Demographic, clinical, biochemical, radiological and etiological characteristics of malignant pleural effusions from Eastern India.

CONTEXT: There are very limited data regarding clinical, radiological and etiological aspects of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) from Eastern India. AIMS: To review natural history, clinical features, radiological features and etiology of MPEs. SETTING AND DESIGN: Hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We had reviewed166 diagnosed cases of MPEsregarding demography; clinical, radiological and biochemical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and etiologies. RESULTS: Out of 166 patients, 72.89% were males and 27.11% were females. Mean age of presentation among males was 64.3 ± 12.7 and among females was 52.5 ± 14.8. Most common presenting symptom was dry cough (87.9%) and most common presenting sign was clubbing (54.5%). Massive effusion was found in 45.78% of cases. Pleural fluid macroscopic appearance was haemorrhagic in 54.82% of cases. Mean adenosine deaminase activity in MPE was 24.05 U/L. Mean pleural fluid/serum protein ratio was 0.65, mean pleural fluid/serum lactate dehydrogenase ratio was 1.01. Most of the cases (84.94%) were diagnosed by pleural fluid cytology for malignant cells. Primary cancer was diagnosed in 136 (81.93%) cases; among which 121 (88.97%) cases were lung cancers, among which adenocarcinoma (52.89%) was the most common histology. CONCLUSIONS: Pleural fluid cytologies for malignant cells are usually sufficient to diagnose MPE in nearly 85% of cases and in remaining cases if thoracoscopyis not available, blind pleural biopsy can be helpful. The most common primary in cases of MPE is lung cancer with adenocarcinoma being the commonest culprit.

Reaction time norms as measured by ruler drop method in school-going South Asian children: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to estimate normative range for reaction time using ruler drop method for school-going South Asian children between 6 and 12 years of age. A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the reaction time for 204 children. Normal values for each age group were obtained. The results of multiple linear regressions showed a decrease in the reaction time values with age, and a significant change occurring between six and eight years of age. No difference in reaction time was obtained between boys and girls. Ruler drop method is an easy to use test and the results of this study provide a normative data for age groups 6-12 years ranging from 214.2ms to 248.8ms. These values can serve as a reference to screen children with delayed reaction time.