[The peculiarities of esophageal epithelium of the vertebrates in phylogenesis and Barrett's esophagus].

The esophageal epithelium of vertebrates was studied in phylogenetic aspect and in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). The comparative investigation was undertaken to detect phylogenetic recapitulations in the course of BE development. The complex of histochemical methods for selective demonstration of mucins and proteins was used. It was shown that in the phylogenetic series amphibians-reptiles-mammals, the formation of a protective barrier occurred in different ways. In BE, within the areas of metaplasia and dysplasia, partial recapitulation of a histochemical type of protective barrier, peculiar to the esophagus of amphibians and reptiles, seems to take place.

[Gastrointestinal protective barrier].

Current views on the protective function of the gastrointestinal barrier are based on the capacity of its surface and glandular epitheliocytes to synthesize the mucins. The most significant types of gel-forming mucins are MUC 5AC, MUC 5B, MUC 6 and MUC 2. The type of the mucin is cell-specific and is determined by the character of cell phenotype. The change of the mucin type may be the major factor in the development of pathology. The protective mucin function is realized with the participation of trefoil peptides. The problem of the mechanism of mucin-trefoil peptide macromolecular complex formation in normal and pathological states is discussed.

[A new method for microdrainage using a porous titanium nickelide endoprosthesis in resurgery of uncompensated glaucoma].

Experimental (23 rabbits) and clinical (42 patients with operated glaucoma) studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of a titanium nickelide implant on ocular tissue in modified deep sclerectomy in order to normalize intraocular pressure. Scleral morphological studies in the area of implant placement revealed the formation of a capsule with "fissures" and vessels. Clinically, there was intraocular pressure compensation in 92.8% of the patients operated on.

[The dynamic cytochemical properties of the protective barrier of the stomach during dalargin administration]. / Dinamika tsitokhimicheskikh svoistv zashchitnogo bar'era zheludka pri vvedenii dalargina.

Dalargin influence on secretory elements of the stomach protective barrier was studied. Dynamics of the stomach barrier histochemical properties dependent on the term of dalargin introduction (1-11 days) was demonstrated. General effect of dalargin displays in alteration of glycoprotein synthesis speed by fundal glands and tegmental epitheliocytes and for mucocytes its influence may be followed up in changes of chemical composition of glycoproteins secreted by them.

[The cytochemical properties of the protective barrier of the duodenum in carnivorous animals in ontogeny]. / Tsitokhimicheskie svoistva zashchitnogo bar'era dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki plotoiadnykh zhivotnykh v ontogeneze.

Studying the duodenal ontogenesis by means of morphometric and histochemical methods demonstrated that protective barrier of the organ is formed in the embryonic period and may be characterized by chemical composition of its secretion as a resistant barrier, formed by neutral and acid glycoproteins.

[The protein component of the epitheliocyte biopolymers in the small intestine after experimental vagotomy]. / Sostoianie belkovogo komponenta biopolimerov épiteliotsitov tonkoi kishki posle éksperimental'noi vagotomii.

A histochemical investigation of biopolymers of the small intestine epitheliocytes after experimental vagotomy has shown that at early stages of the neurodystrophic process the most pronounced changes are noted in the distribution of amino acid residues of the proteins in the cytoplasm of epitheliocytes and in the composition of the glycoprotein secretion of goblet exocrinocytes. The undulatory changes might be accounted for by activation of the function of cholinergic nerve fibers coming via the sympathetic nerves against the background of vagus denervation. The changes in protein-containing biopolymers suggest deep disturbances in conditions of denervation. The primary changes might be a result of posttranslational transformations of the biopolymer complex molecules, while the later ones is a disturbance of the process of biosynthetic activity of the cells. It can't be excluded that the changes found might be a cause of postvagotomy diarrhea, often complicating the postoperative period in ulcer patients.

[The morphofunctional characteristics of the duodenal mucosa in patients with a duodenal ulcer at different phases of the disease]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika slizistoi obolochki dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki u bol'nykh s duodenal'noi iazvoi v raznye fazy zabolevaniia.

Endoscopic, morphological, histochemical and biophysical properties of the duodenal mucosa as well as secretory activity of the stomach and pancreas were studied and compared in 398 patients with duodenal ulcer in different phases (active ulcer, healing ulcer, red and white scars). Sixteen patients were observed over time. Analogous studies were conducted in 88 patients with chronic diseases of the biliary and duodenopancreatic zone (with non-ulcerous duodenitis) and in 32 normal persons. The duodenal mucosa was established to undergo consistent morphofunctional reorganization related to the disease phase. Active duodenal ulcer was marked by duodenitis with thickening of the mucosa, shortening of the villi, reduction of the depth of the cryptae, gastric metaplasia, impairment of histochemical properties of epitheliocytes and decrease of the transmural potential difference, overproduction of acid and pepsin in the basal period, high sensitivity of the chief cells to stimulation, and insufficient output of bicarbonates by the pancreas. Gastric metaplasia of the duodenal epithelium, appreciable histochemical and morphometric alterations may be regarded as relatively specific traits of peptic duodenitis. As ulcer heals, a well-defined tendency may be noted towards normalization of all the parameters mentioned. However, they only correspond to normal in 25% of patients in the phase of a white scar. The conclusion is made that there is also a necessity of correcting morphofunctional abnormalities after duodenal ulcer healing.

[Morphobiophysical features of the duodenal mucosa in patients with duodenal ulcers]. / Morfobiofizicheskie osobennosti slizistoi obolochki dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki u bol'nykh duodenal'noi iazvoi.

Chronic duodenitis in patients with duodenal ulcer is characterized by substantial morphofunctional changes in the mucosa, decreased transmural potential difference and definite patterns of carbohydrate-containing biopolymer production, the initial changes being manifested as neutral glycoprotein hypersecretion with their subsequent diminished synthesis rates, followed by a more pronounced drop of sialo- and sulfoglycoprotein levels. A correlation was found between the severity of duodenitis, morphometric and histochemical parameters, and gastric pepsin secretion rates (hypersecretion). It is suggested that these changes are etiopathogenetically common.

[Histochemical features of the formation of the protective barrier of the stomach in various periods of ontogenesis of mammals]. / Gistokhimicheskie osobennosti stanovleniia zashchitnogo bar'era zheludka u melkopitaiushchikh v razlichnye periody ontogeneza.

By means of a complex of histochemical methods it has been demonstrated that cytochemical differentiation of the tegmental epitheliocytes and secretory cells of the fundal glands takes place in different time. In Carnivores the tegmental epitheliocytes complete their cytochemical differentiation during the prenatal period, mucocytes--to the time of birth, and chief exocrinocytes--to the period of mixed feeding. In phytophagous animals formation of the protective barrier in the stomach occurs differently: in the mouse and hamster the cytochemical differentiation of the tegmental and glandular epitheliocytes is completed during the prenatal period, and in the rabbit and guinea pig--only by the 30th day after birth.

[Histochemical characteristics of the epitheliocytes of the avian glandular stomach]. / Gistokhimicheskie osobennosti épiteliotsitov zhelezistogo zheludka ptits.

A complex histochemical investigation has been undertaken to study the epithelial lining of the glandular stomach in birds having various types of nutrition. The protective barrier of the avian stomach has been found to be characterized as a resistant (mucosal) barrier, with neutral glycoproteins, sialo- and sulphoglycoproteins as its components. Differences in histochemical properties of the epitheliocyte secretion have been described in birds with different types of nutrition. They are connected with various correlation of carbohydrates and proteins in the composition of the micromolecular glycoprotein complex. The data obtained are compared with those concerning the histochemical properties of the stomach in amphibia and reptiles which have the mucous membrane structure similar to that in the avian stomach.

[Comparative histochemical characteristics of the secretion of superficial gastric epitheliocytes]. / Gistokhimicheskaia kharakteristika sekreta pokrovnykh épiteliotsitov zheludka v sravnitel'nom aspekte.

Comparative histological investigation of the gastric pavement epitheliocytes in a number of species (amphibia, reptile, birds, mammals, man including) has demonstrated that in amphibia, protective function of the stomach is connected with the presence of a certain neutral carbohydrate component in its secrete. In reptiles, the barrier function is performed by the neutral carbohydrate component and sialosaccharides, in birds, besides the carbohydrates mentioned, sulphosaccharides, as well. Histochemical properties of the mammal stomach as a barrier are determined by phylogenetically dependent peculiarities of food specialization.

[Histochemical study of the digestive organs of rats on board for the space flight of the satellite "Cosmos-690"]. / Gistokhimicheskoe issledovanie organov pishchevareniia krys, nakhodivshikhsia v kosmicheskom polete na sputnike "Kosmos-690".

The digestive organs of rats exposed to a combined effect of space flight factors and irradiation were examined. The surface and foveal epithelium of the stomach as well as mucocytes of the fundal glands showed a drastically reduced content of the neutral carbohydrate component. The foveal epithelium and mucocytes of fundal necks also exhibited a significant decrease of the sulfomucin content. The large and small intestines showed a lowered amount of goblet-cells and their secretion. Pancreatic acinar cells displayed different changes in the content of enzymic proteins having cation properties. The above histochemical changes did not return to normal 36 days after irradiation and 26--27 days after readaptation to the Earth environment.

[Histochemical characteristics of the secretory cells of gastric glands compared]. / Gistokhimicheskaia kharakteristika sekretornykh kletok zhelez zheludka v sravnitel'nom aspekte.

The work is dedicated to complex histological studies of the secreting cells in the gastric fundal glands, in their comparative aspect. In the representatives of Amphibia, Reptilians and birds, histochemical differentiation of oxyntopeptic cells was demonstrated to be independent on the peculiarities of the animal nutrition. In mammals, histochemical characteristic of the carbohydrate component in the glandular secreting cells depends on the type of nutrition.