsion fractures.

Intravenous pyogenic granuloma of the hand.

Intravenous pyogenic granuloma is a recently described counterpart of cutaneous pyogenic granuloma. We report the second known case of this entity in the orthopedic and hand surgery literature and describe the characteristic clinical and histologic findings associated with this rare benign tumor.

Intraosseous ganglion of the distal ulna.

A patient with wrist pain and cystic changes of the ulnar head is presented. This x-ray finding has not previously been reported in patients without rheumatoid arthritis. At the time of operation a tear of the triangular fibrocartilage was present.

Parental weight and its relation to infant feeding patterns and infant obesity.

Mother-infant feeding behaviour as a possible determinant of obesity was studied. Seventy-eight healthy primiparous couples and their newborn children were divided into three groups according to parents' weight status (normal weight parents; one overweight and one normal weight parent; both parents overweight). Infants' weight and length measurements were obtained at birth and at 6 months of age. Mother-infant dyads were observed during feeding sessions at 55-77 hr after birth, at 2 weeks, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months postpartum. Feeding behaviour of mother and infant did not differ, nor did mother-infant interaction differ between the three groups throughout the observation period. However, infant weight status, although not different at birth, differed significantly at 6 months of age. Bartholomew's test showed the proportion of infants greater than or equal to 90%il increased significantly from infants of normal weight parents to infants of one overweight and one normal weight parent, to infants both parents of whom were overweight (chi 2 = 6.904, c = 0.44, P less than or equal to 0.01). While data of this study do not show any behavioural differences between overweight and normal weight parents and their offspring, they confirm results reported by other researchers showing children of overweight parents at risk of becoming overweight at 6 months of age as well.

Effects of preoperative teaching on postoperative pain: a replication and expansion.

This study was designed to test the effectiveness of brief relaxation training on postoperative pain, replicating and extending a study of Flaherty and Fitzpatrick (1978). A two-group pre- and post-test experimental design was used to determine if vital signs, analgesic consumption, anxiety, self-reported incisional pain sensation and distress differ in postsurgical patients who have or have not received relaxation training. Seventy-two adult, elective abdominal surgery patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Subjects in both groups were visited on the eve of surgery. Experimental subjects were taught a relaxation technique. Equal time was spent with control subjects. Following surgery all subjects were observed during ambulation. Vital signs were measured pre- and postoperatively, as were self-report of pain sensation and distress. Results showed that distress caused by painful sensations was significantly lower for experimental subjects (F (1, 53) = 4.69, p = 0.03). Vital signs, analgesic consumption and self-reported pain sensation were not altered by relaxation training. These findings only partially agree with those of Flaherty and Fitzpatrick. Additional analyses by type of surgery (cholecystectomy and hysterectomy) showed hysterectomy subjects reported less pain sensation and distress and used less analgesics than cholecystectomy subjects.

Important clinical teacher behaviours as perceived by university nursing faculty, students and graduates.

This study compared the importance of five categories of clinical teacher behaviours as perceived by university nursing faculty, students and practising baccalaureate graduates. A survey tool, developed for this study, contained 47 items; each item describing a clinical teacher behaviour. Participants were asked to rate the importance of each item on a seven-point Likert-type scale. Results showed similar perceptions of the importance of clinical teacher behaviours between the three groups of participants. However, significant differences were found between all groups when the perceptions of students in each of the 4 years of the nursing programme, faculty and graduates were compared. These results indicate a greater variability among students than between students, faculty and practising baccalaureate graduates. The importance of this study lies not only in the perceptions of the three groups and the questions this raises, but also in the conflicting findings between this and other studies.

Obesity: prevention is the treatment.

Prevention of obesity at all ages is a matter of considerable concern for health professionals. A review of current theories of the etiology of obesity provides the basis for discussion of preventive measures at critical developmental stages throughout the life cycle. Good nutrition during pregnancy, breast feeding, and avoiding early introduction of solid foods are advocated to avoid obesity during infancy. For the young child, healthy eating habits and sufficient physical exercise are prescribed to prevent the accumulation of excess weight. Psychological and social difficulties make weight loss difficult for obese adolescents. The advantages and disadvantages of diet, anorectic drugs, exercise, and behavior modification are discussed. Adult-onset obesity is often easier to prevent and treat than is juvenile-onset obesity. Intervention is basically the same as that for adolescents. The role of health professionals is clear: encouragement of behavior consistent with sound nutrition and good health before excess weight is gained, early recognition of overweight individuals, and assistance in the choice of corrective measures.