Evaluation of Anticancer and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Activity by Benzochromeno Pyrimidin Derivatives in Three Human Cancer Cell Lines.

BACKGROUND: Cancer therapy is one of the most important challenges that human beings are facing. The abnormal activity of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR1) in tumors has been reported in many studies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now commercially available for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Based on our previous studies, we assumed that a hybrid of aminopyrimidine derivatives as EGFR inhibitors and benzocheromen derivatives as cytotoxic agents can induce apoptosis in EGFR positive cancer cells. In the present study, the cytotoxic effect, ability of EGFR inhibition and apoptosis induction of some synthetic benzochromene pyrimidine derivatives were investigated on MDA-MB231, SKBR3 and PC3 cell lines. METHODS: The EGFR inhibition activity was determined using cell-based EGFR ELISA kit. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay in 2D and 3D cultures. The apoptosis was confirmed through different methods such as fluorescent staining, annexin V- propidium iodide double staining, DNALadder assay, caspase-3 colorimetric assay, and nitric oxide assay. RESULTS: The results of the MTT assay showed that derivatives with different substituents exhibited differential cytotoxicity in three cancer cell lines, although in MDA-MB231 the cytotoxicity effect of compounds is more obvious than the other cell lines. Production of nitric oxide, caspase-3 activity and DNA-fragmentation was significant in MDA-MB231 and PC3 cells. SKBR3 cells, despite having the lowest apoptosis among these three cell lines, showed a significant EGFR inhibition in the ELISA assay. CONCLUSION: In this research, we proved that hybrids of benzochromene and amino pyrimidine could be effective on growth inhibition of cancer cell lines and may be used as a drug candidate for cancer therapy in the future.

Binary Solvents Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (BS-DLLME) Method for Determination of Tramadol in Urine Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

BACKGROUND: Tramadol is an opioid, synthetic analog of codeine and has been used for the treatment of acute or chronic pain may be abused. In this work, a developed Dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) as binary solvents-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (BS-DLLME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FD) was employed for determination of tramadol in the urine samples. This procedure involves the use of an appropriate mixture of binary extraction solvents (70 µL CHCl3 and 30 µL ethyl acetate) and disperser solvent (600 µL acetone) for the formation of cloudy solution in 5 ml urine sample comprising tramadol and NaCl (7.5%, w/v). After centrifuging, the small droplets of extraction solvents were precipitated. In the final step, the HPLC with fluorescence detection was used for determination of tramadol in the precipitated phase. RESULTS: Various factors on the efficiency of the proposed procedure were investigated and optimized. The detection limit (S/N = 3) and quantification limit (S/N = 10) were found 0.2 and 0.9 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for the extraction of 30 µg L of tramadol was found 4.1% (n = 6). The relative recoveries of tramadol from urine samples at spiking levels of 10, 30 and 60 µg/L were in the range of 95.6 - 99.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other methods, this method provides good figures of merit such as good repeatability, high extraction efficiency, short analysis time, simple procedure and can be used as microextraction technique for routine analysis in clinical laboratories.