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1.
Rev. med. cine ; 18(3): 249-258, sept. 2022. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-211534

RESUMO

El auge de la neurociencia y la neurotecnología parece imparable. Cada vez sus posibilidades terapéuticas y el sueño de la neuromejora se hacen más evidentes. En este ensayo hacemos un recorrido descriptivo de una disciplina híbrida relativamente nueva, como es la neuroética, disciplina capaz de servir como marco deontológico de las profesiones «neuro», capaz también de investigar aspectos de la condición humana tradicionalmente reservados a otras áreas de conocimiento. Además, teniendo en cuenta que este «neuroesencialismo» también ha impregnado al séptimo arte, utilizamos el cine de ciencia-ficción como herramienta divulgadora de algunos de los hitos más destacados en la agenda investigadora de la neurociencia de la ética, como es el origen neurobiológico del libre albedrío y de la responsabilidad moral. (AU)


The rise of neuroscience and neurotechnology seems unstoppable. Each time its therapeutic possibilities and the desire of neuroenhancement become more evident. In this essay we make a descriptive tour of a relatively new hybrid discipline, such as neuroethics, a discipline capable of serving as a deontological framework of the «neuro» professions, also capable of investigating aspects of the human condition traditionally reserved for other areas of knowledge. In addition, taking into account that this «neuro-essentialism» has also reached the film industry, we use science-fiction movies to explain the most important milestones in the neuroscience of ethics, such as the neurobiological origin of free will and moral responsibility. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Filmes Cinematográficos , Medicina nas Artes , Neurociências/ética , Neurobiologia
2.
Rev. med. cine ; 17(1)19 feb. 2021. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-228642

RESUMO

La neuroética aplicada y fundamental y el transhumanismo neurotecnológico son disciplinas académicas relativamente nuevas, a medio camino entre las humanidades y las neurociencias. En el presente estudio se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo sobre el interés del certamen de los premios Óscar por obras que han tratado estas temáticas a lo largo del siglo XXI. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el 16,8 % de las 107 películas estudiadas muestran personajes u ofrecen temáticas relacionadas con la neurociencia, la neurología, las ciencias cognitivas y de la computación, todas ellas áreas científicas de vanguardia que tendrán un importante impacto biomédico y social en los próximos años. (AU)


Neuroethics and neurotechnological transhumanism are relatively new academic disciplines. Both are midway between the humanities and the neurosciences. In this study, a descriptive analysis has been made of the interest of the Oscar awards for works that have dealt with these subjects throughout the 21st century. The results obtained indicate that 16.8% of the 107 films studied show characters or offer themes related to neuroscience, neurology, cognitive and computer sciences, all of which are cutting-edge scientific areas that will have a significant biomedical and social impact in the coming years. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XXI , Neurociências/história , Neurociência Cognitiva/história , Neurociência Cognitiva/métodos , Filosofia , Ética Médica , Filmes Cinematográficos
3.
Rev. med. cine ; 16(1): 29-36, mar. 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-197592

RESUMO

El cine de Ciencia-Ficción se ha convertido en un muestrario de los últimos avances tecnológicos y de la vanguardia y especulación científica. Puede, por ello, ser utilizado como herramienta de divulgación y como recurso formativo. Sin embargo, si se quiere diferenciar lo real y plausible de lo fantástico e imposible, se hace necesario tener una mirada rigurosa del material tecnocientífico que nos presenta. En el presente estudio se describe y analiza el contenido biomédico de las películas de la saga Alien. De las diferentes áreas de conocimiento catalogadas por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España, encontramos que al menos 37 de ellas, relacionadas con temas biosanitarios, se trataban con diferente profundidad en la saga, destacando especialmente la Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica o la Fisiología y Anatomía Humanas. Aun admitiendo las licencias artísticas del género fantástico al que pertece la saga, creemos que el contenido y tratamiento biomédico de estas obras podría ser utilizado como recurso docente para estudiantes de diferentes grados biosanitarios como Medicina, Enfermería, Farmacia u Odontología


The Science-Fiction movies have become a showcase of the latest technological advances and vanguard and scientific speculation. It can, therefore, be used as a divulgation tool and as a training resource. However, if you want to differentiate the real and plausible from the fantastic and impossible, it is necessary to have a rigorous look of the techno-scientific material that presents us. In the present study, the biomedical content of the films of the Alien saga is described and analyzed. Of the different areas of knowledge cataloged by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain, we found that at least 37 of them, related to biosanitary issues, were treated with different depth in the saga, highlighting especially the Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology or the Human Physiology and Anatomy. Even admitting the artistic licenses of the fantastic genre to which the saga belongs, we believe that the content and biomedical treatment of these works could be used as a teaching resource for students of different biosanitary degrees such as Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy or Dentistry


Assuntos
Humanos , Exobiologia , Meio Ambiente Extraterreno , Filmes Cinematográficos , Parasitos , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita
4.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 35(3): 117-122, jul.-sept. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-179570

RESUMO

Background: The role of culture-independent techniques (galactomannan, (1-3)-ß-d-glucan) in the early diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases (IFD) is well assessed in hematological patients, but there are no clear conclusions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aims: To study the usefulness of nonculture-based techniques in the diagnosis of IFD in COPD-patients at risk for IFD. Methods: A prospective observational study based on monitoring COPD patients at risk for IFD during 2007-2010 was carried out. The presence of galactomannan, (1-3)-ß-d-glucan and an indirect immunofluorescence of Candida albicans germ tube specific antibodies (CAGTA) were performed. Results: Among 43 COPD patients, 16 (37.2%) were diagnosed with IFD: seven cases were proven IFD (five invasive candidemia - IC, one invasive aspergillosis - IA and a rhinocerebral zygomycosis) and nine probable IFD (seven IA and two IC). In the diagnosis of IC and IA, the negative predictive value (NPV) of (1-3)-ß-d-glucan was 100%. Regarding CAGTA in IC, NPV was 96.2%. Finally, NPV of galactomannan in IA was 91.2%. The area under the ROC curve for (1-3)-ß-d-glucan in IC and for the rest of the IFD cases was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93) and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.43-0.77), for CAGTA in IC was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.91) and for galactomannan in IA was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56-0.85). Positive (1-3)-ß-d-glucan preceded the growth of Candida (average of 1.7 days) in blood culture. Conclusions: In COPD patients at risk for IFD the assayed techniques are especially useful to rule out the presence of IFD


Antecedentes: El papel de las técnicas independientes de cultivo [galactomanano, (1-3)-ß-D-glucano] en el diagnóstico precoz de micosis invasoras (MI) está bien establecido en pacientes hematológicos, pero no existen conclusiones claras en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Objetivos: Estudiar la utilidad de las técnicas independientes de cultivo en el diagnóstico de MI en pacientes con EPOC que corren el riesgo de contraer una MI. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo y observacional en que se supervisaron pacientes con EPOC que corrían el riesgo de contraer una MI de 2007 a 2010. Para ello se estableció la existencia de galactomanano, (1-3)-ß-D-glucano y se realizó el ensayo CAGTA (inmunofluorescencia indirecta para determinar la existencia de anticuerpos IgG frente a antígenos de la superficie de la fase micelial de Candida albicans). Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 16MI en 43pacientes con EPOC (37,2%): siete fueron MI probadas (cinco candidemias invasoras [CI], una aspergilosis invasora [AI] y una cigomicosis rinocerebral) y nueve fueron MI probables (siete AI y dos CI). En el diagnóstico de CI y AI, el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) del (1-3)-ß-D-glucano fue del 100%. En cuanto al CAGTA en CI, el VPN fue del 96,2%. Finalmente, el VPN del galactomanano en AI fue del 91,2%. El área bajo la curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) del (1-3)-ß-D-glucano en CI y en el resto de los casos de MI fue 0,86 (IC95%=0,79-0,93) y 0,60 (IC95%=0,43-0,77), para CAGTA en CI fue 0,83 (IC95%=0,74-0,91) y para galactomanano en AI fue 0,71 (IC95%=0,56-0,85). La positividad del (1-3)-ß-D-glucano se anticipó como media 1,7días al crecimiento de Candida en el hemocultivo. Conclusiones: En pacientes con EPOC que corren el riesgo de contraer MI, estas técnicas son muy útiles para descartar la existencia de MI


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/microbiologia , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Candidíase/epidemiologia
5.
Rev Iberoam Micol ; 35(3): 117-122, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30078525

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The role of culture-independent techniques (galactomannan, (1-3)-ß-d-glucan) in the early diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases (IFD) is well assessed in hematological patients, but there are no clear conclusions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). AIMS: To study the usefulness of nonculture-based techniques in the diagnosis of IFD in COPD-patients at risk for IFD. METHODS: A prospective observational study based on monitoring COPD patients at risk for IFD during 2007-2010 was carried out. The presence of galactomannan, (1-3)-ß-d-glucan and an indirect immunofluorescence of Candida albicans germ tube specific antibodies (CAGTA) were performed. RESULTS: Among 43 COPD patients, 16 (37.2%) were diagnosed with IFD: seven cases were proven IFD (five invasive candidemia - IC, one invasive aspergillosis - IA and a rhinocerebral zygomycosis) and nine probable IFD (seven IA and two IC). In the diagnosis of IC and IA, the negative predictive value (NPV) of (1-3)-ß-d-glucan was 100%. Regarding CAGTA in IC, NPV was 96.2%. Finally, NPV of galactomannan in IA was 91.2%. The area under the ROC curve for (1-3)-ß-d-glucan in IC and for the rest of the IFD cases was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93) and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.43-0.77), for CAGTA in IC was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.91) and for galactomannan in IA was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56-0.85). Positive (1-3)-ß-d-glucan preceded the growth of Candida (average of 1.7 days) in blood culture. CONCLUSIONS: In COPD patients at risk for IFD the assayed techniques are especially useful to rule out the presence of IFD.


Assuntos
Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/diagnóstico , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/microbiologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/microbiologia , Idoso , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hospitalização , Humanos , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/complicações , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações
6.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 26 Suppl 13: 61-5, 2008 Nov.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19100169

RESUMO

Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases, affecting children worldwide. Viruses are recognized as a major cause of this disease, particularly in children. Since the Norwalk virus was identified as a cause of gastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated with diarrheal disease in humans has progressively increased. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Human astroviruses, caliciviruses and enteric adenovirus are also important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other viruses such as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses, Aichi virus and human bocavirus are increasingly being identified as causative agents of diarrhea. Vaccination against rotavirus could prevent cases of severe diarrhea and reduce the mortality attributable to this disease.


Assuntos
Gastroenterite/virologia , Doença Aguda , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/epidemiologia , Adenovírus Humanos/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Astroviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia Infantil/epidemiologia , Diarreia Infantil/virologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Mamastrovirus/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/classificação , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rotavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controle
7.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.13): 61-65, nov. 2008.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71221

RESUMO

La gastroenteritis aguda es una de las enfermedades máscomunes y que afecta a los niños de todo el mundo. Losvirus se reconocen hoy día como una de las principalescausas de esta infección, particularmente en la infancia.Desde que se describiera el virus Norwalk por primera vezcomo causa de gastroenteritis, se ha ido incrementandoprogresivamente el número de virus asociados a estaenfermedad. Los rotavirus son la primera causa de diarreagrave en niños menores de 5 años y los astrovirus,calicivirus y adenovirus entéricos son también agentesetiológicos importantes de la enfermedad. Otros virus,como los torovirus, coronavirus, picobirnaviruses, virusAichi o los bocavirus humanos, también se han implicadoen la etiología de la diarrea aguda. La vacunación frente a los rotavirus constituye, hoy día, la mejor estrategia para prevenir los casos graves de diarrea y reducir la mortalidad producida por estos virus


Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases,affecting children worldwide. Viruses are recognized as amajor cause of this disease, particularly in children. Since the Norwalk virus was identified as a cause ofgastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated withdiarrheal disease in humans has progressively increased. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Human astroviruses, caliciviruses and enteric adenovirus are also important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other viruses such as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses, Aichivirus and human bocavirus are increasingly beingidentified as causative agents of diarrhea. Vaccinationagainst rotavirus could prevent cases of severe diarrheaand reduce the mortality attributable to this disease


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/microbiologia , Rotavirus/patogenicidade , Mamastrovirus/patogenicidade , Adenovírus Humanos/patogenicidade , Norovirus/patogenicidade
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.13): 61-65, nov. 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-60583

RESUMO

La gastroenteritis aguda es una de las enfermedades máscomunes y que afecta a los niños de todo el mundo. Losvirus se reconocen hoy día como una de las principalescausas de esta infección, particularmente en la infancia.Desde que se describiera el virus Norwalk por primera vezcomo causa de gastroenteritis, se ha ido incrementandoprogresivamente el número de virus asociados a estaenfermedad. Los rotavirus son la primera causa de diarreagrave en niños menores de 5 años y los astrovirus,calicivirus y adenovirus entéricos son también agentesetiológicos importantes de la enfermedad. Otros virus,como los torovirus, coronavirus, picobirnaviruses, virusAichi o los bocavirus humanos, también se han implicadoen la etiología de la diarrea aguda. La vacunación frente alos rotavirus constituye, hoy día, la mejor estrategia paraprevenir los casos graves de diarrea y reducir la mortalidadproducida por estos virus(AU)


Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases,affecting children worldwide. Viruses are recognized as amajor cause of this disease, particularly in children. Sincethe Norwalk virus was identified as a cause ofgastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated withdiarrheal disease in humans has progressively increased.Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea inchildren under 5 years of age. Human astroviruses,caliciviruses and enteric adenovirus are also importantetiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other virusessuch as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses, Aichivirus and human bocavirus are increasingly beingidentified as causative agents of diarrhea. Vaccinationagainst rotavirus could prevent cases of severe diarrheaand reduce the mortality attributable to this disease(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Infecções por Rotavirus/microbiologia , Rotavirus/patogenicidade , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Astroviridae/patogenicidade , Norovirus/patogenicidade , Adenoviridae/patogenicidade , Vacinas Virais
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