Medium Cutoff Versus High-Flux Hemodialysis Membranes and Clinical Outcomes: A Cohort Study Using Inverse Probability Treatment Weighting.

Rationale & Objective: This study investigated the effects on patients' outcomes of using medium cutoff (MCO) versus high-flux (HF) dialysis membranes. Study Design: A retrospective, observational, multicenter, cohort study. Setting & Participants: Patients aged greater than 18 years receiving hemodialysis at the Baxter Renal Care Services dialysis network in Colombia. The inception of the cohort occurred from September 1, 2017, to November 30, 2017, with follow-up to November 30, 2019. Exposure: The patients were divided into 2 cohorts according to the dialyzer used at the inception: (1) MCO membrane or (2) HF membrane. Outcomes: Primary outcomes were the hospitalization rate from any cause and hospitalization days per patient-year. Secondary outcomes were acute cardiovascular events and mortality rates from any cause and secondary to cardiovascular causes. Laboratory parameters were assessed throughout the 2-year follow-up period. Analytical Approach: Descriptive statistics were used to report population characteristics. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to each group before analysis. All categorical variables were compared using Pearson's χ2 test, and continuous variables were analyzed with the t test. Baseline differences between groups with a value of >10% were considered clinically meaningful. Laboratory variables were measured at 5 consecutive time points. A between-patient effect was analyzed using a split-plot factorial analysis of variance. Results: The analysis included 1,098 patients, of whom 564 (51.3%) were dialyzed with MCO membranes and 534 (48.7%) with HF membranes. Patients receiving hemodialysis with MCO membranes had a lower all-cause hospitalization incidence rate (IR) per patient-year (IR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.82-1.03) than those receiving hemodialysis with HF membranes (IR = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.96-1.30), corresponding to a significant incident rate ratio (MCO/HF) of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.68-0.99; P = 0.04). The frequency of nonfatal cardiovascular events showed statistical significance, with a lower incidence in the MCO group (incident rate ratio = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96; P = 0.03). No statistically significant differences in all-cause time until death were observed (P = 0.48). Albumin levels were similar between the 2 dialyzer cohorts. Limitations: Despite the robust statistical analysis, there remains the possibility that unmeasured variables may still generate residual imbalance and, therefore, skew the results. Conclusions: The incidences of hospitalization and cardiovascular events in patients receiving hemodialysis were lower when dialyzed with MCO membranes than HF membranes. A randomized controlled trial would be desirable to confirm these results. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov, ISRCTN12403265.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Brain Injury.

Acute brain injury is the sudden and reversible loss of brain self regulation capacity as a disruption of the blood-brain barrier that conditions metabolic and inflammatory disorders that can exacerbate acute kidney injury in a critical setting; specifically it has been described that the alterations of the internal environment that come from the severity of the acute kidney injury increases the risk of endocranial hypertension and cerebral edema; in this context, injuries should be identified and treated in a timely manner with a comprehensive approach. Continuous renal replacement therapy is an extracorporeal purification technique that has been gaining ground in the management of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Within its modalities, continuous venous venous hemofiltration is described as the therapy of choice in patients with acute brain injury due to its advantages in maintaining hemodynamic stability and reducing the risk of cerebral edema. Optimal control of variables such as timing to start renal replacement therapy, the prescribed dose, the composition of the replacement fluid and the anticoagulation of the extracorporeal circuit will have a significant impact on the evolution of the neurocritical patient with acute kidney injury. There are limited studies evaluating the role of hemofiltration in this context.

Consenso colombiano de expertos sobre recomendaciones informadas en la evidencia para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la lesión renal aguda por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 / Colombian consensus of experts on recommendations informed in the evidence for the prevention, diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury by SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19

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Abstract Introduction: Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in patients with COVID-19 and its occurrence is a potential indicator of multi-organ dysfunction and disease severity. Objective: Develop, through an expert consensus, evidence-based recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of acute kidney injury in patients with SARS CoV2 / COVID-19 infection. Materials and methods: Based on a rapid systematic review in Embase and Pubmed databases and documents from scientific societies, we made preliminary recommendations and consulted with an expert group through an online tool. Then we defined agreement after at least 70 % consensus approval. Quality evidence was evaluated according to the type of document included. The strength of the recommendations was graded as strong or weak. Results: Fifty clinical experts declared their conflict of interest; the consultation took place between May 2 and 29, 2020. The range of agreement ranged from 75.5 % to 100 %. Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with SARS CoV2 infection are presented. Conclusions: Although the good quality information available regarding acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 is scarce, the recommendations of clinical experts will guide clinical decision-making and strategies around patients with this complication, guaranteeing care focused on the people, with high quality standards, and the generation of safety, health and wellness policies for multidisciplinary care teams.

[Ajuste de fármacos y nutrición en terapias de reemplazo renal continuo].

Del 6 al 23% de los pacientes con lesión renal aguda (LRA) en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) requieren apoyo renal, siendo la terapia continua una modalidad de alta frecuencia de uso en el paciente críticamente enfermo. Si bien el objetivo general de las terapias de reemplazo renal continuo (TRRC) es restablecer el equilibrio hídrico y ácido-base, junto con la eliminación de toxinas urémicas e inflamatorias relacionadas con la pérdida de depuración renal y la disfunción multiorgánica; reconocemos como efecto colateral la depuración (K) no deseado de moléculas y sustancias deseadas en la recuperación del paciente crítico, como pueden ser antimicrobianos y nutrientes. La sepsis es la causa más frecuente de LRA en la UCI y en este contexto la terapia antimicrobiana adecuadamente seleccionada y a la dosis correcta es la médica terapéutica más importante. De la misma manera, es indispensable garantizar el adecuado apoyo nutricional en este grupo poblacional. Proponemos en esta revisión una aproximación teórica y práctica para seleccionar el tratamiento farmacológico de antimicrobianos y el apoyo nutricional en el paciente en TRRC.Six to 23% of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in intensive care units (ICU) require renal support. Continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) have become the modality of choice in critical care. Although the aim of CRRT is to restore the water and acid-base balance, together with the removal of uremic and inflammatory toxins related to the loss of renal clearance and multi-organ dysfunction; we recognize as a side effect the unwanted clearance of molecules and substances desired for the recovery of the critically ill patient such as antimicrobials and nutrients. Sepsis is the most frequent cause of AKI in the ICU and, in this context, the appropriate selection of antimicrobial therapy, and at the correct dose, is one of the most important decisions; it is also essential to guarantee the adequate nutritional support in this population. We propose in this review a theoretical and practical approach to address the pharmacological management of antimicrobials and nutritional support in the patient in CRRT.

Efecto de ajuste del flujo dializante (Qd) sobre la eficacia en hemodiálisis a pacientes de bajo peso / Effect of flow adjustment dialysate (Qd) hemodialysis on effectiveness of underweight patients / Efeito do ajuste do fluxo dialisante (Qd) sobre a eficácia em hemodiálise realizada em pacientes com baixo peso

Las guías KDOQI del año 2006 utilizan como estándar de adecuación para la diálisis el parámetro Kt/V, donde V es el volumen de distribución de urea. Los pacientes con bajo peso tienen menor cantidad total de agua corporal total (menor V), de modo que es posible reducir la cantidad de Qd sin alterar la eficacia de la diálisis. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la reducción del Qd sobre la adecuación de la diálisis en pacientes con pesos menores o iguales a 60 kg sometidos a hemodiálisis. Metodología: estudio observacional con alcance comparativo realizado en la unidad de diálisis de una clínica especializada de Bogotá. Se evaluaron dos valores de Qd (400 ml/min y 500 ml/min) dentro del proceso de diálisis de individuos con peso menor o igual a 60 kg. Se hizo un seguimiento de tres meses para cada forma de diálisis y al final de cada mes se midieron los niveles de Kt/V, hemoglobina y fósforo. Resultados: fueron incluidos 61 pacientes, 60,7% de sexo femenino. La edad media fue de 55,9 años (DE 14,8) para las mujeres y 60,1 años (DE 13,9) para los hombres. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los niveles medios de las variables evaluadas, en los momentos de seguimiento ni al final del estudio. Conclusiones: es posible tener una adecuada terapia de diálisis utilizando un valor menor al establecido por los estándares tradicionales cuando se tienen pacientes con bajo peso, siempre y cuando se mantengan los demás parámetros de suplencia renal.

KDOQI guidelines in 2006 using standard dialysis adequacy Kt/V, where V is volume of distribution of urea, underweight patients have lower total body water, lower V, which could reduce the requirement without affecting Qd the efficiency of dialysis. Objective: to evaluate the effect on the adequacy of dialysis Qd reduction occurs in patients weighing less than or equal to 60 kg who are on hemodialysis. Methodology: patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis regularly with weight less than or equal to 60 kg of a renal clinic to evaluate two periods I and II, were continued therapy parameters with decrease of Qd for the second period. The variables were collected directly by the researchers of the history. The values thus obtained would be compared using t test or paired variables, and statistical significance of the test below 0,05. Results: we included 61 patients, 60.7% female, mean age 57,3 years (SD 14,8). Average age of men 60.1 (SD 13,9) and women was 55,9 (SD 15,4). There were no statistically significant differences for the variables Kt/V, Hemoglobin and there was a significant reduction in the phosphorus levels. Conclusions: this study demonstrates that adequate therapy is achieved with less than Qd traditional standards, with 400 ml/min in patients with low weight as long as you keep the other parameters of renal substitution.

As guias KDOQI do ano 2006 utilizam como padrão de adequação da diálise o Kt/V, onde V é o volume de distribuição da ureia. Pacientes com baixo peso têm menor quantidade total de água no corpo total, (menor V), de modo que seria possível reduzir a quantidade de Qd sem afetar a eficiência da diálise. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito que tem a redução do Qd sobre a adequação da diálise em pacientes com hemodiálise que têm peso menor ou igual a 60 kg. Metodologia: estudo descritivo realizado na unidade de diálise de uma clínica especializada de Bogotá. Foram avaliados dois valores de Qd (400 ml/min e 500 ml/min) dentro do processo de diálise realizado em indivíduos com peso menor ou igual a 60 Kg. Realizou-se um seguimento de três meses para cada uma das formas de diálise aplicada e ao final de cada mês realizaram-se medições dos níveis de Kt/V, hemoglobina e fósforo. Resultados: o estudo observacional incluiu 61 pacientes, 60,7% do gênero feminino. A idade média foi de 55,9 anos (DE 14,8) para as mulheres e 60,1 anos (DE 13,9) para os homens. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os níveis médios das variáveis nas medições de seguimento nem ao final do estudo. Conclusões: conclui-se que é possível obter uma terapia adequada de diálise com um valor de Qd inferior ao estabelecido sob os padrões tradicionais em pacientes como baixo peso, sempre e quando sejam mantidos os demais parâmetros de suplência renal.

Turbid white urine.

Turbid white urine 'albinuria' is defined as a urine discoloration described as milky or cloudy. One of the most frequent causes of turbid white urine is chyluria complicating filariasis (Table 1). The extant causes of albinuria are non parasitic and rare. Amongst their aetiologies stand excessive mineral sediment excretion such as calciuria and phosphaturia, massive pyuria and fungal infections, and rarely congenital malformations of the lymphatic vessels. Malingering is also possible, in patients adding milk to their urine. We observed a case of albinuria in which the diagnostic work up led to diagnosing an exceptional cause of chyluria in a patient living in a region of Colombia where filariasis is not endemic.

Role of ivermectin in the treatment of severe orbital myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax.

We describe 2 patients with severe orbital myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax (of the order Diptera and the family Calliphoridae) who had underlying skin carcinomas and were treated with oral ivermectin and debridement. We suggest that ivermectin plays an important role in the treatment of severe cases of myiasis.