Hyperventilation Syndrome and Hypocalcemia: A Unique Case in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

This case report delves into the rare occurrence of hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) with hypocalcemia in an 18-year-old female diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The rare occurrence highlights the importance of recognizing the potential association between HVS, hypocalcemia, and ASD, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluation and management strategies in individuals with ASD presenting with unusual symptoms. Despite ongoing psychotherapeutic treatment, the patient's clinical examination revealed ASD-related communication anomalies. Treatment with Escitalopram resolved panic attacks but left residual anxiety. During an emergency room visit for menstrual-related abdominal pain, a hyperventilation crisis ensued, leading to respiratory alkalosis and hypocalcemia. Swift intervention, including closed mask ventilation and electrolyte infusion, successfully alleviated symptoms. Follow-up assessments indicated normal thyroid function and vitamin D levels. The case highlights the necessity for clinicians to consider electrolyte imbalances in anxiety attacks among ASD patients, emphasizing the importance of timely management for patient safety. The intricate interplay between hyperventilation syndrome, anxiety, and hypocalcemia in ASD patients is explored, offering valuable insights for the nuanced understanding and comprehensive assessment of such cases.

A Case Study of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Detection and Critical Vascular Surgery.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm, characterized by a persistent dilation exceeding 3 cm or 50% of the aortic diameter, poses a substantial risk, particularly in males over 65. Despite its potentially asymptomatic nature, early detection is imperative due to the elevated mortality rates, reaching 90% following rupture. The presented case involves a 60-year-old male with progressively worsening abdominal pain, a history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and smoking. Initial examinations were inconclusive, requiring advanced imaging that revealed a large aneurysmal dilation. Therapeutic measures included endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), highlighting the significance of timely intervention. Despite elective surgery risks, mortality rates decrease significantly when the aneurysm diameter surpasses 43 mm. This report stresses the need for primary care physicians to conduct thorough screenings, recognize risk factors, and facilitate prompt referrals for advanced imaging. The case's pivotal lesson lies in the comprehensive management of abdominal aortic aneurysm, showcasing the potential for life-saving interventions and the critical role of early detection in mitigating the severe consequences associated with its rupture.

Molecular based phylogenetic species recognition in the genus Pampus (Perciformes: Stromateidae) reveals hidden diversity in the Indian Ocean.

Pomfrets (Genus Pampus) are commercially important fishes in the Indo Pacific region. The systematics of this genus is complicated due to morphological similarities between species. The silver pomfret from Indian waters has long been considered to be Pampus argenteus. The objective of the study was to utilize the mitochondrial COI gene to establish the molecular identity of the silver pomfret distributed in Indian waters and to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among Pampus species in the world based on sequence data in the NCBI database. Seven valid Pampus species are identified in this study. The mean genetic divergence value calculated between clades representing these species was 7.9%. The mean genetic distance between the so-called Pampus argenteus from Indian waters and sequences attributed to P. argenteus from the South China Sea, where the neotype of this species was collected, was found to be greater than 12%, strongly supporting the likelihood of the Indian species being distinct. The Indian Pampus species show very close affinity to P. cinereus, with inter species differences less than 2%. The taxonomic identity of the silver pomfret in India is also discussed here, in light of molecular and morphological evidence.

Mitochondrial signatures for identification of grouper species from Indian waters.

Groupers are important commercial fish in many parts of the world. Accurate identification is critical for effective conservation assessment and fisheries management. Genetic barcodes provide a simple and reproducible method for the identification of species even in the absence of taxonomic expertise. The generation of reference barcodes from properly identified specimens is an important first step in this direction. Here, 36 species belonging to the subfamily Epinephelinae (Family: Serranidae) were collected from landings on the west coast of India and Port Blair, Andaman, and partial nucleotide sequence data of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was generated. Barcodes for 13 species were developed from Indian waters for the first time. Analysis using the COI gene produced phylogenetic trees in concurrence with other multi-gene studies. Epinephelus fasciatus and E. areolatus were found to be a species complex, as hypothesized in other studies. The DNA barcodes developed in the study can be used for identifying species within Epinehelinae, where taxonomic ambiguity still exists.

Weak genetic differentiation in cobia, Rachycentron canadum from Indian waters as inferred from mitochondrial DNA ATPase 6 and 8 genes.

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is an economically important migratory fish distributed in tropical waters worldwide and is a candidate fish species for aquaculture practices. The genetic stock structure of R. canadum distributed along the Indian waters was identified using mitochondrial ATPase 6 and 8 genes. A total of 842 bp sequence of ATPase 6/8 genes obtained in this study revealed 15 haplotypes with mean low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.001) and high haplotype diversity (h = 0.785). AMOVA indicated the genetic differentiation of 90.47% for individuals within the population. This is well supported by co-efficient of genetic differentiation (FST) values obtained for pairwise populations that were low and non-significant with an overall value of 0.002. The parsimony network tree revealed star-like phylogeny and all the haplotypes were connected with each other by single mutational event. The findings of the present study indicated the panmixia nature of the species which can be managed as a unit stock in Indian waters.

Hints for panmixia in Scomberomorus commerson in Indian waters revealed by mitochondrial ATPase 6 and 8 genes.

Scomberomorus commerson is an economically important migratory fish distributed worldwide. The genetic stock structure of S. commerson distributed along the Indian waters was identified using mitochondrial ATPase 6 and 8 genes. A total of 842 bp sequence of ATPase 6/8 genes obtained in this study revealed 23 haplotypes with mean low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity. Co-efficient of genetic differentiation (FST) values obtained for pair wise populations were low and non-significant with an overall value of -0.02074. The high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity values together with mismatch distribution analysis suggested a history of genetic bottleneck events or founder effect, with subsequent population expansion in S. commerson. The findings of the present study indicated the panmixia nature of the species which can be managed as a unit stock in Indian waters.

Molecular phylogenetics of three species of the genus Rastrelliger using mitochondrial DNA markers.

In the present study three species of mackerel, Rastrelliger present in Indian waters were taken for genetic identification using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16s rRNA sequences. Accurate identification of these species is important for fishery management as its morphological characters are very similar. In this study, the sequences of COI and 16S rRNA were determined from 19 individuals of three Rastrelliger species, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Rastrelliger brachysoma and Rastrelliger faughni from Andamans and Indian mainland to study the phylogenetic relationship. The intraspecies and interspecies genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.002 and 0.007 to 0.015 respectively based on 16S rRNA sequences. Using COI data analysis, the intraspecies genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.012, while it varied from 0.039 to 0.086 for interspecies. The present study clearly demarcates three species of mackerel based on the mitochondrial genetic sequences and also showed a non-descriptive genetic distance of R. kanagurta from mainland and Andaman Islands.

Mitochondrial ATPase 6/8 genes to infer the population genetic structure of silver pomfret fish Pampus argenteus along the Indian waters.

Silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus is an economically important seafood species. The fishery resource of pomfret in Indian waters shows a dwindling catch since the last few years and the pomfrets caught were mostly undersized which calls for immediate attempts for management of resources. An accurate definition of population structure is important for management of this species. The genetic stock structure of P. argenteus distributed along Indian coast was identified using analysis of 842 bp of complete ATPase 6/8 genes of mitochondrial DNA. Altogether, 83 silver pomfret (P. argenteus) collected from 4 locations along Indian coast (Gujarat, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) were sequenced. Twenty four haplotypes were identified among 83 individuals with haplotype diversity (0.87) and nucleotide diversity (0.0025). The significant pair-wise FST and AMOVA values, between samples from West Bengal (east coast) and other locations along the west coast (Gujarat and Kerala) indicated the occurrence of distinct population structure in silver pomfret along the coast.