Exploring the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: An Educational Literature Review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant challenge to global health. It is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration and increased rates of morbidity and mortality among older adults. Among the various pathophysiologies of AD, mitochondrial dysfunction, encompassing conditions such as increased reactive oxygen production, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, and impaired mitochondrial dynamics, plays a pivotal role. This review comprehensively investigates the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, focusing on aspects such as glucose metabolism impairment, mitochondrial bioenergetics, calcium signaling, protein tau and amyloid-beta-associated synapse dysfunction, mitophagy, aging, inflammation, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondria-localized microRNAs, genetics, hormones, and the electron transport chain and Krebs cycle. While lecanemab is the only FDA-approved medication to treat AD, we explore various therapeutic modalities for mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, including antioxidant drugs, antidiabetic agents, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (FDA-approved to manage symptoms), nutritional supplements, natural products, phenylpropanoids, vaccines, exercise, and other potential treatments.

Complete continuum of care for maternal health services and determinants among mothers who gave birth in the last year in Chiro City, Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study (2024).

Introduction: Ethiopia has one of the highest maternal death rates in the world, with 412 deaths for every 100,000 live births. A qualified healthcare professional's care during pregnancy, delivery, and the postnatal period is crucial to saving the lives of the mother and her child. The continuum of maternity health services in Ethiopia is still shallow, despite efforts to increase the use of these services. This study's goal was to evaluate the magnitude and factors influencing the entire continuum of care for maternal health services in Chiro City in 2024. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 15 January to 15 February 2024, among mothers who gave birth in the last year preceding the data collection period in Chiro City, Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify determinants of the complete continuum of care. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. Result: The prevalence of a complete continuum of care among mothers who gave birth in the last year in Chiro District was 37.0%. Accordingly, women who received ANC were 5.24 times more likely to complete the maternal health services continuum of care compared with their counterparts (AOR: 5.24, 95% CI: 1.94, 14.15). Compared with their counterparts, women who received health education were 4.36 times more likely to complete the continuum of care (AOR: 4.36, 95% CI: 2.0, 9.51). Similarly, women who had planned pregnancies were 4.32 times more likely to complete the maternal health services continuum of care than those who had unplanned pregnancies (AOR: 4.32, 95% CI: 2.38, 7.85). Conclusion and recommendation: The continuum of care was favorably correlated with ANC usage, health education, and planned pregnancies. To increase the coverage of the entire continuum of maternal care, it is desirable to develop programs that encourage women to initiate ANC contacts, provide health education, and promote planned pregnancies.

A Comprehensive Review of Stem Cell Conditioned Media Role for Anti-Aging on Skin.

Various studies have been widely conducted on conditioned medium for the development of anti-aging preparations, including the utilization of stem cells, which present a promising alternative solution. This narrative review aims to understand the latest developments in various conditioned medium stem cell applications for anti-aging on the skin. A search of the Scopus database yielded publications of interest. The research focused on articles published without restrictions on the year. After finding 68 articles in the search results, they moved on to the checking phase. Upon comprehensive literature review, 23 articles met the inclusion criteria, while 45 articles were deemed ineligible for participation in this research. The results of the review indicate that conditioned medium from various stem cells has demonstrated success in reducing risk factors for skin aging, as proven in various tests. The successful reduction of the risk of skin aging has been established in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. Given the numerous studies on the progress of exploring and utilizing conditioned medium, it is expected to provide a solution to the problem of skin aging.

Evaluations of the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of 70 % ethanolic fruit extracts of Rosa abyssinica.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is becoming major health challenge with continually increasing burden. High costs of conventional medicines and numerous side effects associated with them, on the other hand, easy availability and accessibility of traditional herbal medicines calls upon experimental investigations to validate their effect on lowering blood glucose level. Methods: The dried fruit of Rosa abyssinica was macerated with 70 % ethanol and the extract's in vitro antidiabetic activity was investigated using dinitrosalisylic acid method for alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the in vivo hypoglycemic and Antihyperglycemic effects of various doses of the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined on normoglycemic, glucose loaded (1500 mg/kg) and Streptozotocine (180 mg/kg)-induced diabetic mice models. Results: The acute oral toxicity study revealed the plant showed no toxic effect on swiss albino mice at 2000 mg/kg. The in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory activity study showed that the extract has comparable IC50 value of 21.37 ± 4.252 µg/ml with the standard drug acarbose (IC50 value of 26.72 ± 3.59 µg/ml). On the other hand, in normal mice, none of the dose levels except at 400 mg/kg significantly reduces blood glucose level. This is in contrast to the oral glucose tolerance test, which the extract produced significant reduction at 60, 90 and 120 min following glucose challenge. The 70 % ethanolic fruit extracts of Rosa abyssinica also experienced profound antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. In the single-dose study, both RAFE200 and RAFE400 demonstrated a significant (P˂0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Similarly, in the repeated-dose study, RAFE200 and RAFE400 not only significantly reduced blood glucose levels but also produced a notable improvement in animal body weight. Conclusion: The 70 % ethanolic fruit extracts of Rosa abyssinica have shown significant in vitro alpha amylase inhibition effect and an in vivo blood glucose level lowering effects in diabetic mice.Therefore, this study supports the traditional use of Rosa abyssinica in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Incidence and Molecular Detection of Genotypes for Giardia lamblia Isolated From Children in Zakho District, Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

Giardia lamblia is a significant intestinal protozoan in humans worldwide, with a high incidence of infection in developing countries, particularly among children. Molecular analysis has identified eight assemblages (A to H), with A and B more frequently associated with human infections. Regardless of its importance, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study on assemblages in Giardia lamblia adopted in the Zakho district, province of Duhok, Iraq. The present study aimed to determine the giardiasis infection rate and identify the assemblages of Giardia lamblia in children from four areas in the Zakho district. We collected fecal samples and conducted a microscopic examination. Genomic DNA was extracted, and assemblage identification was done via amplification of the gdh gene using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Out of 31 Giardia-positive samples, 23 were successfully amplified through semi-nested PCR. Nineteen isolates (82.60%) were assigned to assemblage B, and four (17.40%) to assemblage A. Assemblage B was identified as belonging to sub-assemblages B11 and B1V, while assemblage A was identified as sub-assemblages A1 and A11. This study provides insights about Giardia lamblia assemblages in the Zakho district, Duhok province, Iraq, and may serve as a beginning step toward understanding the molecular characterization of Giardia in the studied area.

Diagnosis and management of bacterial meningitis in adult Sudanese patients: a six years hospital based, retrospective, cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnosis and management of bacterial meningitis in adult Sudanese patients in accordance with the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for bacterial meningitis management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, retrospective study design was used to recruit all patients aged > 18 years who were diagnosed with or suspected of having bacterial meningitis and admitted to Wad Medani Teaching Hospital, Gezira State, Sudan, between January 2017 and October 2022. RESULTS: In total, 201 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 44.1 ± 21.4 years, and 107 (53.2%) were male. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis accounted for 193 (96%) of the studied patients, and only 8 (4%) of the patients had healthcare-associated meningitis. Neuroimaging was utilized appropriately in 148 (73.6%) patients, blood cultures were not performed entirely, and lumbar puncture was seldom performed in 1 (0.5%) patient. Corticosteroids were appropriately administered to 65 (32.3%) patients, and antibiotics were administered appropriately to only 5 (2.5%) patients. Ceftriaxone 185 (76.1%) was the most frequently utilized antibiotic, followed by vancomycin 23 (9.5%). In terms of overall adherence, this study demonstrated that the IDSA guidelines were not followed at all in the treatment of patients with suspected bacterial meningitis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study contradict the IDSA guidelines for the standard of care for bacterial meningitis. Antibiotic regimens are often incorrect, corticosteroids are administered appropriately in approximately one-third of patients, and neuroimaging is reasonably utilized. This study raises attention to several important issues regarding the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, including the lack of confirming microbiological tests and the reliance of the diagnosis primarily on CT and clinical examination.

The role of gut-derived short-chain fatty acids in Parkinson's disease.

The emerging function of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been investigated in this article. SCFAs, which are generated via the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota, have been associated with dysfunction of the gut-brain axis and, neuroinflammation. These processes are integral to the development of PD. This article examines the potential therapeutic implications of SCFAs in the management of PD, encompassing their capacity to modulate gastrointestinal permeability, neuroinflammation, and neuronal survival, by conducting an extensive literature review. As a whole, this article emphasizes the potential therapeutic utility of SCFAs as targets for the management and treatment of PD.

Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenols and Cresols to Gasoline Range Biofuels.

Unlike fossil fuels, biomass has oxygen amounts exceeding 10 wt%. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a crucial step in upgrading biomass to higher heating value liquid fuels. Oxygen removal has many challenges due to the complex chemistry and the high reactivity leading to irreversible catalyst deactivation. In this study, the focus is on the catalytic HDO of aromatic oxygen-containing model compounds in biomass: phenols and cresols. In the current work, literature on catalytic HDO of phenols using molecular hydrogen is reviewed, with a focus on non-nickel-based mono- and bi-metallic catalysts, as nickel-based catalysts were reviewed elsewhere. In addition, the catalytic HDO of m-cresol using molecular hydrogen is examined. This review also addresses the use of hydrogen donors for the HDO of phenols and cresols. The operating conditions, catalysts, products, and yields are summarized to find the catalyst with promising activity and high selectivity toward aromatics. A critical review of the reactions that successfully led to HDO is presented and research gaps related to the HDO of phenols and cresols are highlighted. The conclusions provide potential successful catalyst combinations that can be used for HDO of phenols, cresols, and liquid aromatic hydrocarbons.

Unusual branch of the saphenous nerve to the sartorius muscle in a female cadaver.

PURPOSE: The saphenous nerve is a predominantly sensory nerve. It is the longest nerve of the body which supplies the skin of the medial side of the leg and foot as far as the ball of the great toe. We present here an unusual motor branch of the saphenous nerve to the sartorius muscle. METHOD: Institutional guidelines for use of human cadaver were followed. Routine dissection of the lower limbs for undergraduate medical teaching was performed in a 67 years old female cadaver employing standard methods. Relevant gross features of the variations were photographed. H&E staining of relevant structure was done and photomicrographed. RESULTS: The unusual motor branch to Sartorius was observed in the right thigh. The branch was given off in the lower third of the thigh after the saphenous nerve exited the adductor canal. The branch was distinctly seen entering the substance of the sartorius. The structure was confirmed to be a peripheral nerve by histological examination. The saphenous nerve then descended between the sartorius and gracilis tendons, pierced the fascia lata and became cutaneous. CONCLUSION: The motor branch to the sartorius muscle is a very rare branch whose knowledge is important for clinicians as it can get damaged during arthroscopy and other knee surgery or during adductor canal block.

Socioeconomic disparities and their effect on medical student academic attainment sudanese universities.

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a social classification factor that takes into account income, parental education and occupation. SES has been shown to play an important role in shaping students' academic performance, including in medical schools, but there still remains significant variation in findings around SES and academic achievement worldwide. We aim to assess and explore socioeconomic disparities and their effects on medical school performance at Sudanese public and private universities. OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to assess the effects of age, sex, living conditions, parental education and income level on the academic achievement of medical students from universities in Sudan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students at ten public universities in Sudan between September and December 2023. Participants were included if they were older than 18 years and were studying in their 2nd year or older. The data were collected using an online questionnaire with open- and closed-ended questions measuring age, living conditions, parental income level and education. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit participants from universities. The data were analyzed using SPSS v28.0.0, and a p value less than 0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: We received 832 responses, 516 (62%) from females and 307 (36.9%) from males. The median age was 23 years. Most students lived with their families (61.1%), followed by student housing (28.2%). This study revealed age (p = .024) (95% Cl: 0.025- 0.023) andhigh family income (p = .019) (95% Cl: 0.018- 0.02) are associated with academic achievement in the long term, as demonstrated through cumulative grade point average (cGPA). CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the importance of targeted support systems to bridge the socioeconomic gaps that exist among medical students, allowing all students to thrive academically regardless of their background. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: None.

Multiscale Models to Evaluate the Impact of Chemical Compositions and Test Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar for Tile Adhesive Applications.

This study aims to develop systematic multiscale models to accurately predict the compressive strength of cement mortar for tile adhesive applications, specifically tailored for applications in the construction industry. Drawing on data from 200 cement mortar tests conducted in previous studies, various factors such as cement/water ratios, curing times, cement/sand ratios, and chemical compositions were analyzed through static modeling techniques. The model selection involved utilizing various approaches, including linear regression, pure quadratic, interaction, M5P tree, and artificial neural network models to identify the most influential parameters affecting mortar strength. The analysis considered the water/cement ratio, testing ages, cement/sand ratio, and chemical compositions, such as silicon dioxide, calcium dioxide, iron (III) oxide, aluminum oxide, and the pH value. Evaluation metrics, such as the determination coefficient, mean absolute error, root-mean-square error, objective function, scatter index, and a-20 index, were employed to ensure the accuracy of the compressive strength estimates. Additionally, empirical equations were utilized to predict flexural and tensile strengths based on the compressive strength of the cement mortar for tile adhesive applications.

Molecular Epidemiology of Wild Poliovirus Type 1 and Shift in the Historically Reservoir Areas of Pakistan During 2019-2022.

BACKGROUND: Pakistan is one of the two countries endemic for wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1). Active clinical and environmental wastewater surveillance along with laboratory investigation is an integral and primary component of the polio eradication strategies. The current study is mainly focused on the virological data to understand the current epidemiology of WPV1 in Pakistan during 2019-2022. METHODS: 141,037 stool specimens of patients reported with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and 3,171 wastewater samples were tested for poliovirus detection using cell culture and PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of WPV1 was performed using MEGA and Nextstrain. RESULTS: Poliovirus isolates were classified into 15 distinct genetic clusters with multiple transmission lineages. Spatio-temporal trends indicated a significant decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis reported in 58 districts in 2019 to just 3 in 2022. The historical reservoirs in Peshawar, Quetta, and Karachi successfully eliminated the indigenous transmission chains of wild poliovirus active there for years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reinforce the evolving epidemiology of poliovirus in Pakistan which is now confined to South KP. All historically known reservoirs in Peshawar, Karachi and Quetta blocs are now free of poliovirus. Intensified clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained to eliminate the very few remaining transmission lineages and certify the poliovirus eradication by 2026.

Survival rate, bond, and fracture strength of laminate veneers bonded to different tooth substrates: A systematic review of in vitro studies.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate how different tooth substrates affect the survival rate, shear bond strength, fracture strength, and mode of failure of laminate veneers (LVs). METHODS: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In vitro studies comparing the bonding of laminate veneers to different substrates were included. Electronic databases and manual searches were performed to identify relevant studies. Data on survival rate, shear bond strength, fracture strength, and failure modes were extracted and analyzed using Review Manager software. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies were included in the review, comprising 621 laminate veneers. The findings revealed that laminate veneers bonded to enamel substrate had lower failure rates than those bonded to tooth substrate with severely exposed dentin or existing composite restorations (ECRs). The failure modes observed were debonding, chipping, cracks, or fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Bonding laminate veneers to enamel substrate showed higher survival rates compared to bonding to tooth substrates with severely exposed dentin or ECRs, underscoring the significance of enamel preservation. When dealing with exposed dentine surfaces or ECRs, it is crucial to perform appropriate surface treatment before luting to improve adhesion. This involves immediate dentine sealing, as well as the use of suitable primers and bonding agents.

Small molecule and big function: MicroRNA-mediated apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune condition and chronic inflammatory disease, mostly affecting synovial joints. The complex pathogenesis of RA is supportive of high morbidity, disability, and mortality rates. Pathological changes a common characteristic in RA synovial tissue is attributed to the inadequacy of apoptotic pathways. In that regard, apoptotic pathways have been the center of attention in RA therapeutic approaches. As the regulators in the complex network of apoptosis, microRNAs (miRNAs) are found to be vital modulators in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways through altering their regulatory genes. Indeed, miRNA, a member of the family of non-coding RNAs, are found to be an important player in not even apoptosis, but proliferation, gene expression, signaling pathways, and angiogenesis. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is implicated in attenuation and/or intensification of various apoptosis routes, resulting in culmination of human diseases including RA. Considering the need for more studies focused on the underlying mechanisms of RA in order to elevate the unsatisfactory clinical treatments, this study is aimed to delineate the importance of apoptosis in the pathophysiology of this disease. As well, this review is focused on the critical role of miRNAs in inducing or inhibiting apoptosis of RA-synovial fibroblasts and fibroblast-like synoviocytes and how this mechanism can be exerted for therapeutic purposes for RA.

Detection and molecular identification of Entamoebaspecies in faecal samples from Duhok province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

The study involved the estimation of the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. using microscopy and molecular techniques among symptomatic outpatients during April 2021 to March, 2022. Stool samples were collected from 2592 outpatients with amoebiasis symptoms of both sexes and different ages (≤ l to 60). Also, 107 stool samples were taken randomly from asymptomatic individuals and examined microscopically to detect infection with Entamoeba spp. the positive specimens were used for molecular analysis with positive symptomatic samples targeting the 18S rRNA gene by nested PCR. Microscopically 21.68% (562/2592) were positive, for Entamoeba spp. Males showed highest infection rate than females (67.43% vs 32.56%). Ages from 1-10 years showed the highest rate (54.09%), and urban inhabitant had somewhat a higher rate than rural one (58.54% vs 41.45%) which was statistically non-significant(P>0.05). Among asymptomatic individuals, 57% (61/107) were positive for Entamoeba spp. Nested PCR analysis yielded 73% positive samples for Entamoeba spp. with a fragment size of 897 bp. Three fragment sizes were produced, for E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii which were 439, 174 and 553 bps, respectively. Single infection occurred with, E. histolytica in 46%, of symptomatic and 6% of asymptomatic cases, E. dispar in 38% of asymptomatic and 10% of symptomatic cases, E. moshkovskii, reported at very low rate among both groups.

Deforestation amplifies climate change effects on warming and cloud level rise in African montane forests.

Tropical montane forest ecosystems are pivotal for sustaining biodiversity and essential terrestrial ecosystem services, including the provision of high-quality fresh water. Nonetheless, the impact of montane deforestation and climate change on the capacity of forests to deliver ecosystem services is yet to be fully understood. In this study, we offer observational evidence demonstrating the response of air temperature and cloud base height to deforestation in African montane forests over the last two decades. Our findings reveal that approximately 18% (7.4 ± 0.5 million hectares) of Africa's montane forests were lost between 2003 and 2022. This deforestation has led to a notable increase in maximum air temperature (1.37 ± 0.58 °C) and cloud base height (236 ± 87 metres), surpassing shifts attributed solely to climate change. Our results call for urgent attention to montane deforestation, as it poses serious threats to biodiversity, water supply, and ecosystem services in the tropics.

AI chatbots show promise but limitations on UK medical exam questions: a comparative performance study.

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have potential applications in medical education such as helping students study for their licensing exams by discussing unclear questions with them. However, they require evaluation on these complex tasks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how well publicly accessible LLMs performed on simulated UK medical board exam questions. 423 board-style questions from 9 UK exams (MRCS, MRCP, etc.) were answered by seven LLMs (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard, Perplexity, Claude, Bing, Claude Instant). There were 406 multiple-choice, 13 true/false, and 4 "choose N" questions covering topics in surgery, pediatrics, and other disciplines. The accuracy of the output was graded. Statistics were used to analyze differences among LLMs. Leaked questions were excluded from the primary analysis. ChatGPT 4.0 scored (78.2%), Bing (67.2%), Claude (64.4%), and Claude Instant (62.9%). Perplexity scored the lowest (56.1%). Scores differed significantly between LLMs overall (p < 0.001) and in pairwise comparisons. All LLMs scored higher on multiple-choice vs true/false or "choose N" questions. LLMs demonstrated limitations in answering certain questions, indicating refinements needed before primary reliance in medical education. However, their expanding capabilities suggest a potential to improve training if thoughtfully implemented. Further research should explore specialty specific LLMs and optimal integration into medical curricula.

Advancements and Challenges of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Wound Healing Applications.

The current treatments for wound healing still exhibit drawbacks due to limited availability at the action sites, susceptibility to degradation, and immediate drug release, all of which are detrimental in chronic conditions. Nano-modification strategies, offering various advantages that can enhance the physicochemical properties of drugs, have been employed in efforts to maximize the efficacy of wound healing medications. Nowadays, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) provide drug delivery capabilities that can safeguard active compounds from environmental influences and enable controlled release profiles. Consequently, NLCs are considered an alternative therapy to address the challenges encountered in wound treatment. This review delves into the application of NLCs in drug delivery for wound healing, encompassing discussions on their composition, preparation methods, and their impact on treatment effectiveness. The modification of drugs into the NLC model can be facilitated using relatively straightforward technologies such as pressure-based processes, emulsification techniques, solvent utilization methods, or phase inversion. Moreover, NLC production with minimal material compositions can accommodate both single and combination drug delivery. Through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, it has been substantiated that NLCs can enhance the therapeutic potential of various drug types in wound healing treatments. NLCs enhance efficacy by reducing the active substance particle size, increasing solubility and bioavailability, and prolonging drug release, ensuring sustained dosage at the wound site for chronic wounds. In summary, NLCs represent an effective nanocarrier system for optimizing the bioavailability of active pharmacological ingredients in the context of wound healing.

MicroRNAs Modulating Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent age-associated neurodegenerative disorder. Presence of α-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons are among the characteristic of PD. One of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology is chronic neuroinflammation. Activation of glial cells and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory factors are confirmed as frequent features of the PD brain. Chronic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activated astrocytes and microglia exacerbates DA neuron degeneration in the SNpc. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are among endogenous non-coding small RNA with the ability to perform post-transcriptional regulation in target genes. In that regard, the capability of miRNAs for modulating inflammatory signaling is the center of attention in many investigations. MiRNAs could enhance or limit inflammatory signaling, exacerbating or ameliorating the pathological consequences of extreme neuroinflammation. This review summarizes the importance of inflammation in the pathophysiology of PD. Besides, we discuss the role of miRNAs in promoting or protecting neural cell injury in the PD model by controlling the inflammatory pathway. Modifying the neuroinflammation by miRNAs could be considered a primary therapeutic strategy for PD.