Factores de riesgo psicosociales que influyen en el comportamiento suicida en las personas privadas de la libertad en Colombia / Psychosocial risk factors that influence suicidal behavior in people deprived of liberty in Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo psicosocial y las características que los componen; que a su vez repercuten en el comportamiento suicida, en los privados de la libertad de Colombia, para mejorar la atención psicológica que se lleva a cabo en los centros penitenciarios. Método: Articulo de revisión documental, de tipo cualitativo, realizado a través de una recolección, revisión y análisis de 55 documentos; de los cuales se seleccionaron 13 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente establecidos. Durante la investigación se tiene en cuenta la elaboración y distinción del documento, de acuerdo a la recolección y organización de la información obtenida a través de bases de datos como Scielo, Scopus, Oxford, Science Direct, Redalyc, Pubmed, entre otros, por lo tanto, se discriminaron las categorías y subcategorías desarrolladas durante la indagación correspondientes al tema a trabajar. Resultados: Se identificaron los factores de riesgo psicosociales fundamentales como: prisionización, vínculo familiar o afectivo, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, proyecto de vida, problemas psicológicos y tiempo de condena; que presenta la población penitenciaria a nivel mundial, los cuales se tienen en cuenta para reducir las tasas de comportamiento suicida en el ámbito carcelario. Conclusiones: En la revisión documental se logró identificar cuáles son los factores de riesgo que permitan detectar a tiempo el comportamiento suicida en las personas privadas de la libertad, teniendo en cuenta que la población carcelaria a nivel mundial va en aumento y el comportamiento suicida es catalogado como un problema grave de salud pública; se evidenció la falta de existencia de información para la investigación con base a la atención psicosocial que se le brinda a las personas privadas de la libertad alrededor de los factores de riesgos psicosociales que influyen en el comportamiento suicida; por tal razón es importante investigar a profundidad acerca de los factores protectores que pueden prevenir el suicidio en la población.

Abstract Objective: To identify the characteristics that make up the psychosocial risk factors that have an impact on suicidal behavior in Colombian prisoners, in order to improve the psychological care provided in penitentiaries. Method: Documentary review article, of qualitative type, carried out through a collection, review and analysis of 50 documents; of which 13 articles were selected for the elaboration of the results. During the research, the elaboration and distinction of the document is taken into account, according to the collection and organization of information collected through databases such as Scielo, Scopus, Oxford, Science Direct, Redalyc, Pubmed, among others, Therefore, the categories and subcategories developed during the investigation corresponding to the topic to work are discriminated. Results: Key psychosocial risk factors were identified, such as: prison ionization, family or affective bond, use of psychoactive substances, life plan, psychological problems and time of sentence; presented by the prison population worldwide, which are taken into account to reduce suicide rates in prison settings. Conclusions: The documentary review identifies the risk factors and protective factors that allow the timely detection of suicidal behaviour in persons deprived of their liberty, taking into account that some of the risk factors may also be protective factors, such as family ties, the life plan, the process of imprisonment and the time of sentence, and other factors if they are highly relevant because of their risk in suicidal behavior; such as substance use and psychological problems.

Sense of Agency, Affectivity and Social-Ecological Degradation: An Enactive and Phenomenological Approach.

In the last few years, there has been an interest in understanding the impact of environmental change and degradation on people's affective life. This issue has become particularly pressing for populations whose form of life is heavily dependent on ecosystem services and functions and whose opportunities for adaptation are limited. Based on our work with farmers from the Xochimilco urban wetland in the southwest of Mexico City, we begin to draw a theoretical approach to address and explain how environmental degradation impacts people's affective life and sense of agency. Farmers who were part of our project referred to a sense of despair and helplessness toward the loss of the ecosystem and their traditional farming-based form of life. From the perspective of phenomenology, enactivism and ecological psychology, we argue that the loss of this form of life in the area is related to the degradation of socio-ecological systems, limiting the opportunities for people to relate meaningfully to others and the environment. We posit that losing meaningful interaction with the environment generates a feeling of loss of control while leading farmers to feel frustrated, anxious and stressed. Such affective conditions have a direct impact on their sense of agency. In terms of adaptation, the negative interaction between degradation, affective states and a diminished sense of agency can create a downward spiral of vulnerability, including political vulnerability.

The enactive naturalization of normativity: from self-maintenance to situated interactions.

The autopoietic enactive account of cognition explains the emergence of normativity in nature as the norm of self-maintenance of life. The autonomous nature of living agents implies that they can differentiate events and regulate their responses in terms of what is better or worse to maintain their own precarious identity. Thus, normative behavior emerges from living organisms. Under this basic understanding of normativity as self-maintenance, autopoietic enactivism defends a continuity between biological, cognitive, and social norms. The self-maintenance of an agent's sensorimotor identity establishes the cognitive norms that regulate its behavior, and the self-maintenance of its social identity determines the social norms. However, there is no clear explanation of how individuals, who by their very constitution are primarily moved to interact with the world under the norm of self-maintenance, could interact with the world driven by non-individual norms. Furthermore, understanding all normativity as self-maintenance makes it unclear how agents establish genuine social interactions and acquire habits that have no implication for their constitution as individuals. So, to face these challenges, I propose an alternative notion of normativity grounded on a Wittgensteinian, action-oriented, and pragmatic conception of meaning that distinguishes between an agent with a normative point of view and external normative criteria. I defend that a normative phenomenon is an interaction that is established by an individual point of view as defined by autopoietic enactivism and that is part of a self-maintaining system. The latter establishes the external normative criteria to evaluate the interaction, and it may or may not coincide with the identity of the interacting agent. Separating external normative criteria from the self-constitution of the interactant agent not only solves the challenge but potentially explains the situated and relational character of agency.

Can autism spectrum disorders and social anxiety disorders be differentiated by the social responsiveness scale in children and adolescents?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as social phobia (SP), and selective mutism (SM) are characterised by impaired social interaction. We assessed the validity of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) to differentiate between ASD, and SP/SM. Raw scores were compared in 6-18 year old individuals with ASD (N = 60), SP (N = 38), SM (N = 43), and typically developed (N = 42). Sensitivity and specificity were examined. The three disorders showed overlapping SRS scores. Especially in boys with SM (ROC-AUC = .81), presence of ASD was overestimated by the SRS. A combination of three disorder specific questionnaires resulted in marginally improved diagnostic accuracy. For the clinically very relevant differential diagnosis of SP/SM, SRS results must be interpreted with caution.