Prevalence of elder abuse and associated factors among community-dwelling older adults in Iran.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of elder abuse and associated factors among community-dwelling older adults Kerman province, Iran. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 200 elderly people in Kerman were included using multi-stage sampling. 51.4% of the elderly reported abuse. 17.5% reported physical abuse, 20.9% reported verbal abuse, and 26.4% reported non-verbal abuse. Also, 11.5% reported self-neglect and 6.5% were neglected by others. 11.4% of the elderly reported abandonment and 14.9% reported financial abuse. There was a significant relationship between economic stress and neglect (P = .01), the risk of abuse in the elderly with a very good health status was about 50% less than that in others (P < .001). Elderly experience different types of abuse. Therefore, proper knowledge of elder abuse, especially emotional abuse and its related factors, including economic stress and health status, can increase knowledge and sensitivity of society, in order to avoid this dilemma.

Risk factors for fall in elderly with diabetes mellitus type 2.

AIMS: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a major chronic condition that also common in older people, and associated with an increased risk of falling. This study aimed to determine the risk factor of fall in elderly with DMT2. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 220 elderly diabetic patients who had referred to diabetes center in Kerman were chosen via convenience sampling method. To collect data, Semi-structured Fall Risk questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used. FINDINGS: The mean age was estimated to be 69.82 (SD: 9.9) years. Among the participants, 38.5% suffered falls in the past one year. Good sleep quality (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.1-0.85) and appropriate environment (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.1-0.77) were significantly associated with a lesser odd of having recurrent falls. Gait problem (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-4.9), balance difficulties (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.24-7.12), hypotension (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-5.6), and medication above three medicine (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.12-6.34) were significantly associated with a greater odd of having recurrent falls. CONCLUSION: It would therefore appear that older diabetic patients would be a suitable target group for a strategy aimed at preventing falls. Early recognition of the multiple causes of falls in the older diabetic patient and prompt referral of this group of patients to a specialist falls clinic is recommend.

Predicting effective factors on eating behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease based on the PRECEDE model.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Changes in eating behavior can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to predict the effective factors of eating behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease using the PRECEDE model. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 subjects aged from 20 to 60 years old in Kerman, Iran in 2016. The participants were selected using a multistage random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire including questions regarding demographic characteristics, eating behavior, and PRECEDE model constructs were completed by the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and STATA 12. For data analysis, Spearman correlation coefficient, univariate and multiple median regression were applied. The predictive power of the model constructs was determined by analysis of artificial neural networks. RESULTS: Among participants, the score of knowledge was high (84.15±10.7), and the scores of perceived self-efficacy (59.1±16.57), reinforcing factors (60.66±14.01), enabling factors (56.5±12.91), and eating behavior (62.1±14.7) were intermediate, and the score of attitude was low (47.84±7.67). Attitude, self-perceived efficacy, enabling factors, and knowledge predicted 32%, 30%, 26%, and 0.93% of participants' eating behavior respectively. The relationship between all variables and eating behavior was positive and significant (p<0.0001). Perceived self-efficacy had the most, and reinforcing factors the least correlation with eating behavior. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, self-efficacy, attitude, and enabling factors were the main predicting factors for eating behaviors; therefore, to prevent cardiovascular disease and enhance healthy eating behavior, it is recommended to change attitude, and enhance self-efficacy and enabling factors in the community.

Social capital, political trust and self-reported psychological health: a population-based study.

This study investigates the association between political trust (an aspect of institutional trust) in the Riksdag (the national parliament in Sweden) and self-reported psychological health, taking generalized (horizontal) trust in other people into account. The 2004 public health survey in Skåne in Southern Sweden is a cross-sectional postal questionnaire study that was answered by 27,757 respondents aged 18-80 yielding a 59% response rate. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the associations between political trust and self-reported psychological health adjusting for possible confounders (age, country of origin, education, economic stress and generalized trust in other people i.e. horizontal trust). We found that 13.0% of the men and 18.9% of the women reported poor psychological health. A total of 17.3% and 11.6% of the male and female respondents, respectively, reported that they had no trust at all in the national parliament, and another 38.2% and 36.2%, respectively, reported that their political trust was not particularly high. Respondents in younger age groups, born abroad, with high education, high levels of economic stress, low horizontal trust and low political trust had significantly higher levels of self-reported poor psychological health. There was a significant association between low political trust and low horizontal trust. After adjustments for age, country of origin, education and economic stress, the inclusion of horizontal trust reduced the odds ratios of self-reported poor psychological health in the "no political trust at all" category compared to the "very high political trust" category from 1.6 to 1.4 among men and from 1.7 to 1.4 among women. It is concluded that low political trust in the Riksdag seems to be significantly and positively associated with poor mental health.

Ethnic differences in anticipated discrimination, generalised trust in other people and self-rated health: a population-based study in Sweden.

This paper investigates the relationship between anticipation that employers may discriminate against certain people (not specified, but not specifically the respondent) according to race, colour of skin, religion or cultural background, and self-rated health, adjusting for social capital in the form of generalised (horizontal) trust in other people. It also investigates ethnic differences in anticipated discrimination in relation to self-rated health. The 2004 Public Health Survey in the Scania region of Sweden is a cross-sectional study. Twenty-seven thousand nine hundred and sixty-three respondents aged 18-80 years answered a postal questionnaire, which represents 59% of the random sample. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between anticipated discrimination and self-rated health. Multivariate analyses of self-rated health were performed in order to investigate the importance of possible confounders (age, country of origin, education, economic stress, and generalised trust) on this association. Of the men and the women, 28.7 and 33.2%, respectively, rated their health as poor. Of the respondents, 16.0 and 28.7% reported that they anticipated that 'most employers' or 'approximately 50% of employers' would discriminate, respectively. Respondents with high age, born outside Sweden, with low/medium education, economic stress, low horizontal trust, and with anticipation that most or approximately 50% of employers (among men born in Sweden and all women) would discriminate had significantly higher odds ratios of poor self-rated health. Multiple adjustments had a slight effect on the significant relationship between anticipated discrimination and poor self-rated health for both men and women. The introduction of generalised trust in the models reduced the odds ratios to a limited extent. In conclusion, the anticipation that employers may discriminate against certain people (not the respondent) according to race, colour of skin, religion or cultural background is associated with poor self-rated health. However, this is a cross-sectional exploratory study and causality may go in both directions.

Social capital, political trust and self rated-health: a population-based study in southern Sweden.

AIM: To investigate the association between political trust (an aspect of institutional trust) and self-rated health, taking generalized (horizontal) trust in other people into account. METHODS: The 2004 public health survey in Skåne is a cross-sectional postal questionnaire study answered by 27,963 respondents aged 18-80 years, yielding a 59% response rate. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the associations between political trust in the Riksdag (national parliament) and self-rated health. Multivariate analyses of political trust and self-rated health were performed in order to investigate the importance of possible confounders. RESULTS: Poor health was reported by 28.7% of the men and 33.2% of the women. In total, 17.3% and 11.6% of the male and female respondents, respectively, reported that they had no trust at all in the Riksdag. The addition of generalized (horizontal) trust in the multivariate models reduced the odds ratios of poor self-rated health in the "no political trust at all'' category as compared to the "very high political trust'' category from 2.4 (1.8-3.1) to 2.1 (1.6-2.7) among men and from 1.9 (1.4-2.4) to 1.6 (1.3-2.1) among women. CONCLUSIONS: Low political trust in the Riksdag seems to be significantly associated with poor self-rated health, even after adjustments for plausible confounders, including generalized (horizontal) trust.

Social capital, trust in the health-care system and self-rated health: the role of access to health care in a population-based study.

This paper investigates the relationship between institutional trust in the health-care system, i.e. an institutional aspect of social capital, and self-rated health, and whether the strength of this association is affected by access to health-care services. The 2004 public health survey in the Scania region of Sweden is a cross-sectional study; a total of 27,963 respondents aged 18-80 years answered a postal questionnaire, which represents 59% of the random sample. Logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between institutional trust and self-rated health. Multivariate analyses of self-rated health were performed in order to investigate the importance of possible confounders (age, country of origin, education, economic stress, generalized trust in other people, and care-seeking behaviour) on this association. A 28.7% proportion of the men and 33.2% of the women reported poor self-rated health. A total of 15.0% and 58.3% of the respondents reported "very high" and "rather high" trust in the health-care system, respectively. Almost one-third of all respondents reported low institutional trust. Respondents born outside Sweden, with low/medium education, low generalized trust and low institutional trust had significantly higher odds ratios of poor self-rated health. Multiple adjustments for age, country of origin, education, economic stress, and horizontal trust had some effect on the significant relationship between institutional trust and poor self-rated health, for both men and women, but the additional introduction of care-seeking behaviour in the model substantially reduced the odds ratios. In conclusion, low trust in the health-care system is associated with poor self-rated health. This association may be partly mediated by "not seeking health care when needed". However, this is a cross-sectional exploratory study and the causality may go in both directions.