[Gly482Ser polymorphism of the coactivator-1alpha of the activated receptor of peroxisome gamma proliferation in individuals from Maracaibo, Venezuela]. / Polimorfismo Gly482Ser del gen coactivador-1alpha del receptor activado de proliferación de los peroxisomas gamma en individuos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Estudio preliminar.

The aim of this study was to determine the association of the Gly482Ser polymorphism of the PGC-1 gene with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects from the city of Maracaibo. The study was performed on 64 no-diabetic subjects (36 without insulin resistance and 28 with insulin resistance) and 13 with type 2 diabetes. A clinical and nutritional history was carried out and the evaluation of anthropometric parameters was included. Fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C, were measured. The Gly482Ser polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP. It was found that the allelic frequencies for A and G were 0.36 and 0.64, respectively. The population was found in genetic equilibrium of Hardy Weinberg. The genotypes of the polymorphism Gly482Ser were not associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.320, p = 0.74; OR = 2, p = 0.47 respectively). Nevertheless, the diabetic subjects with the genotype AA presented values of LDL-C higher (p < 0.05) than the individuals with the genotypes GG and GA. The diabetics with the genotype GA showed significantly higher concentrations of triglycerides (>150 mg/dL) compared with the genotype GG. According to the results, the polymorphism Gly482Ser of the PGC-1 gene would be able to contribute to the cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetics, while in the insulin resistant individuals, this polymorphism was not associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

Polimorfismo Gly482Ser del gen coactivador-1a dl receptor activado de proliferación de los peroxisomas y en individuos de la ciudad de Maracaibo estado Zulia Venezuela: estudio preliminar / Gly482Ser polymorphism of the coactivator-1a of the activated receptor of peroxisone y proliferation in individuals from Maracaibo Venezuela

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el polimorfismo Gly482Ser del gen PGC-1 con resistencia a la insulina y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en individuos de la ciudad de Maracaibo. Se estudiaron 64 individuos no diabético (36 sin resistencia a la insulina, 28 resistentes a la insulina) y 13 diabéticos tipo 2. Se realizó una historia clínica nutricional que incluyó la evaluación de parámetros antropométricos. Se midieron los niveles de glicemia e insulina basal, colesterol total, HDL-C y LDL-C. El polimorfismo Gly482Ser fue detectado empleando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y polimorfismo de restricción de fragmentos largos. Se encontró que las frecuencias alélicas para A y G resultaron 0,36 y 0,64 respectivamente. La población se encontró en equilibrio genético de Hardy Weinberg. Al asociar los genotipos del polimorfismo Gly482Ser con la resistencia a la insulina y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, no se encontró asociación estadística significativa (OR=1,320, p=0,74; OR=2, p=0,47 respectivamente). Sin embargo, los individuos diabéticos con genotipo AA presentaron valores de LDL-C más elevados (p<0,05) que los individuos con el genotipo GG y GA. Los diabéticos con el genotipo GA mostraron concentraciones significativamente elevadas de triglicéridos (>150 mg/dL) comparados con los del genotipo GG. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, el polimorfismo Gly482Ser del gen PGC-1 podría contribuir al riesgo cardiovascular en los individuos diabéticos tipo 2, mientras que en los individuos resistentes a la insulina este polimorfismo no estuvo asociado a factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

The aim of this study was to determine the association of the Gly482Ser polymorphism of the PGC-1 gene with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects from the city of Maracaibo. The study was performed on 64 no-diabetic subjects (36 without insulin resistance and 28 with insulin resistance) and 13 with type 2 diabetes. A clinical and nutritional history was carried out and the evaluation of anthropometric parameters was included. Fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C, were measured. The Gly482Ser polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP. It was found that the allelic frequencies for A and G were 0.36 and 0.64, respectively. The population was found in genetic equilibrium of Hardy Weinberg. The genotypes of the polymorphism Gly482Ser were not associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=1.320, p=0.74; OR = 2, p=0.47 respectively). Nevertheless, the diabetic subjects with the genotype AA presented values of LDL-C higher (p<0.05) than the individuals with the genotypes GG and GA. The diabetics with the genotype GA showed significantly higher concentrations of triglycerides (>150 mg/dL) compared with the genotype GG. According to the results, the polymorphism Gly482Ser of the PGC-1 gene would be able to contribute to the cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetics, while in the insulin resistant individuals, this polymorphism was not associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

Polimorfismo Pro12Ala del gen PPAR-γ 2 y síndrome metabólico: Estudio preliminar / Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma2 gene and the metabolic syndrome: Preliminary study

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del polimorfismo Pro12Ala del gen PPARgamma2 en individuos no emparentados con síndrome metabólico de la ciudad de Maracaibo. Se seleccionaron 50 individuos (22 con síndrome metabólico y 28 sin síndrome metabólico) entre 22 y 58 años. A cada individuo se le realizó una evaluación clínica, nutricional y bioquímica. Para analizar la secuencia de la variante Pro12Ala del gen PPAR se empleó PCR y digestión enzimática de los fragmentos de restricción del polimorfismo (PCR-RFLP). En los individuos con síndrome metabólico el porcentaje de portadores del alelo Ala fue de 13,6%, mientras que en el grupo sin síndrome metabólico fue de 32,14%. La frecuencia para el alelo Ala del polimorfismo Pro12Ala fue de 0,12 y para el alelo Pro fue de 0,88. Los individuos con síndrome metabólico y portadores del alelo Ala presentaron niveles más bajos de triglicéridos y col-HDL más alto. Se concluye que la presencia del alelo Ala en individuos con síndrome metabólico mostró un efecto protector sobre el perfil lipídico.

The aim of this paper was to determine the prevalence of the polymorphism pro12ala in non-related individuals with metabolic syndrome from Maracaibo-Venezuela. Fifty subjects (22 with metabolic syndrome and 28 without metabolic syndrome) between 22 to 58 years of age were selected. For each individual, biochemical, nutritious, and clinical evaluations were carried out. PCR and restriction-fragment length polymorphism enzyme digestion were used to analyze the Pro12Ala sequence variant of the PPAR gene. The distribution of the Ala allele was 13.6% in the individuals with metabolic syndro- and 32.14% in the group without metabolic syndrome. The frequency distributions of the PPAR gamma sequence variants were 0.12 for Ala variant and 0.88 for Pro. The subjects with the metabolic syndrome and carriers of the Ala 12 allele had lower concentration of triglycerides and higher HDL-C. It can be concluded that the Ala12 allele in individuals with metabolic syndrome had a protective effect on the lipid profile.

[Distribution of fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA beta cell in children and adolescents from Maracaibo, Venezuela]. / Distribución de las concentraciones de glucosa e indulina basal, HOMA IR Y HOMA beta cell en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela.

BACKGROUND: The raising prevalence of obesity among children increases the risk of insulin resistance and its adverse metabolic consequences. AIM: To determine the distributions of fasting serum glucose, insulin, HOMA IR and HOMA beta cell in a representative sample of children and adolescents from Maracaibo-Venezuela. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fasting insulin and glucose were measured in 418 children and adolescents (191 boys and 227 girls) of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years of age. HOMA IR and HOMA beta cell were calculated. RESULTS: Insulin levels were lower in 7 and 9 year-old girls and 7 year-old boys compared with 11, 13 and 15 year-old girls and boys. Fasting glucose concentrations were similar in boys and girls. HOMA IR was lower in 7 year-old girls compared to 11, 13 and 15 years-old girls, whereas boys in every age showed similar values. HOMA beta cell was higher in 11 and 13 year-old girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide useful values to assess insulin resistance and ss-cell functioning in children and adolescents.

Distribución de las concentraciones de glucosa e indulina basal, HOMA IR Y MOMA ßcell en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela / Distribution of fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA ß cell in children and adolescents from Maracaibo, Venezuela

Background: The raising prevalence of obesity among children increases the risk of insulin resistance and its adverse metabolic consequences. Aim: To determine the distributions of fasting serum glucose, insulin, HOMA IR and HOMA ß cell in a representative sample of children and adolescents from Maracaibo-Venezuela. Subjects and Methods: Fasting insulin and glucose were measured in 418 children and adolescents (191 boys and 227 girls) of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years of age. HOMA IR and HOMA ß cell were calculated. Results: Insulin levels were lower in 7 and 9 year-old girls and 7 year-old boys compared with 11, 13 and 15 year-old girls and boys. Fasting glucose concentrations were similar in boys and girls. HOMA IR was lower in 7 year-old girls compared to 11, 13 and 15 years-old girls, whereas boys in every age showed similar values. HOMA ß cell was higher in 11 and 13 year-old girls. Conclusions: Our findings provide useful values to assess insulin resistance and ß-cell functioning in children and adolescents.

[Serum insulin, leptin and growth hormone levels are associated with body mass index and obesity index in adolescents]. / Insulina, leptina y hormona de crecimiento y su relación con índice de masa corporal e índice de obesidad en adolescentes.

Leptin, insulin and growth hormone levels seem to regulate body composition, fat distribution and fat mass. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among insulin, leptin and growth hormone levels in a group of adolescents. Ninety five adolescents (31 boys and 64 girls) between 13 and 18 y. of age were studied. A medical and nutritional history was made which included body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous skinfolds measurements. Basal levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, leptin, insulin and growth hormone were determined. The leptin and insulin levels were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity index (OBI). Insulin, leptin and obesity markers were negatively associated with growth hormone level. Fifty two percent of the adolescents with BMI = 21.09 kg/m2 were considered metabolically obese because they had elevated levels of insulin (18.68 +/- 1.52 vs. 10.08 +/- 0.38 microU/ml), HOMA IR (3.34 +/- 0.24 vs. 1.76 +/- 0.07), leptin (16.30 +/- 1.24 vs. 8.11 +/- 1.32 ng./dl) and triglycerides (78.56 +/- 4.38 vs. 64.39 +/- 5.48 mg/dl) and lower levels of HDL-C (39.09 +/- 1.27 vs. 43.30 +/- 2.38 mg/dl), compared with normal group. The same alterations were observed in the obese group, in which significative decrease in growth hormone level was added. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and low growth hormone levels, may be established as risk factors related to obesity markers, lipid alterations and insulin resistance that can lead to an early development of Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Insulina, leptina y hormona de crecimiento y su relación con índice de masa corporal e índice de obesidad en adolescentes / Serum Insulin, leptin and growth hormone levels are associated with body mass index and obesity index in adolescents

La leptina, insulina y hormona de crecimiento influyen en la masa grasa, composición corporal y distribución grasa. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre los niveles de insulina, leptina y hormona de crecimiento con parámetros antropométricos y lipídicos en adolescentes. Se estudiaron 95 adolescentes entre 13 y 18 años. Se realizó una historia clínico-nutricional donde se midió el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los pliegues subcutáneos. Se determinaron los niveles basales de glicemia, triglicéridos, colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C y VLDL-C, insulina, leptina y hormona de crecimiento. Los niveles de leptina e insulina se relacionaron positivamente con el IMC y el Índice de Obesidad (IOB). La insulina, leptina e indicadores de obesidad se relacionaron en forma negativa con la hormona de crecimiento. El 52% de los adolescentes con IMC≥21,09 Kg/m2 e IOB >42,02 mm se consideraron metabólicamente obesos, debido a que comparados con los adolescentes normales, presentaron niveles elevados de insulina (18,68± 1,52 vs 10,08± 0,38 m U/ml), HOMA IR (3,34± 0,24 vs 1,76± 0,07), leptina (16,30± 1,24 vs 8,11± 1,32 ng/dl) y triglicéridos (78,56± 4,38 vs 64,39± 5,48 mg/dl) y disminución de HDL-C (39,09± 1,27 vs 43,30± 2,38 mg/dl). Estas mismas alteraciones se observaron en adolescentes obesos en quienes se produjo además una disminución significativa de la hormona de crecimiento. Se concluye que en los adolescentes estudiados existió una serie de factores de riesgo como hiperinsulinemia, hiperleptinemia y hormona de crecimiento disminuida relacionada con marcadores de obesidad, alteraciones lipídicas e insulino resistencia, lo cual puede conducir a la aparición temprana de diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular.

Leptin, insulin and growth hormone levels seem to regulate body composition, fat distribution and fat mass. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among insulin, leptin and growth hormone levels in a group of adolescents. Ninety five adolescents (31 boys and 64 girls) between 13 and 18 y. of age were studied. A medical and nutritional history was made which included body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous skinfolds measurements. Basal levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, leptin, insulin and growth hormone were determined. The leptin and insulin levels were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity index (OBI). Insulin, leptin and obesity markers were negatively associated with growth hormone level. Fifty two percent of the adolescents with BMI ≥21.09 kg/m2 were considered metabolically obese because they had elevated levels of insulin (18.68 ± 1.52 vs. 10.08 ± 0.38 m U/ml), HOMA IR (3.34± 0.24 vs. 1.76± 0.07), leptin (16.30± 1.24 vs. 8.11± 1.32 ng./dl) and triglycerides (78.56± 4.38 vs 64.39± 5.48 mg/dl) and lower levels of HDL-C (39.09± 1.27 vs 43.30± 2.38 mg/dl), compared with normal group. The same alterations were observed in the obese group, in which significative decrease in growth hormone level was added. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and low growth hormone levels, may be established as risk factors related to obesity markers, lipid alterations and insulin resistance that can lead to an early development of Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

[Levels of apoproteins B, A1 and CIII as markers for cardiovascular risk in lean and obese adolescents]. / Niveles de apoproteínas B, A1 y CIII como marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes delgados y obesos.

Cardiovascular disease is a significant health problem affecting the adult population. Because atherosclerosis may begin in childhood, the aim of the present study was to identify biochemical markers for cardiovascular risk at an early stage of life. We studied 79 adolescents (48 girls and 31 boys) whose ages ranged from 13 to 17 years. A medical history (including pubertal stage by Tanner) was obtained from each subject. Anthropometric assessment was established by height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, skinfolds, centrality index and obesity index. After a 12-h fast, basal blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and HDL-C were determined by enzymatic methods, mean basal insulin levels by radio immunoassays and apo A1, B, CIII by turbidimetric immunoassays. According to the BMI and taking 25 Kg/m2 as the cutoff value, 35% of the girls and 16% of the boys were obese. Eighty-five percent of the girls and 58% of the boys were hyperinsulinemic (basal insulin > 12 uU/ml). Circumferences, skinfolds, centrality and obesity index were higher (p < 0.05) in boys than in girls. In both, boys and girls, basal insulin levels were higher than the cutoff insulin value for our lab (>12 microU/ml), with the girls having higher insulin levels than the boys. Apo A1 was negatively associated with the obesity index and positively with HDL-C. Apo B was related to total cholesterol and LDL-C. Apo CIII was associated with basal insulin levels, triglycerides and VLDL-C. Our results suggest that apo CIII might be a good marker for higher insulin levels, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents.

Niveles de apoproteínas B, A1 y CIII como marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes delgados y obesos / Levels of apoproteins B, A1 and CIII as markers for cardiovascular risk in lean and obese adolescents

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un problema de salud pública de la población adulta. Debido a que las alteraciones ateroscleróticas tienen su origen en la niñez, se hace necesario identificar marcadores bioquímicos en etapas tempranas de la vida, como en la adolescencia. Se estudiaron 79 adolescentes (48 hembras y 31 varones) en edades comprendidas entre 13 y 17 años. A cada adolescente se le realizó una historia clínica. Se evaluó el estado puberal de acuerdo a los criterios de Tanner. Además se realizó la evaluación antropométrica a través de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y medición de cintura, cadera y los pliegues subcutáneos. Se calcularon los índices de centralidad (PSE/PT) y de obesidad (PSE + PB + PT). Después de un ayuno de 12 horas, se determinaron en suero los niveles basales de glicemia, colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG), colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL-C) y alta densidad (HDL-C) por métodos enzimáticos y los niveles de insulina basal por radioinmunoensayo (RIA). Se determinaron las concentraciones de apoproteínas A1, B y CIII por inmunoturbimetría. De acuerdo a su IMC y tomando como punto de corte 25 kg/m2 se observó que el 35 por ciento de las hembras y el 16 por ciento de los varones eran obesos. Al mismo tiempo, el 85 por ciento de las hembras y el 58 por ciento de los varones presentaron hiperinsulinemia (insulina basal >12µU/mL). Las medidas de circunferencia, pliegues e índices de centralidad y obesidad fueron superiores (p<0,05) en los varones comparados con las hembras. La media general de insulina tanto para hembras como para varones resultó más alta de acuerdo al punto de corte establecido para insulina en nuestro laboratorio, pero fue significativamente superior (p<0,05) en las hembras. Esto se acompañó de niveles más altos de CT en las hembras y niveles más bajos de HDL-C en los varones. La apo A1 se encontró asociada en forma negativa con el índice de obesidad y positivamente con la HDL-C. La apo B se relacionó con los niveles de CT y LDL-C, mientras que la apo CIII se asoció positivamente con las concentraciones basales de insulina, TG y VLDL-C. Estos resultados sugieren que la apo CIII pareciera ser un buen marcador de niveles elevados de insulina, insulino resistencia y de riesgo cardiovascular precoz.e glicemia, colesterol total (CT)

Lean adolescents with increased risk for metabolic syndrome.

The aim of the present study was to determine in adolescents the relationship between insulin levels and body mass index (BMI), body fat distribution, diet, life style and lipid profile. We studied 167 adolescents (68 boys and 99 girls) whose ages ranged from 14 to 17 years. A detailed medical (including pubertal stage) and nutritional record was obtained from each subject. Biochemical measurements included fasting serum insulin, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (Tg), HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C. HOMA insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA beta-cell function (beta-cell) were calculated. Insulin levels were over 84 pmol/L (cut off normal value in our lab) in 56% of the boys and 43% of the girls. Thirty-seven percent of lean adolescents whose BMI was 21.5 +/- 1.9 kg/m2 presented higher fasting insulin levels. HOMA IR, Tg, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values when compared to a lean normoinsulinemic group. Insulin levels were correlated (p < 0.01) with body mass index. Both boys and girls in the highest BMI quartile (BMI > 24 kg/m2) had significantly higher serum insulin, HOMA beta-cell, and Tg levels, and the lowest HDL-C levels. A high-energy intake rich in saturated fat and low physical activity were found in this lean but metabolically altered adolescents. We conclude that even with a BMI as low as 21 kg/m2 an inappropriate diet and low physical activity might be responsible for the high insulin levels and dislipidemias in adolescents.