Current Strategy of Monoclonal Antibody: Development, Cloning, Formulation and Drug Delivery.

The development of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has also allowed researchers to understand the complexity of diseases better and find new treatments for difficult-to-treat conditions. Using mAbs, researchers can identify and target specific molecules in the body involved in the disease process. This has allowed for a more targeted treatment approach, which has resulted in improved outcomes for many patients. This hypothesis has been the basis for the development of mAbs that can target an array of illnesses. In the past two decades, therapeutic mAbs have been developed to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. For instance, using mAbs has improved outcomes in treating rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. However, delivering mAbs in biological systems remains a significant challenge in drug delivery. This is due to their large size, low stability in circulation, and difficulties in achieving their desired action in the target cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an essential tool in biological systems, as they can be used to deliver drugs to specific cell types or tissues. Cloning methods of monoclonal antibody production have been developed to produce mAbs with therapeutic potential. Hence, the present review focused on the development and drug delivery of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in biological systems, which includes cloning methods, various drug delivery technologies, formulation production technology, and its applications in multiple diseases were focused for this review.

Synthesis, Characterization, and In V ivo Toxicological Evaluation of Copper (II) Oxide Containing Herbometallic Siddha Nanocomplex "Thamira Parpam".

"Thamira parpam" (TP), a copper-based herbometallic oxide (copper (II) oxide) nanodrug has been used in Siddha medicine for centuries because of its anti-ulcerogenic property. However, the physicochemical properties and in vivo toxicity of TP still remain elusive. Rigorous clinical translation requires deciphering these vital properties. We have synthesized TP following a gold standard protocol in the traditional Siddha methodology. We assessed the size, phase, elemental constituents, and thermal stability of TP by SEM and TEM, XRD, EPR, and EDAX analyses, respectively. The results depicted the conversion of metallic copper into copper (II) oxide in the final stages of TP preparation and exhibited nanodimensions ranging between 10 and 50 nm. The XPS spectra revealed the presence of oxygen-deficient state and a carbonaceous coating was found on the surface of TP using TEM analysis. In vivo safety was studied in rat toxicity models by adopting OECD guidelines. Body weight changes, feed, and water intake were unaltered upon TP administration. Hematological, biochemical profiling, and histopathological findings also suggested its nontoxic nature with no abnormalities in major organs and its functions. Interestingly, we found that the metal toxicity could have been subdued because of the carbonaceous coating around the nanoparticle copper (II) oxide, confirming that the drug is safe at a low dose. Overall, our study has enlightened the safety of TP supporting the use of Siddha formulations.