Blood pressure telemonitoring and telemedicine, a Latin America perspective.

PURPOSE: To share a Latin-American perspective of the use of telemedicine, together with blood pressure measurements outside the medical office, as a potential contribution to improving access to the health system, diagnosis, adherence, and persistence in hypertension treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A document settled by a Writing Group of Mexico Hypertension Experts Group, Interamerican Society of Hypertension, Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Prevention Council of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology, and National Cardiologist Association of Mexico. RESULTS: In almost all Latin American countries, the health sector faces two fundamental challenges: (1) ensure equitable access to quality care services in a growing population that faces an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, and (2) optimise the growing costs of health services, maintaining equity, accessibility, universality, and quality. Telehealth proposes an innovative approach to patient management, especially for chronic conditions, intending to provide remote consultation, education, and follow-up to achieve measurements and goals. It is a tool that promises to improve access, empower the patient, and somehow influence their behaviour about lifestyle changes, improving prevention and reducing complications of hypertension. The clinical practitioner has seen increased evidence that the use of out-of-office blood pressure (BP) measurement and telemedicine are helpful tools to keep patients and physicians in contact and promote better pharmacological adherence and BP control. A survey carried out by medical and scientific institutions showed that practitioners are up-to-date with telemedicine, had internet access, and had hardware availability. CONCLUSIONS: A transcendent issue is the need to make the population aware of the benefits of taking blood pressure to avoid complications of hypertension, and in this scenario, promote the creation of teleconsultation mechanisms for the follow-up of patients diagnosed with hypertension.

What is the context?In almost all Latin American countries, the health sector faces two fundamental challenges: (1) ensure equitable access to quality care services in a growing population that faces an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, and (2) optimise the growing costs of health services, maintaining equity, accessibility, universality, and quality.What is new?Telehealth proposes an innovative approach to patient management, especially for chronic conditions, intending to provide remote consultation, education, and follow-up to achieve measurements and goals. It is a tool that promises to improve access, empower the patient, and somehow influence their behaviour about lifestyle changes, improving prevention and reducing complications of hypertension.What is the impact?Needs are always infinite, and resources are finite, so according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), advances in electronic, information, and communication technology point to more significant equity in the provision of services, considering the effectiveness, possibility of refining the rationalisation of health spending, and improving health care for remote populations.A transcendent issue is the need to make the population aware of the benefits of taking blood pressure to avoid complications of hypertension, and in this scenario, promote the creation of teleconsultation mechanisms for the follow-up of patients diagnosed with hypertension.

Blood pressure telemonitoring and telemedicine for hypertension management-positions, expectations and feasibility of Latin-American practitioners. SURVEY carried out by several cardiology and hypertension societies of the Americas.

PURPOSE: To assess the opinion of Latin-American physicians on remote blood pressure monitoring and telehealth for hypertension management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of physicians residing in Latin-America. The study was conducted by the Mexico Hypertension Experts Group, Interamerican Society of Hypertension, Interamerican Society of Cardiology Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Prevention Council, and National Cardiologist Association of Mexico. An online survey composed of 40 questions using Google Forms was distributed from 7 December 2021, to 3 February 2022. The survey was approved by the GREHTA Ethics Committee and participation was voluntary and anonymous. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to identify the challenges of telehealth. RESULTS: 1753 physicians' responses were gathered. The responses came from physicians from different Latin-American countries, as follows: 24% from Mexico, 20.6% from Argentina, 14.7% from Colombia, 10.9% from Brazil, 8.7% from Venezuela, 8.2% from Guatemala and 3.2% from Paraguay. Responders with a high interest in carrying out their assistance task through remote telemonitoring reached 48.9% (821), while 43.6% are already currently conducting telemonitoring. A high number, 62%, claimed to need telemonitoring training. There is a direct relation between higher interest in telemonitoring and age, medical specialty, team working, residence in the biggest cities, expectations regarding telemedicine and reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS: Remote monitoring is feasible in Latin-America. General practitioners and specialists from bigger cities seem eager and are self-perceived as well-trained and experienced. Facilities and resources do not seem to be a challenge but training reinforcement and telemedicine promotion is necessary for those physicians less motivated.PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYWhat is the context?Hypertension is one of the leading worldwide modifiable risk factors for premature death. Strong evidence supports that effective treatment of this condition results in a significant reduction of hard outcomes.Only 20%-30% of hypertensive patients are within the blood pressure targets recommended by guidelines in Latin-America. There is an urgent need to implement innovative strategies to reverse this alarming health situation.What is new?Latin-American physicians were highly predisposed to telemonitoring practice. This high motivation was not influenced by hardware or software availability, technological knowledge or experience, by volume of monthly consultations, or by area (private-public) where the care activity is carried out.This high motivation may be supported by the conviction that this practice could be very useful as a complement to face-to-face assistance and a highly effective tool to improve adherence even though respondents considered that just 10% of the patients would prefer telemonitoring over office consultation.What is the impact?Facilities and resources do not seem to be a challenge but training reinforcement and telemedicine promotion is necessary for those physicians less motivated. The general perception is that it is necessary to move forward to resolve legal gaps and financial aspects.Physicians must adapt to changes and develop new communication strategies in a world where the unrestricted access to teleinformation makes patients self-perceived as experts.

Inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y bloqueadores de los receptores de angiotensina II: ¿aumentan el riesgo de padecer COVID-19? / Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker: do they increase the risk of COVID-19?

Resumen Un nuevo coronavirus, llamado coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), se descubrió en diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China; el virus se intensificó rápidamente y el 11 de marzo de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud lo declaró pandemia. Los datos emergentes sugieren que los pacientes mayores con COVID-19 asociado a otras afecciones comórbidas, como diabetes, hipertensión, y enfermedades cardíacas y pulmonares, son, en particular, más susceptibles, en comparación con las poblaciones generales y tienen mayor mortalidad. Aún no está claro si esta mayor asociación de hipertensión arterial con COVID-19 y el mayor riesgo de mortalidad están directamente relacionados con la hipertensión arterial u otras comorbilidades asociadas, o con el tratamiento antihipertensivo. Si bien el mecanismo patogénico subyacente que une la hipertensión y la gravedad de la infección por COVID-19 aún no se ha dilucidado, se ha planteado la hipótesis de que la activación excesiva del sistema renina-angiotensina (RAS) podría contribuir a la progresión de la lesión pulmonar relacionada con COVID-19. La preocupación sobre si los bloqueadores del receptor de angiotensina II (BRA) y los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) pueden tener efectos nocivos sobre la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes con COVID-19 se basa en la especulación de que estos medicamentos aumentarían la regulación de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina II (ACE2), un receptor para el SARS-CoV-2, que aumentaría la carga viral y la lesión pulmonar. Los estudios recientes concuerdan con las recomendaciones de las sociedades científicas que plantean evitar la suspensión o cambio de medicación antihipertensiva, pues no hay evidencia que muestre que estos puedan ser tomados como factores de riesgo para gravedad o mortalidad por COVID-19.

Abstract A new coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China; the virus escalated rapidly and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. Emerging data suggests that older patients with COVID-19 associated with other comorbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, heart and lung diseases are particularly more susceptible, compared to general populations, and have higher mortality. It is not yet clear whether this increased association of high blood pressure with COVID-19 and the increased risk of mortality are directly related to high blood pressure or other associated comorbidities, or to antihypertensive treatment. Although the underlying pathogenic mechanism linking hypertension and severity of COVID-19 infection remains to be elucidated, it has been hypothesized that excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could contribute to the progression of COVID-19 related lung injury. Concern about whether angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may have deleterious effects on morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 is based on speculation that these drugs would increase the regulation of angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, which would increase viral load and lung damage. Recent studies are consistent with the recommendations of scientific societies that propose avoiding the suspension or change of antihypertensive medication, as there is no evidence that shows that these can be taken as risk factors for severity or mortality from COVID-19.

Las dislipidemias y su tratamiento en centros de alta complejidad en Colombia / Dyslipidaemias and their treatment in high complexity centres in Colombia

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Los datos sobre la distribución de las dislipidemias en Colombia son limitados. El objetivo primario de este estudio fue describir la frecuencia de las dislipidemias; los objetivos secundarios fueron: la frecuencia de comorbilidades cardiovasculares, el uso de estatinas y otros hipolipemiantes, la frecuencia de intolerancia a estatinas, el porcentaje de pacientes en metas de c-LDL, y estimar la distribución del riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con recolección de datos retrospectiva que incluyó a 461 pacientes con diagnóstico de dislipidemia tratados en 17 centros cardiovasculares de alta complejidad en las 6 principales áreas geográficas y económicas de Colombia. RESULTADOS: La media (DE) de edad de los pacientes incluidos fue de 66,4 (±12,3) años. El 53,4% (246) eran mujeres. Las dislipidemias se distribuyeron así: dislipidemia mixta (51,4%), hipercolesterolemia (41,0%), hipertrigliceridemia (5,4%), hipercolesterolemia familiar (3,3%) y c-HDL bajo (0,7%). El medicamento más prescrito fue atorvastatina (75,7%), seguido de rosuvastatina (24,9%). El 55% del total de pacientes y el 28,6% de aquellos con enfermedad coronaria no estaban en metas de c-LDL a pesar del tratamiento. La frecuencia de intolerancia a estatinas fue del 2,6%. CONCLUSIONES: La dislipidemia mixta y la hipercolesterolemia son las dislipidemias más frecuentes. Un porcentaje considerable de pacientes en tratamiento, incluidos aquellos con enfermedad coronaria, no lograron sus objetivos de c-LDL. Este inadecuado control lipídico influye en el RCV y requiere un cambio en las estrategias terapéuticas, intensificando el tratamiento con estatinas o adicionando nuevos fármacos en los pacientes con mayor RCV

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Data is scarce on the distribution of different types of dyslipidaemia in Colombia. The primary objective was to describe the frequency of dyslipidaemias. The secondary objectives were: frequency of cardiovascular comorbidity, statins and other lipid-lowering drugs use, frequency of statins intolerance, percentage of patients achieving c-LDL goals, and distribution of cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from 461 patients diagnosed with dyslipidaemia and treated in 17 highly specialised centres distributed into six geographic and economic regions of Colombia. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 66.4 (±12.3) years and 53.4% (246) were women. Dyslipidaemias were distributed as follows in order of frequency: mixed dyslipidaemia (51.4%), hypercholesterolaemia (41.0%), hypertriglyceridaemia (5.4%), familial hypercholesterolaemia (3.3%), and low c-HDL (0.7%). The most prescribed drugs were atorvastatin (75.7%) followed by rosuvastatin (24.9%). As for lipid control, 55% of all patients, and 28.6% of those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve their personal c-LDL goal despite treatment. The frequency of statin intolerance was 2.6% in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Mixed dyslipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are the most frequent dyslipidaemias in Colombia. A notable percentage of patients under treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, including those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve specific c-LDL goals. This poor lipid control may worsen patient's CVR, so that therapeutic strategies need to be changed, either with statin intensification or addition of new drugs in patients with higher CVR

Dyslipidaemias and their treatment in high complexity centres in Colombia. / Las dislipidemias y su tratamiento en centros de alta complejidad en Colombia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Data is scarce on the distribution of different types of dyslipidaemia in Colombia. The primary objective was to describe the frequency of dyslipidaemias. The secondary objectives were: frequency of cardiovascular comorbidity, statins and other lipid-lowering drugs use, frequency of statins intolerance, percentage of patients achieving c-LDL goals, and distribution of cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from 461 patients diagnosed with dyslipidaemia and treated in 17 highly specialised centres distributed into six geographic and economic regions of Colombia. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 66.4 (±12.3) years and 53.4% (246) were women. Dyslipidaemias were distributed as follows in order of frequency: mixed dyslipidaemia (51.4%), hypercholesterolaemia (41.0%), hypertriglyceridaemia (5.4%), familial hypercholesterolaemia (3.3%), and low c-HDL (0.7%). The most prescribed drugs were atorvastatin (75.7%) followed by rosuvastatin (24.9%). As for lipid control, 55% of all patients, and 28.6% of those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve their personal c-LDL goal despite treatment. The frequency of statin intolerance was 2.6% in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Mixed dyslipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are the most frequent dyslipidaemias in Colombia. A notable percentage of patients under treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, including those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve specific c-LDL goals. This poor lipid control may worsen patient's CVR, so that therapeutic strategies need to be changed, either with statin intensification or addition of new drugs in patients with higher CVR.

Depresión y riesgo cardiovascular en la mujer / Depression and cardiovascular risk in women

En la actualidad, la enfermedad cardiovascular y la depresión constituyen problemas de salud pública importantes y se consideran las primeras causas de discapacidad en los países de altos ingresos. Esta asociación entre ambas entidades se ha descrito desde hace varios años, entendiéndose la depresión como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de eventos cardiovasculares, peores desenlaces clínicos e incremento de la mortalidad. Se efectuó una revisión de la literatura con el fin de exponer los aspectos más relevantes en cuanto a epidemiología, fisiopatología, clínica, pronóstico y estrategias terapéuticas de la depresión en el contexto de la enfermedad cardiovascular, con especial énfasis en las mujeres y en la importancia de implementar medidas para su detección y tratamiento oportunos, con la finalidad de disminuir el impacto negativo de esta enfermedad sobre la salud cardiovascular de dicho género.

Nowadays, cardiovascular disease and depression pose important public health problems and are considered the main causes of disability in high-income countries. This association between both entities has been described over several years, understanding depression as a risk factor for developing cardiovascular events, worsening clinical outcomes and raising mortality. Literature review was carried out with the objective of exposing most relevant aspects regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical, prognostic and therapeutic strategies towards depression in the context of cardiovascular disease, with a focus on women and the importance of implementing measures for early detection and treatment so as to reduce the negative impact of this condition on cardiovascular health.

Genética, medio ambiente e hipertensión arterial, sumando puntos / Genetics, environment and hypertension, adding points

El número de personas con enfermedad cardiovascular prevalente conocida en todo el mundo, probablemente supera los 100 millones y afecta a hombres y mujeres, con una relación directamente proporcional con la edad. De todos los estratos socio-económicos, el impacto más analizado pertenece a los países con altos ingresos, pero un 75% de la carga de las enfermedades cardiovasculares recae en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos como Colombia. La hipertensión sigue siendo uno de los más importantes contribuyentes prevenibles a la enfermedad y muerte cardiovascular. Existe abundante evidencia de ensayos controlados aleatorizados que han demostrado el beneficio del tratamiento antihipertensivo reflejado en la mejoría de los desenlaces posteriores en este grupo de pacientes. No obstante, hay un nuevo giro y objetivo en el análisis de los pacientes con hipertensión arterial que va de la mano con la capitalización e industrialización creciente de las comunidades, y es el impacto de los hábitos de vida y las características propias de una población sobre la aparición temprana de hipertensión arterial, así que tener control sobre la presión arterial y la prevención de la morbimortalidad de la misma, son objetivos claramente alcanzables. Cada vez hay más certeza sobre la posibilidad de que la predisposición genética asociada a determinados grupos étnicos, podría interactuar con factores ambientales para explicar el aumento crítico de la hipertensión en países como el nuestro.