RESUMO
Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir) is a new oral antiviraltherapeutic for the treatment of COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir is aninhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease, while ritonavir is usedas a CYP3A inhibitor in low doses to slow the metabolism ofnirmatrelvir, thus enhancing their therapeutic effect. The isoenzyme CYP3A4 is responsible for at least part of the oxidativemetabolism of approximately 60% of available medicationsand ritonavir is therefore a significant source of drug interactions. We describe here the drugs that are contraindicatedor should be used with or without precautions when Paxlovid(nirmaltrevir plus ritonavir) should be administered accordingto each fact sheet in force at the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (AU)
Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir más ritonavir) es un nuevo tratamiento antivírico oral para la COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir es un inhibidor de la principal proteasa del SARS-CoV-2, mientras queritonavir es usado como un inhibidor de la CYP3A a baja dosispara reducir el metabolismo de nirmatrelvir, potenciando asísu efecto terapéutico. La isoenzima CYP3A4 es responsable deal menos una parte del metabolismo oxidativo de aproximadamente el 60% de los medicamentos disponibles, por lo que elritonavir es una fuente importante de interacciones farmacológicas. Describimos los fármacos cuyo uso está contraindicado o deben utilizarse con precauciones o sin ella cuando debeadministrase Paxlovid (nirmaltrevir más ritonavir), de acuerdocon cada ficha técnica vigente en la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pandemias , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Antivirais , Antivirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Lower respiratory tract infections, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (COPD-E) and community acquired pneumonia (CAP), are one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in primary care and hospital emergency departments, and are the cause of a high prescription of antimicrobial agents. The selection of the most appropriate oral antibiotic treatment is based on different aspects and includes to first consider a bacterial aetiology and not a viral infection, to know the bacterial pathogen that most frequently cause these infections and the frequency of their local antimicrobial resistance. Treatment should also be prescribed quickly and antibiotics should be selected among those with a quicker mode of action, achieving the greatest effect in the shortest time and with the fewest adverse effects (toxicity, interactions, resistance and/or ecological impact). Whenever possible, antimicrobials should be rotated and diversified and switched to the oral route as soon as possible. With these premises, the oral treatment guidelines for mild or moderate COPD-E and CAP in Spain include as first options betalactam antibiotics (amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefditoren), in certain situations associated with a macrolide, and relegating fluoroquinolones as an alternative, except in cases where the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is suspected (AU)
Las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior, incluyendo las exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC), son uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en atención primaria y los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios, y son la causa de una elevada prescripción de antimicrobianos. La selección del tratamiento oral más adecuado con antibióticos se basa en diferentes aspectos e incluye considerar en primer lugar una etiología bacteriana y no una infección vírica, conocer los patógenos bacterianos que más frecuentemente causa estas infecciones y la frecuencia local de su resistencia antimicrobiana. Además, el tratamiento debe prescribirse rápidamente y los antibióticos deben seleccionarse entre los que tienen un modo de acción más rápido, logrando el mayor efecto en el menor tiempo y con el menor número de efectos adversos (toxicidad, interacciones, resistencia y/o impacto ecológico). Siempre que sea posible, hay que rotar y diversificar los antimicrobianos y pasar a la vía oral lo antes posible. Con estas premisas, las guías de tratamiento oral de la exacerbación leve o moderada de la EPOC y NAC en España incluyen como primera opción los antibióticos betalactámicos (amoxicilina y amoxicilina-clavulánico y cefditoreno), en determinadas situaciones asociados a un macrólido, y relegando las fluoroquinolonas como alternativa, salvo en los casos en que se sospeche la presencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções Respiratórias , Antibacterianos , Infecções Bacterianas , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , PneumoniaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the real-world therapeutic management of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (LUTS/BPH) attending primary care and urology clinics in Spain. METHODS: This observational, retrospective, multicentre study included men ≥50 years of age diagnosed with LUTS/BPH (≤8 years prior to study visit) (N = 670). Therapeutic management according to healthcare service (primary care vs. urology clinics) or progression criteria, proportion of patients with treatment change, patient profile according to therapy and evolution of LUTS severity were assessed. RESULTS: Overall differences were noticed in the management of patients between healthcare service (P < .001) and with or without progression criteria (P < .05). Most patients received pharmacological treatment at diagnosis (70.7%; 474/670), which increased at study visit (81.6%; 547/670) with overall similar profiles between primary care and urology clinics for each therapy. α1-Blockers were the most used pharmacological treatment across healthcare settings at diagnosis (61.8%; 293/474) and study visit (51%; 279/547). Only 27.1% (57/210) of patients with progression criteria at diagnosis and 35.6% (99/278) at study visit received 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) alone or in combination with a α1-blocker. Overall, most patients did not change treatment (60%; 402/670) with a trend of more patients worsening in symptoms when not receiving α1-blocker plus 5ARI combination therapy. CONCLUSION: Most patients with LUTS/BPH received pharmacological treatment; however, most men with progression criteria did not receive a 5ARI alone or in combination. These results support the need to reinforce both primary care and urologists existing clinical guideline recommendations for the appropriate medical management of patients with LUTS/BPH.
Assuntos
Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior , Hiperplasia Prostática , Urologia , Criança , Humanos , Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior/tratamento farmacológico , Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior/etiologia , Masculino , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Hiperplasia Prostática/complicações , Hiperplasia Prostática/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Retrospectivos , EspanhaRESUMO
La alta transmisibilidad del SARS-CoV-2 antes y poco después de la aparición de los síntomas sugiere que sólo diagnosticar y aislar a pacientes sintomáticos puede no ser suficiente para interrumpir la propagación de la infección; por ello son también necesarias medidas de salud pública como el distanciamiento social. Adicionalmente será importante detectar a los nuevos infectados que permanecen asintomáticos, que pueden ascender al 50% o más de los casos. Las técnicas moleculares son el patrón de referencia para el diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, el uso masivo de estas técnicas ha generado algunos problemas. Por un lado, la escasez de los recursos (analizadores, fungibles y reactivos), y por otro el retraso en la notificación de resultados. Estos dos hechos se traducen en un retraso en la aplicación de las medidas de aislamiento entre casos y contactos, lo que favorece la expansión de la infección. Las pruebas de detección de antígenos son también métodos de diagnóstico directo, con la ventaja de obtener el resultado en pocos minutos y en el mismo lugar de atención. Además, la sencillez y el bajo coste de estas pruebas permiten repetirlas en días sucesivos en determinados contextos clínicos. La sensibilidad de las pruebas de antígenos es generalmente menor que la de las que detectan ácidos nucleicos, si bien su especificidad es comparable. Se ha comprobado que las pruebas antigénicas tienen más validez en los días alrededor del inicio de síntomas, cuando la carga viral en nasofaringe es mayor. Disponer de un análisis de detección viral rápido y en tiempo real como la prueba de antígenos se ha demostrado más útil para controlar la expansión de la infección que pruebas más sensibles, pero de mayor coste y tiempo de respuesta, como son las pruebas moleculares. Las principales instituciones sanitarias como la OMS, los CDC y el propio Ministerio de Sanidad del Gobierno de España plantean el uso de las pruebas antigénicas en una amplia variedad de estrategias para responder a la pandemia. El presente documento pretende servir de apoyo a los médicos implicados en la atención de pacientes con sospecha de infección por SC2, en el contexto de una incidencia creciente en España desde septiembre de 2020 que representa ya la segunda onda pandémica de COVID-19
The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 before and shortly after the onset of symptoms suggests that only diagnosing and isolating symptomatic patients may not be sufficient to interrupt the spread of infection; therefore, public health measures such as personal distancing are also necessary. Additionally, it will be important to detect the newly infected individuals who remain asymptomatic, which may account for 50% or more of the cases. Molecular techniques are the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the massive use of these techniques has generated some problems. On the one hand, the scarcity of resources (analyzers, fungibles and reagents), and on the other the delay in the notification of results. These two facts translate into a lag in the application of isolation measures among cases and contacts, which favors the spread of the infection. Antigen detection tests are also direct diagnostic methods, with the advantage of obtaining the result in a few minutes and at the very "pointof-care". Furthermore, the simplicity and low cost of these tests allow them to be repeated on successive days in certain clinical settings. The sensitivity of antigen tests is generally lower than that of nucleic acid tests, although their specificity is comparable. Antigenic tests have been shown to be more valid in the days around the onset of symptoms, when the viral load in the nasopharynx is higher. Having a rapid and real-time viral detection assay such as the antigen test has been shown to be more useful to control the spread of the infection than more sensitive tests, but with greater cost and response time, such as in case of molecular tests. The main health institutions such as the WHO, the CDC and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Spain propose the use of antigenic tests in a wide variety of strategies to respond to the pandemic. This document aims to support physicians involved in the care of patients with suspected SC2 infection, in the context of a growing incidence in Spain since September 2020, which already represents the second pandemic wave of COVID-19
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos Virais/sangue , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Doença Aguda , Distribuição por Idade , Busca de Comunicante , Incidência , Nasofaringe/virologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
La Asociación Española para el Estudio del Hígado (AEEH) está convencida de que la eliminación de la hepatitis C en España es posible siempre y cuando seamos capaces de emplear los recursos y las herramientas necesarias para la misma. Este documento refleja la posición de la AEEH respecto a la eliminación del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), estableciendo una amplia serie de recomendaciones que se pueden agrupar en cinco categorías: 1) cribado del VHC en función de la edad, de la existencia de factores de riesgo clásicos de adquisición de la infección, búsqueda activa de pacientes diagnosticados con anterioridad y desarrollo de estrategias de microeliminación en poblaciones vulnerables; 2) simplificación del diagnóstico del VHC (diagnóstico en un solo paso y diagnóstico en el punto de atención del paciente); 3) simplificación del tratamiento de los pacientes y mejora de los circuitos asistenciales; 4) medidas de política sanitaria, y, finalmente, 5) establecimiento de indicadores de eliminación del VHC
The Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) is convinced that the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain is possible as long as we are able to use the resources and tools necessary for it. This document reflects the position of the AEEH regarding the elimination of HCV, establishing a wide range of recommendations that can be grouped into five categories: 1) Screening of HCV according to age, of the existence of classic acquisition risk factors of infection, active search of previously diagnosed patients and development of microelimination strategies in vulnerable populations; 2) Simplification of HCV diagnosis (one-step diagnosis and diagnosis at the point of patient care); 3) Simplification of patient treatment and improvement of care circuits; 4) Health policy measures, and, finally, 5) Establishment of HCV elimination indicators
Assuntos
Humanos , Hepatite C Crônica/epidemiologia , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Indução de Remissão/métodos , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Padrões de Prática Médica/tendências , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/isolamento & purificação , Programas de Rastreamento/métodosRESUMO
La Asociación Española para el Estudio del Hígado (AEEH) está convencida de que la eliminación de la hepatitisC en España es posible siempre y cuando seamos capaces de emplear los recursos y las herramientas necesarias para la misma. Este documento refleja la posición de la AEEH respecto a la eliminación del virus de la hepatitisC (VHC), estableciendo una amplia serie de recomendaciones que se pueden agrupar en cinco categorías: 1)cribado del VHC en función de la edad, de la existencia de factores de riesgo clásicos de adquisición de la infección, búsqueda activa de pacientes diagnosticados con anterioridad y desarrollo de estrategias de microeliminación en poblaciones vulnerables; 2)simplificación del diagnóstico del VHC (diagnóstico en un solo paso y diagnóstico en el punto de atención del paciente); 3)simplificación del tratamiento de los pacientes y mejora de los circuitos asistenciales; 4)medidas de política sanitaria, y, finalmente, 5)establecimiento de indicadores de eliminación del VHC
The Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) is convinced that the elimination of hepatitisC virus (HCV) in Spain is possible as long as we are able to use the resources and tools necessary for it. This document reflects the position of the AEEH regarding the elimination of HCV, establishing a wide range of recommendations that can be grouped into five categories: 1)Screening of HCV according to age, of the existence of classic acquisition risk factors of infection, active search of previously diagnosed patients and development of micro-elimination strategies in vulnerable populations; 2)Simplification of HCV diagnosis (one-step diagnosis and diagnosis at the point of patient care); 3)Simplification of patient treatment and improvement of care circuits; 4)Health policy measures, and, finally, 5)Establishment of HCV elimination indicators
Assuntos
Humanos , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Fatores Etários , Erradicação de Doenças/organização & administração , Diagnóstico Precoce , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/etiologia , Hepatite C/terapia , Seleção de Pacientes , Fatores de Risco , Espanha , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Melhoria de QualidadeRESUMO
The Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) is convinced that the elimination of hepatitisC virus (HCV) in Spain is possible as long as we are able to use the resources and tools necessary for it. This document reflects the position of the AEEH regarding the elimination of HCV, establishing a wide range of recommendations that can be grouped into five categories: 1)Screening of HCV according to age, of the existence of classic acquisition risk factors of infection, active search of previously diagnosed patients and development of micro-elimination strategies in vulnerable populations; 2)Simplification of HCV diagnosis (one-step diagnosis and diagnosis at the point of patient care); 3)Simplification of patient treatment and improvement of care circuits; 4)Health policy measures, and, finally, 5)Establishment of HCV elimination indicators.
Assuntos
Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Fatores Etários , Erradicação de Doenças/organização & administração , Diagnóstico Precoce , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/etiologia , Hepatite C/terapia , Humanos , Seleção de Pacientes , Melhoria de Qualidade , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Fatores de Risco , EspanhaRESUMO
The Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) is convinced that the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain is possible as long as we are able to use the resources and tools necessary for it. This document reflects the position of the AEEH regarding the elimination of HCV, establishing a wide range of recommendations that can be grouped into five categories: 1) Screening of HCV according to age, of the existence of classic acquisition risk factors of infection, active search of previously diagnosed patients and development of microelimination strategies in vulnerable populations; 2) Simplification of HCV diagnosis (one-step diagnosis and diagnosis at the point of patient care); 3) Simplification of patient treatment and improvement of care circuits; 4) Health policy measures, and, finally, 5) Establishment of HCV elimination indicators.
Assuntos
Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/terapia , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
La hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HPB) es una enfermedad con alta prevalencia entre los varones de más de 50 años que requiere una continuidad asistencial entre los 2 niveles existentes en nuestro país, el de atención primaria (AP) y el de atención especializada; motivo por el que era necesario consensuar unos criterios de derivación o de continuidad que sirvan de orientación a ambos colectivos. La historia clínica del paciente, el Índice Internacional de Síntomas Prostáticos (IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score), el tacto rectal y el antígeno prostático específico (PSA, prostate-specific antigen) son herramientas accesibles en el ámbito de la AP que permiten un diagnóstico adecuado de la HBP. Conscientes de tal necesidad, las sociedades científicas de atención primaria (Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Medicina General [SEMG] y Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) y la Asociación Española de Urología (AEU) elaboraron este documento de consenso. A los pacientes con IPSS<8 se los deberá mantener en vigilancia y evaluar anualmente; en los pacientes con IPSS 8-20, si el tamaño de la próstata es pequeño, se recomienda el tratamiento con bloqueadores alfa y evaluación al primer y tercer mes, si el tamaño de la próstata es grande se recomienda el tratamiento con bloqueadores alfa o inhibidores de la 5-alfa-reductasa y evaluación al tercery sexto mes, y en el caso de pacientes con próstata grande y PSA 41,5 ng/ml se recomienda el tratamiento combinado y la evaluación al primer y sexto mes. En este documento se establecen unos criterios de derivación al urólogo claros, que facilitan el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes. Se derivarán al urólogo aquellos pacientes con HBP que no presenten mejoría al tercer mes de tratamiento con bloqueadores alfa, o al sexto mes de tratamiento con inhibidores de la 5-alfa-reductasa(AU)
Se derivarán también los pacientes con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en los que se observe algún hallazgo patológico durante el tacto rectal, IPSS >20, PSA >10 ng/ml o PSA >4 ng/ml y PSA libre <20% o pacientes con edades < 50 años y sospecha de HBP, así como aquellos pacientes con alguna complicación urológica(AU)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a high prevalence condition in men over 50 years that requires continued assistance between primary care and urology. Therefore, consensus around common referral criteria was needed to guide and support both levels. Medical history, symptom assessment with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement are diagnostic tests available for general practitioners that allow setting a correct BPH diagnose. Patients with an IPSS<8 should be monitored by evaluating them annually. Treatment with α-blockers and an evaluation at the first and third month is recommended in patients with an IPSS 8-20 and if the prostate is small, if the prostate size is large treatment with α-blockers or 5α-reductase inhibitors and evaluation at the third and six month is recommended, and in patients with a large prostate and a PSA >1.5ng/ml combined treatment and evaluation at the first and sixth month is recommended. Some clear criteria for referral to urology are established in this document, which help in the management of these patients. Those patients with BPH who do not show any improvement at the third month of treatment with α-blockers, or the sixth month with 5α-reductase inhibitors, will be referred to urology. Patients will also be referred to urology if they have lower urinary tract symptoms, a pathological finding during rectal examination, IPSS>20, PSA>10ng/ml or PSA>4ng/ml and free PSA<20% or if they are <50 years with suspected BHP, or if they have any urological complication(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Hiperplasia Prostática/epidemiologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Unidade Hospitalar de Urologia/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a high prevalence condition in men over 50 years that requires continued assistance between primary care and urology. Therefore, consensus around common referral criteria was needed to guide and support both levels. Medical history, symptom assessment with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement are diagnostic tests available for general practitioners that allow setting a correct BPH diagnose. Patients with an IPSS<8 should be monitored by evaluating them annually. Treatment with alpha-blockers and an evaluation at the first and third month is recommended in patients with an IPSS 8-20 and if the prostate is small, if the prostate size is large treatment with alpha-blockers or 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and evaluation at the third and six month is recommended, and in patients with a large prostate and a PSA >1.5 ng/ml combined treatment and evaluation at the first and sixth month is recommended. Some clear criteria for referral to urology are established in this document, which help in the management of these patients. Those patients with BPH who do not show any improvement at the third month of treatment with alpha-blockers, or the sixth month with 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, will be referred to urology. Patients will also be referred to urology if they have lower urinary tract symptoms, a pathological finding during rectal examination, IPSS>20, PSA>10 ng/ml or PSA>4 ng/ml and free PSA<20% or if they are <50 years with suspected BHP, or if they have any urological complication.