A novel pharmacological approach of herbal mediated cerium oxide and silver nanoparticles with improved biomedical activity in comparison with Lawsonia inermis.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the threatening, non-communicable and chronic ailments worldwide since ancient times to the current stage of human existence. The utilization of nanoparticles as a medicine in the treatment of diabetes is an attractive proposition. In the present study, herbal mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles (HMCeO2 NPs), herbal mediated silver nanoparticles (HMAg NPs) and Lawsonia intermix extract (LIE) was evaluated for them for in-vivo hypoglycemic effect and compared the potency. The resulting HMCeO2 NPs, HMAg NPs and Lawsonia inermis have been characterized by different analytical equipments such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Particle size analyzer (PSA), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The synthesized NPs and Lawsonia inermis extract were assessed for toxicity by using acute oral toxicity using female albino mice (s) model by following OECD-425 guidelines. In in-vivo hypoglycemic animal model, the male wistar rats with weight varying between 180-200 gms were grouped as: normal control: did not receive any treatment, diabetic control (saline): received a single intraperitoneal dose of Streptozotocin (40 mg/kg), standard: received a single daily oral dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, HMCeO2 NPs: received single daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, HMAg NPs: received a single daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and Lawsonia inermis: received a single daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg. The herbal mediated NPs were considered safe as they have not shown toxic effects. From the current study results, it may conclude that, due to the advanced biological and pharmacological characters, the HMAg NPs depicted more potent hypoglycemic activity than that of LIE and CeO2 NPs.

In vitro alpha-amylase inhibition and in vivo antioxidant potential of Momordica dioica seeds in streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats.

Momordica dioica Roxb. Commonly known as "Kakora" in Telugu, is used in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of M. dioica seeds (MEMD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of the MEMD was done by spectrophotometric method. Diabetes was induced by STZ (45 mg/kg; i.p), MEMD (100 & 200 mg/kg; b.wt) and standard drug metformin (50 mg/kg; b.wt) were administered to the diabetic rats. Blood glucose was estimated on the 11th day and the level of MDA, SOD and CAT was estimated in the liver tissue homogenate after the 15 days of experimental period. MEMD showed significant inhibition of alpha amylase activity and the IC50 was found to be 48 µg/ml. Oral administration of MEMD significantly reduced blood glucose level (P < 0.05), diminished the MDA level and refurbished depleted antioxidant enzymes and Insulin level to normalcy. These findings revealed that M. dioica seeds possess antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti lipid peroxidative activity and thus mitigate STZ-induced oxidative damage.

Inhibition of SGLT1 abrogates preconditioning-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Recently, we reported Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) expression in mouse and human heart. We speculated that SGLT1 might play an important role in ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. Therefore, the present study was designed to find the role of SGLT1 in ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. METHODS: Hearts isolated from SD male rats were subjected to either ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) (15 min global ischemia followed by 20 min reperfusion) or ischemic preconditioning (IPC) (3 cycles of 2 min global ischemia separated by 3 min reperfusion) followed by I/R in presence and absence of phlorizin, an SGLT1 inhibitor. RESULTS: IPC increased membrane SGLT1 expression in rat heart as observed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Hearts from I/R group showed significant increase in oxidative stress levels and marked myocardial injury as compared to control. We also observed significant increase in apoptotic parameters in I/R heart, as measured by caspase-3 activity, TUNEL positive nuclei and gene expression analysis. Significant improvement in oxidative stress, apoptosis parameters and cardiac injury was observed in I/R hearts when subjected to IPC. However, all beneficial effects of preconditioning were lost when hearts were pre-treated with phlorizin. CONCLUSION: Present study indicated that inhibition of SGLT1 by phlorizin abrogated the beneficial effect of ischemic-preconditioning and for the first time, provides evidence that SGLT1 plays a crucial role in ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection.

Analytical method development and validation of prasugrel in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulation using the RP-HPLC method.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to develop and validate a simple, sensitive, precise, and specific reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of prasugrel in bulk and its tablet dosage forms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The HPLC separation was carried out by reverse phase chromatography on an inertsil ODS-3V column (5 µm; 250 × 4.6mm(2)) with a mobile phase composed of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, 0.02 M dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate in water:acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) in isocratic mode at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection was monitored at 210 nm. RESULTS: The calibration curve for prasugrel was linear from 100 to 600 µg/ml. The inter-day and intra-day precision was found to be within limits. The proposed method has adequate sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity for the determination of prasugrel in bulk and its tablet dosage forms. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for prasugrel were found to be 0.25 µg/ml and 0.75 µg /ml, respectively. Accuracy (recoveries: 99.8-101.2%) and reproducibility were found to be satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, and precise for the simultaneous quantification of prasugrel in the dosage form, bulk drugs as well as for routine analysis in quality control.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanolic extract of Kigelia pinnata DC flower.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kigelia pinnata DC is extensively used in Indian traditional medicine for several diseases including inflammatory and painful disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanolic extract of Kigelia pinnata flower (MKFL) to support the medicinal uses claimed by folklore practitioners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MKFL is evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats and analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin-induced paw licking models in mice. RESULTS: MKFL exhibited a significant (P<0.01) anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with the doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg b.w. in rats and mice respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the experimental study thus strongly support the traditional use of this plant for inflammatory and pain disorders.