RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 has led to many changes such as reduced human activities and effects on the environment. There is no big picture of the effects of pandemics on the environment using related evidence. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental health. METHODS: A systematic search of English language studies was performed in major electronic databases; Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar web search engine from December 2019 to February 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard guidelines were used to follow up the review process. finally 58 articles entered the review procedure. RESULTS: The results of indicate a significant reduction of air pollutants and improved air quality. It improved the water quality of some rivers, canals, and seas during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. The effects of this disease on the environment cannot be fully described yet. CONCLUSION: In the short term, the amount of air, water, and coastal pollution has been reduced. few studies have examined the effects of pandemics on the environment in the long run, which paves the way for more researches.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar , COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/análise , Saúde AmbientalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The first case of COVID-19 was reported in Iran on February 19, 2020, in Qom. Since Mazandaran is one of the high-risk provinces with many patients and deaths, this study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in Mazandaran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive study, demographic information and clinical findings in patients who died following COVID-19 in the medical centers of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences from February 8, 2020, to October 10, 2020, were extracted. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 21. Logistic regression was used to compare the data. P < 0.05 was considered as the significance level. RESULTS: Out of a total of 34,039 patients admitted during the 8 months, 2907 patients died. Of these, 1529 (52%) were male, and the rest were female. In terms of age, 10 cases in the age group of fewer than 15 years, 229 cases in the age group of 15-44 years, 864 patients in the age group of 45-64 years, and 1793 people in the age group of 65 years and over died. 2206 people (more than 75%) by personal visit referred to medical centers. The mortality rate was more than 8 cases per 100 hospitalized patients. Men were 16% more likely to die from COVID-19 than women. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Older adults over 65 have the highest incidence and death rate due to this disease. The incidence rate was higher in women, and the death rate was higher in men, which differs from the national pattern.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic and abnormal increase of different types of dyslipidemia leads to some important diseases, such as constriction and abstraction of vessels in various parts of the body, especially in the heart. High lipid profile, such as increased total cholesterol and LDL as well as decreased HDL are recognized as cardiovascular disease risk factors. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in Iran by a meta-analysis method. METHODS: A literature search for studies published during 1998-2015 was carried out using both Persian and English databases (SID, Magiran, IranMedex, MedLib, PubMed, and Scopus). Keywords such as lipid, dyslipidemia, CVD, cardiovascular risk factors, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and prevalence were used in the search. Random-effects model was used for the analysis using STATA (version 11.2). RESULTS: In total, 163 articles were identified of which 49 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval) of eligible articles for high cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl and ≥240 mg/dl was 42% (95% CI: 38-45) and 17% (95% CI: 14-20), respectively. Moreover, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) for high LDL-C ≥130 mg/dl and ≥160 mg/dl was 40% (95% CI: 32-48) and 19% (95% CI: 16-23), respectively. The pooled prevalence estimate for low HDL-C (<40 among males, <50 among females) was 43% (95% CI: 33-53) in both sexes of the Iranian people. All types of lipid component abnormalities (hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C) were more prevalent in women. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in Iran is substantial. Given the risk of complications (e.g. cardiovascular disease and control of different types of dyslipidemia) in Iranian people, it is important to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome) MetS( is a complex risk factor which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. There are many studies with various populations and results about the prevalence of MetS in Iran; in order to authenticate these studies and have an overall estimation of its prevalence in Iran, performing a meta-analysis seems to be necessary. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MetS and its components in Iran via meta-analysis method. METHODS: All associated published papers in national and international journals of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Magiran, Iranmedex, Science Direct, Medlib, and SID databases were searched from January, 2000 to October, 2016. All types of studies, including local and national surveys that reported the prevalence of MetS among healthy populations in Iran were reviewed. The effects of age, sample size and publication date as possible sources of heterogeneity among the study findings was examined by meta-regression. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant in heterogeneity tests. All analysis was done by R Ver. 3.2.1 and STATA (version 10). RESULTS: Seventy eligible studies were selected for meta-analysis. The overall estimation of MetS prevalence was 25% (95% CI: 22-29%) based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria, 30% (95% CI: 25-36%) according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and 39% (95% CI: 26-52%) based on the Joint Interim Societies (JIS) criteria. The prevalence of MetS was lower in men than in women (26.9% versus 35.7%). The prevalence of various MetS components including High TG (triglyceride), Low HDL-C, High BP and High FBS (fasting blood sugar) was 43%, 54%, 38% and 22% among the adult population. CONCLUSION: Findings from the present meta-analyses study displayed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iran, especially in women, which increases with age in both sexes. It alerts health care providers and policy makers to find solutions in order to take action to reduce MetS risk in society.
