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OBJECTIVES: Nutritional factors affect the incidence, severity of symptoms and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the role of specific nutritional factors remains largely unknown in MS. We conducted this hospital-based case-controlled study to investigate the association between dietary intake and risk of MS. MATERIALS & METHODS: This study was conducted on 93 MS patients and 94 age-matched controls from Oct 2015 to Sep 2016 in Tehran, Iran. MS was diagnosed based on 2010 McDonald criteria and Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of MS was calculated in different food groups using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potentially confounding variables and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the age (34.62 ±9.68 vs. 33.96±8.75) and BMI (23.96 ±4.07 vs. 24.47 ±4.07) of MS and control group, respectively. Higher intake of processed meat (OR (95% CI))=(2.07(1.18-3.63) and non-processed meat (1.38(1.13-1.68)) were found in the MS group compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Higher intake of processed meat and non-processed meat was associated with increased risk of MS. Further studies on the probable role of these nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of MS are suggested.
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INTRODUCTION: Topiramate, a sulfa-derivative monosaccharide, is an antiepileptic drug which is administered in the control of migraine. It is reported to cause various ocular side effects such as visual field defect and myopic shift. To investigate the alterations in refractive error, properties of the cornea and changes in the anterior chamber in patients that receive Topiramate for migraine control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a hospital-based, non-interventional, observational study that is conducted at Imam Hossein Hospital, affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, in collaboration with the department of Ophthalmology. Thirty three consecutive patients with the diagnosis of migraine that were candidate for Topiramate therapy were recruited. Patients with history of ocular trauma or surgery, keratoconus, glaucoma, congenital ocular malformations and any history of unexplained visual loss were excluded. After thorough ophthalmic examination, all the patients underwent central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement, and Pentacam imaging (Scheimpflug camera) at the baseline. Various parameters were extracted and used for analysis. Anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and anterior chamber angle (ACA) measurement was performed. These measurements were repeated on day 30(th) and 90(th) after the initiation of Topiramate therapy. According to the normality tests, parameters with normal distribution were analysed using the repeated measures test and the remaining parameters (with non-normal distribution) were analysed using the non-parametric k-sample test. A p-value< 0.05 was considered statistically significant, according to Bonferroni post hoc correction. RESULTS: There were 66 eyes of 33 patients under the diagnosis of migrainous headache, that Topiramate was initiated for headache control, included in the study. The mean value of refractive error had a statistically significant myopic change, from -0.23 diopters (D) at the baseline to -0.61 D at the 90(th) day of follow-up period (p-value < 0.001). Mean CCT was 531.43 µm at the baseline and increased to 534.72 µm at the 30(th) day, and 537.51 µm at the 90(th) day after the administration of Topiramate (p-value=0.001). Mean value of other parameters, ACV, ACD, and ACA, did not reveal statistically significant change. CONCLUSION: Myopic shift and gradually increasing CCT in the patients after Topiramate administration should be considered before any refractive surgery. We found no gradual change in the anterior chamber and angle parameters in our patients in the 90 days of follow up. More studies with a longer duration of follow-up are needed to elucidate dose-dependent ocular manifestations.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether metabolic syndrome (MetS), applying different definitions, predicts incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular events (CVAs) independent of its components. METHODS: Among 2548, aged ≥ 50 years, World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation, and Joint Interim Statement criteria were used to define MetS. Cox proportional hazards regression was implemented to estimate hazard ratios of incident CVA and CHD. RESULTS: During 9.3 years of follow-up, 72 and 343 cases of CVA and CHD events occurred. The multivariate hazard ratios (95% CI) of incident CVA and CHD were 2.71 (1.57-4.68) and 2.07 (1.63-2.64) for MetS as defined by the Joint Interim Statement, respectively. There was no difference among the 3 definitions of MetS regarding the prediction of the CVA incidence. However, MetS as defined by the Joint Interim Statement predicted CHD better than the International Diabetes Federation definition. After adjustment for components, MetS lost its association with CHD and CVA; in this model, the elevated blood pressure and high fasting plasma glucose (International Diabetes Federation definition) showed significant risk for CVA events; regarding CHD events, the elevated blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and, for World Health Organization definition, obesity and dyslipidemia remained as predictors. CONCLUSIONS: All definitions of MetS were associated with CVA and CHD events. After adjusting its components, MetS lost its association with incident CVA and CHD; however, elevated blood pressure for both CVA and CHD events and high fasting plasma glucose for CHD events remained as independent predictors in all definitions.
