Práctica deportiva e Inteligencia Emocional en jóvenes. Revisión sistemática / Prática desportiva e Inteligência Emocional em Jovens. Revisão sistemática / Sports practice and Emotional Intelligence in young people. Systematic review

La práctica deportiva y la Inteligencia Emocional en jóvenes se están convirtiendo en constructos muy estudiados en los últimos años. La evidencia disponible revela que, tanto la práctica deportiva como la Inteligencia Emocional, producen beneficios físicos y psicológicos. No obstante, los estudios que analizan la relación entre Inteligencia Emocional y práctica deportiva aún siguen siendo escasos. El objetivo de este estudio se centró en verificar si existe algún tipo de relación entre ambas variables mediante la revisión del estado de la cuestión en este ámbito, permitiendo de esta manera abrir nuevas líneas de investigación sobre esta temática. Se seleccionaron tres bases de datos (WOS, Scopus y PubMed) para la extracción de documentos científicos, analizando los documentos obtenidos con la metodología PRISMA y un análisis de la calidad de la muestra final obtenida. Finalmente fueron revisados 38 artículos. Además, se llevó a cabo una evaluación del contenido de los artículos, realizando un análisis descriptivo de la información mediante el uso de tablas de contingencia y sus índices estadísticos. Los resultados, en concordancia con la literatura examinada, reflejaron la existencia de una asociación positiva entre la Inteligencia Emocional y la práctica deportiva. (AU)

The practice of sports and emotional intelligence in young people have become very much studied constructs in recent years. The aim of this study focused on verifying whether there is any kind of relationship between the two variables by reviewing the state of the art in this field, thus allowing new lines of research to be opened up on this subject. Three databases (WOS, Scopus, and PubMed) were selected for the extraction of scientific documents, analyzing the documents obtained with the PRISMA methodology and an analysis of the quality of the final sample obtained, finally 38 articles were selected. An analysis of the content of the articles was carried out and a descriptive analysis of the information was performed using comparative tables and their statistical indices. The results showed the existence of a positive association between emotional intelligence and sports practice. (AU)

A prática do desporto e a inteligência emocional nos jovens tornaram-se trmas muito estudadas nos últimos anos. O objectivo deste estudo centrou-se em verificar se existe algum tipo de relação entre as duas variáveis através da revisão do estado da arte neste campo, permitindo assim a abertura de novas linhas de investigação sobre este assunto. Foram seleccionadas três bases de dados (WOS, Scopus e PubMed) para a extracção de documentos científicos, analisando os documentos obtidos com a metodologia PRISMA e uma análise da qualidade da amostra final obtida, onde foram incluidos 38 artigos. Foi realizada uma análise do conteúdo dos artigos e uma análise descritiva da informação, utilizando tabelas de comparação e os seus índices estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram a existência de uma associação positiva entre a inteligência emocional e a prática desportiva. (AU)

The Long-Term Study of Urinary Biomarkers of Renal Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

BACKGROUND: The age-related increase in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) is associated to cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and renal injury. Here, we investigated for the first time the urinary enzymatic activities of glutamil aminopeptidase (GluAp), alanyl aminopeptidase (AlaAp), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), and Klotho urinary levels, proteins that are strongly expressed in the kidney, as early biomarkers of renal injury in SHRs. METHODS: Male SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were studied from 2 to 8 months old. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), the heart rate (HR), metabolic variables, and urinary markers were measured monthly. At the end of the study, a histopathological evaluation of the kidney was performed. RESULTS: Kidneys of SHR did not develop signs of relevant histopathological changes, but showed increased glomerular area and cellularity. Plasma creatinine was decreased, and creatinine clearance was augmented in SHR at the end of the study. Urinary excretion of Klotho was higher in SHR at 5 and 8 months old, whereas plasma Klotho levels were similar to WKY. GluAp, AlaAp, and DPP4 urinary activities were increased in SHR throughout the time-course study. A positive correlation between glomerular area and cellularity with creatinine clearance was observed. Urinary GluAp, AlaAp, DPP4, and Klotho showed positive correlations with SBP. CONCLUSIONS: GluAp, AlaAp, DPP4, and Klotho in the urine are useful tools for the evaluation of renal damage at early stages, before the whole histopathological and biochemical manifestations of renal disease are established. Moreover, these observations may represent a novel and noninvasive diagnostic approach to assess the evolution of kidney function in hypertension and other chronic diseases.

In vitro Characterization of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIg) Produced From Plasma of Donors Immunized With the BNT162b2 Vaccine and Its Comparison With a Similar Formulation Produced From Plasma of COVID-19 Convalescent Donors.

Despite vaccines are the main strategy to control the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, their effectiveness could not be enough for individuals with immunosuppression. In these cases, as well as in patients with moderate/severe COVID-19, passive immunization with anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins could be a therapeutic alternative. We used caprylic acid precipitation to prepare a pilot-scale batch of anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) from plasma of donors immunized with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) anti-COVID-19 vaccine (VP-IVIg) and compared their in vitro efficacy and safety with those of a similar formulation produced from plasma of COVID-19 convalescent donors (CP-IVIg). Both formulations showed immunological, physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics that meet the specifications of IVIg formulations. Moreover, the concentration of anti-RBD and ACE2-RBD neutralizing antibodies was higher in VP-IVIg than in CP-IVIg. In concordance, plaque reduction neutralization tests showed inhibitory concentrations of 0.03-0.09 g/L in VP-IVIg and of 0.06-0.13 in CP-IVIg. Thus, VP-IVIg has in vitro efficacy and safety profiles that justify their evaluation as therapeutic alternative for clinical cases of COVID-19. Precipitation with caprylic acid could be a simple, feasible, and affordable alternative to produce formulations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IVIg to be used therapeutically or prophylactically to confront the COVID-19 pandemic in middle and low-income countries.

Dry Two-Step Self-Assembly of Stable Supported Lipid Bilayers on Silicon Substrates.

Artificial membranes are models for biological systems and are important for applications. We introduce a dry two-step self-assembly method consisting of the high-vacuum evaporation of phospholipid molecules over silicon, followed by a subsequent annealing step in air. We evaporate dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) molecules over bare silicon without the use of polymer cushions or solvents. High-resolution ellipsometry and AFM temperature-dependent measurements are performed in air to detect the characteristic phase transitions of DPPC bilayers. Complementary AFM force-spectroscopy breakthrough events are induced to detect single- and multi-bilayer formation. These combined experimental methods confirm the formation of stable non-hydrated supported lipid bilayers with phase transitions gel to ripple at 311.5 ± 0.9 K, ripple to liquid crystalline at 323.8 ± 2.5 K and liquid crystalline to fluid disordered at 330.4 ± 0.9 K, consistent with such structures reported in wet environments. We find that the AFM tip induces a restructuring or intercalation of the bilayer that is strongly related to the applied tip-force. These dry supported lipid bilayers show long-term stability. These findings are relevant for the development of functional biointerfaces, specifically for fabrication of biosensors and membrane protein platforms. The observed stability is relevant in the context of lifetimes of systems protected by bilayers in dry environments.

Práctica deportiva, bienestar psicológico y satisfacción con la vida de maestros españoles / Sports practice and satisfaction with the life of Spanish teachers / Prática desportiva e satisfação com a vida dos professores de espanhol

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el grado bienestar y satisfacción con la vida de maestros de infantil y primaria como predictores a diferentes variables sociodemográficasy estilo de vida activo. A través de un diseño descriptivo, comparativo y transversal, se administró online la Escala de Satisfacción Vital (Atienza, Pons, Balaguer y García-Merita, 2000), una escala para evaluar la actividad física semanal y un cuestionario para conocer las características sociodemográficas.La muestra estuvo compuesta por 649 docentes en activo. Los resultados muestran en general una valoración media positiva M=3,77 +/- ,72, encontrando diferencias significativas en función del sexo, estado civil, estatus laboral, especialidad profesional, y el nivel de actividad física (p<,05). No se encontraron diferencias en el bienestar y la satisfacción en función de la edad, número de hijos, nivel formativo, experiencia laboral, titularidad del centroeducativo y tamaño de la población. El árbol de clasificación mostró que los docentes con mayor satisfacción vital son los que están casados o viven en pareja, trabajan en la especialidad la Educación Física, Primaria, Infantil o Lenguas extranjeras, y llevan un estilo de vida activo

The purpose of this research is to analyzethe degree of satisfaction with the life of Primary School teachers regarding different socio-demographic variables and active lifestyle. With a descriptive, correlational and transversal design, the questionnaire translated into Spanish of the Vital Satisfaction Scale (Atienza, Pons, Balaguer and García-Merita, 2000), a scale for weekly physical activity and a questionnaire for sociodemographic characteristics, was administered online. The sample was composed by 649 active teachers by convenience sampling. The results generally show a positive mean valuation of M=3,77 +/- ,72, finding significant differences according to sex, marital status, employment status and professional specialty (p<,05). At the same time, significant differences were found in the gender, marital status, professional status and specialty in which she works. No significant differences were found in age, number of children, educational level, work experience, ownership of the school and population size. The classification tree showed thatthe teachers with the greatest life satisfaction are those who are married or living in pairs, work in the specialty of Physical Education, Primary, Infant or Foreign Languages, and lead an active lifestyle

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o grau de satisfação com a vida dos professores do Ensino Fundamental em relação às diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas e estilo de vida ativo. Com um desenho descritivo, correlacional e transversal, o questionário traduzido para o espanhol da Escala de Satisfação Vital (Atienza, Pons, Balaguer e García-Merita, 2000), uma escala de atividade física semanal e um questionário de características sociodemográficas, foi aplicado online. A amostra foi composta por 649 professores ativos por amostragem por conveniência. Os resultados geralmente mostram uma avaliação média positiva de M=3,77 +/-,72, encontrando diferenças significativas de acordo com o sexo, estado civil, situação laboral e especialidade profissional (p<,05). Ao mesmo tempo, foram encontradas diferenças significativas no sexo, estado civil, situação profissional e especialidade em que trabalha. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na idade, número de filhos, nível educacional, experiência profissional, propriedade da escola e tamanho da população. A árvore de classificação mostrou que os professores com maior satisfação com a vida são aqueles que são casados ou vivem em pares, trabalham na especialidade de Educação Física, Línguas Primária, Infantil ou Estrangeira, e levam um estilo de vida ativo

[Satisfaction, index of body mass and its influence on physical self-concept]. / Satisfacción e índice de masa corporal y su influencia en el autoconcepto físico.

OBJECTIVE: Over the past decade, overweight and childhood obesity has increased markedly, and children are therefore dissatisfied with their body image due to the beauty canons established in today's society. The purpose of this paper was to examine the level of obesity and body satisfaction based on sociodemographic and contextual variables of the educational center as well as the relationship they have with the physical self-concept on a sample of primary school and compulsory secondary school students city of Badajoz. METHODS: The instruments used in the study were the questionnaire of Physical Self-concept (CAF) and questionnaire of Bodily Silhouettes. RESULTS: The study involved 1,093 schoolchildren aged between 11 and 14 years old (M = 11.6) from 19 educational centers. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high percentage of overweight students (20%) and a high percentage of satisfied students with their body image (79%). Regarding the relationship between the level of obesity and body satisfaction with sociodemographic and contextual variables we can see how obesity presents significant differences depending on the nature of the center and the educational offer. On the other hand, the correlation analyzes carried out reveal significant differences between the level of obesity and body dissatisfaction with some scales of physical self-concept. You can also observe significant differences between the level of obesity of the school with body dissatisfaction (more cases than expected of students satisfied with their body image with normal weight and fewer cases than expected of students satisfied with their body image with overweight and obesity).

OBJETIVO: En la última década el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil ha aumentado notablemente, y por consiguiente, los niños/as no se encuentran satisfechos con su imagen corporal debido a los cánones de belleza instaurados en la sociedad actual. El propósito de este trabajo fue examinar el nivel de obesidad y la satisfacción corporal en función de variables sociodemográficas (sexo y edad) y contextuales del centro educativo (curso, carácter del centro y oferta educativa), así como la relación que éstas tienen con el autoconcepto físico, sobre una muestra de escolares de Educación Primaria y Educación Secundaria obligatoria de la ciudad de Badajoz. METODOS: Los instrumentos utilizados en el estudio fueron el cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF) y el cuestionario de siluetas corporales. RESULTADOS: En el estudio participaron 1.093 escolares con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 14 años (M=11,6) de 19 centros educativos. Se observa un elevado porcentaje de alumnos con sobrepeso (20%) y un porcentaje elevado de alumnos satisfechos con su imagen corporal (79%). En cuanto a la relación entre el nivel de obesidad y la satisfacción corporal con las variables sociodemográficas y contextuales, podemos ver cómo la obesidad presenta diferencias significativas en función del carácter del centro y de la oferta educativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los análisis de correlación efectuados ponen de manifiesto diferencias significativas entre el nivel de obesidad y la insatisfacción corporal con algunas escalas de autoconcepto físico. También se pueden observar diferencias significativas entre el nivel de obesidad del escolar y su insatisfacción corporal (más casos de los esperados de alumnos con normopeso satisfechos con su imagen corporal y menos casos de los esperados de alumnos con sobrepeso y obesidad satisfechos con su imagen corporal).

Cardioprotective Effect of a Virgin Olive Oil Enriched with Bioactive Compounds in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

Olive oil and its derivatives have been described to exert beneficial effects on hypertensive states and cardiovascular disease prevention. We studied the effects of chronic consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), enriched in bioactive compounds from olive fruit and leaves, on blood pressure, endothelial function, oxidative and inflammatory status, and circulating cholesterol levels, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Thirty SHR were randomly assigned to three groups: a control untreated SHR group, an SHR group (1 mL/rat/day) of a control olive oil (17.6 mg/kg of phenolic compounds), and an SHR group (1 mL/rat/day) of the enriched EVOO (750 mg/kg of phenolic compounds) for eight weeks. Ten Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were included as healthy controls. Long-term administration of the enriched EVOO decreased systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy, and improved the ex vivo aortic endothelial dysfunction measured in SHR. Moreover, enriched oil supplementation reduced the plasma levels of Angiotensin II and total cholesterol, and the urinary levels of endothelin-1 and oxidative stress biomarkers, while pro-inflammatory cytokines were unaffected. In conclusion, sustained treatment with EVOO, enriched in bioactive compounds from the olive fruit and leaves, may be an effective tool for reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels alone or in combination with pharmacological anti-hypertensive treatment.

Satisfacción e índice de masa corporal y su influencia en el autoconcepto físico / Satisfaction, index of body mass and its influence on physical self-concept

OBJETIVO: En la última década el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil ha aumentado notablemente, y por consiguiente, los niños/as no se encuentran satisfechos con su imagen corporal debido a los cánones de belleza instaurados en la sociedad actual. El propósito de este trabajo fue examinar el nivel de obesidad y la satisfacción corporal en función de variables sociodemográficas (sexo y edad) y contextuales del centro educativo (curso, carácter del centro y oferta educativa), así como la relación que éstas tienen con el autoconcepto físico, sobre una muestra de escolares de Educación Primaria y Educación Secundaria obligatoria de la ciudad de Badajoz. MÉTODOS: Los instrumentos utilizados en el estudio fueron el cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF) y el cuestionario de siluetas corporales. RESULTADOS: En el estudio participaron 1.093 escolares con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 14 años (M=11,6) de 19 centros educativos. Se observa un elevado porcentaje de alumnos con sobrepeso (20%) y un porcentaje elevado de alumnos satisfechos con su imagen corporal (79%). En cuanto a la relación entre el nivel de obesidad y la satisfacción corporal con las variables sociodemográficas y contextuales, podemos ver cómo la obesidad presenta diferencias significativas en función del carácter del centro y de la oferta educativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los análisis de correlación efectuados ponen de manifiesto diferencias significativas entre el nivel de obesidad y la insatisfacción corporal con algunas escalas de autoconcepto físico. También se pueden observar diferencias significativas entre el nivel de obesidad del escolar y su insatisfacción corporal (más casos de los esperados de alumnos con normopeso satisfechos con su imagen corporal y menos casos de los esperados de alumnos con sobrepeso y obesidad satisfechos con su imagen corporal)

OBJECTIVE: Over the past decade, overweight and childhood obesity has increased markedly, and children are therefore dissatisfied with their body image due to the beauty canons established in today's society. The purpose of this paper was to examine the level of obesity and body satisfaction based on sociodemographic and contextual variables of the educational center as well as the relationship they have with the physical self-concept on a sample of primary school and compulsory secondary school students city of Badajoz. METHODS: The instruments used in the study were the questionnaire of Physical Self-concept (CAF) and questionnaire of Bodily Silhouettes. RESULTS: The study involved 1,093 schoolchildren aged between 11 and 14 years old (M = 11.6) from 19 educational centers. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high percentage of overweight students (20%) and a high percentage of satisfied students with their body image (79%). Regarding the relationship between the level of obesity and body satisfaction with sociodemographic and contextual variables we can see how obesity presents significant differences depending on the nature of the center and the educational offer. On the other hand, the correlation analyzes carried out reveal significant differences between the level of obesity and body dissatisfaction with some scales of physical self-concept. You can also observe significant differences between the level of obesity of the school with body dissatisfaction (more cases than expected of students satisfied with their body image with normal weight and fewer cases than expected of students satisfied with their body image with overweight and obesity)

Klotho and Aminopeptidases as Early Biomarkers of Renal Injury in Zucker Obese Rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate if urinary glutamyl aminopeptidase (GluAp), alanyl aminopeptidase (AlaAp), Klotho and hydroxyproline can be considered as potential biomarkers of renal injury and fibrosis in an experimental model of obesity. Male Zucker lean (ZL) and obese (ZO) rats were studied from 2 to 8 months old. Kidneys from ZO rats at the end of the study (8 months old) developed mild focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis as well as moderate tubulointerstitial injury. Urinary excretion of Klotho was higher in ZO rats at 2, 5, and 8 months of study, plasma Klotho levels were reduced and protein abundance of Klotho in renal tissue was similar in ZL and ZO rats. GluAp and AlaAp urinary activities were also increased in ZO rats throughout the time-course study. ZO rats showed an augmentation of hydroxyproline content in renal tissue and a significant increase of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Correlation studies demonstrated that GluAp, AlaAp, and Klotho are early diagnostic markers of renal lesions in Zucker obese rats. Proteinuria and hydroxyproline can be considered delayed diagnostic markers because their contribution to diagnosis starts later. Another relevant result is that GluAp, AlaAp, and Klotho are related not only with diagnosis but also with prognosis of renal lesions in Zucker obese rats. Moreover, strong predictive correlations of aminopeptidasic activities with the percentage of renal fibrosis or with renal hydroxyproline content at the end of the experiment were observed, indicating that an early increased excretion of these markers is related with a higher later extent of fibrosis in Zucker obese rats. In conclusion, GluAp, AlaAp, and Klotho are early diagnostic markers that are also related with the extent of renal fibrosis in Zucker obese rats. Therefore, they have a potential use not only in diagnosis, but also in prognosis of obesity-associated renal lesions.

Thyroid hormones stimulate L-arginine transport in human endothelial cells

Thyroid hormone activity is associated with L-arginine metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) production, which participate in the cardiovascular manifestations of thyroid disorders. L-arginine transporters play an important role in activating L-arginine uptake and NO production. However, the effects of thyroid hormones on L-arginine transporters in endothelial cells have not yet been evaluated. The following methods were used. We measured L-arginine uptake, mRNA expression of L-arginine transporters, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and NO generation after the administration of T3, T4 and the T3 analog, 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid TRIAC in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We also analyzed the role of αvß3 integrin and of phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK-JNK) and intracellular calcium signaling pathways as underlying mechanisms. To this end, αvß3 integrin was pharmacologically inhibited by tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) or genetically blocked by silencing αv mRNA and PI3K, MAPKs and intracellular calcium by selective inhibitors. The following results were obtained. Thyroid hormones and the T3 analog TRIAC increased L-arginine uptake in HUVECs, the sodium-independent y+/CAT isoforms, except CAT2b, sodium-dependent y+L system and sodium-independent system b0,+L-arginine transporters, eNOS mRNA and NO production. These effects were suppressed by αvß3 integrin inhibition with TETRAC or αv integrin downregulation or by PI3K, MAPK or intracellular Ca2+ signaling inhibitors. In conclusion, we report for the first time that activation of L-arginine uptake by thyroid hormones is related to an upregulation of L-arginine transporters. This effect seems to be mediated by activation of αvß3 integrin receptor and subsequent PI3K, MAPK and intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways.

5-aminoisoquinoline improves renal function and fibrosis during recovery phase of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of 5-aminoisoquinoline (5-AIQ), a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) inhibitor, over renal dysfunction and fibrosis during recovery phase of cisplatin (CisPt)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. Male Wistar rats were distributed in three groups (n=8 each group): control, CisPt, and CisPt + 5-AIQ. Control and CisPt groups received a subcutaneous injection of either saline or 7 mg/kg CisPt, respectively. CisPt + 5-AIQ group received two intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg 5-AIQ 2 h before and 24 h after CisPt treatment. Thirteen days after the treatment, rats were housed in metabolic cages and 24-h urine collection was made. At day 14, CisPt-treated rats showed increased diuresis, N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion, glucosuria and sodium fractional excretion (NaFE), and decreased creatinine clearance (CrCl). 5-AIQ significantly increased CrCl and decreased NAG excretion, glucosuria, and NaFE. In plasma, CisPt increased sodium, urea, and creatinine concentrations, while 5-AIQ treatment decreased these variables to the levels of control group. 5-AIQ completely prevented the body weight loss evoked by CisPt treatment. CisPt also induced an increased renal expression of PAR polymer, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), and collagen-IV. These variables were decreased in CisPt + 5-AIQ group. Tubular lesions and renal fibrosis were also decreased by 5-AIQ treatment. We conclude that inhibition of PARP1 with 5-AIQ can attenuate long-term nephrotoxic effects associated with the CisPt treatment, preventing renal dysfunction and body weight decrease and ameliorating tubular lesions and collagen deposition.

Glutamyl aminopeptidase in microvesicular and exosomal fractions of urine is related with renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats.

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to investigate if the content of glutamyl aminopeptidase (GluAp) in microvesicular and exosomal fractions of urine is related with renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats. METHODS: Urine samples were collected 24 hours after injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, n = 10) or saline serum (n = 10), and they were subjected to differential centrifugation at 1.000, 17.000 and 200.000 g to obtain microvesicular and exosomal fractions. GluAp was measured with a commercial ELISA kit in both fractions. Serum creatinine (SCr) and body weight were measured 15 days after treatment. We analyzed if early excretion of GluAp in microsomal and exosomal fractions was correlated with final SCr and body weight increase. In a second experiment, enzymatic activities of GluAp and alanyl aminopeptidase (AlaAp) in urine, microvesicular and exosomal fractions were measured three days after injection. We analyzed the correlation of both markers with SCr determined at this point. Finally, we studied the expression of GluAp and extracellular vesicles markers Alix and tumor susceptibility gene (TSG101) in both fractions by immunoblotting. RESULTS: GluAp excretion was increased in all fractions of urine after cisplatin treatment, even if data were normalized per mg of creatinine, per body weight or per total protein content of each fraction. We found significant predictive correlations with SCr concentration, and inverse correlations with body weight increase determined 15 days later. Three days after injection, aminopeptidasic activities were markedly increased in all fractions of urine in cisplatin-treated rats. The highest correlation coefficient with SCr was found for GluAp in microvesicular fraction. Increase of GluAp in microvesicular and exosomal fractions from cisplatin-treated rats was confirmed by immunoblotting. Alix and TSG101 showed different patterns of expression in each fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of GluAp content or its enzymatic activity in microvesicular and exosomal fractions of urine is an early and predictive biomarker of renal dysfunction in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Measurement of GluAp in these fractions can serve to detect proximal tubular damage independently of glomerular filtration status.

¿Se entrena como se compite? Análisis de la carga en baloncesto femenino / Is training carried out the same as competition? Analysis of load in women´s basketball

El impacto que genera la competición en los deportistas es necesario analizarlo de forma objetiva y científica. El conocimiento de las demandas fisiológicas y cinemáticas de la competición deportiva, es uno de los factores que permitirá establecer óptimos procesos de entrenamiento. Por ello, los principales objetivos de esta investigación fueron caracterizar y analizar las diferencias entre el entrenamiento y la competición real en un equipo senior femenino de baloncesto, durante la temporada 2015/16. El diseño de esta investigación es empírico con metodología cuantitativa, que se centra en analizar las relaciones y diferencias entre variables. La variable independiente fue la Situación de Juego, categorizada en Small Sided Games, Full Game y Competición. Se registraron cinco variables dependientes: Impactos, Pasos y Saltos por minuto (cinemáticas); y Frecuencia Cardíaca Media y Máxima (de carga interna). Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo y se utilizó el modelo general lineal univariante para establecer diferencias entre las categorías de la variable Situación de Juego. Por último, la prueba Post Hoc de Bonferroni se empleó para identificar las diferencias entre grupos. Los resultados mostraron que se obtienen valores más altos en la competición que las situaciones de entrenamiento en el caso de la Frecuencia Cardiaca Media y Máxima, y en el caso de los pasos por minuto. Los entrenadores deben tener en cuenta estos resultados para adecuar el entrenamiento a los requerimientos de la competición (AU)

It is necessary to analyze the impact that the competition have on athletes, in an objective and scientific way. The knowledge of the physiological and kinematic demands in sports competition is one of the factor that will establish optimal training processes. Therefore, the main objectives of this research were to characterize and analyze the differences between training and real competition in a women's senior basketball team during 2015/16 season. The design of this research is empirical with quantitative methodology, which focuses on analyzing the relationships and differences between variables. The independent variable was the Game Situation, categorized in Small Sided Games, Full Game and Competition. Five dependent variables were recorded: Impacts, Steps and Jumps per minute (kinematic variables); and Average and Maximum Heart Rate (internal load). A descriptive analysis was performed and the univariate general linear model was used to differentiate between categories of the variable Game Situation. Finally, Bonferroni Post Hoc test was used to identify differences between groups. The results showed that higher values of Average and Maximum Heart Rate and Steps per minute were found in competition. Coaches should consider these results to adapt the training to the requirements of the competition (AU)

Percepción de esfuerzo en minibasket en función de la cineantropometía y género / Percepçao do esforço em atletas de minibasquetebol considerando o género e aspetos cineantropométricos / Perception of exertion in minibasket bases on cineanthropometry and gender

El presente trabajo ha analizado la percepción del esfuerzo (RPE) en función de género y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en jugadores y jugadoras de minibasket durante la fase final de una competición. Los participantes fueron 150 deportistas voluntarios, (67 niños y 83 niñas). Se realizaron un total de 230 registros de RPE entre todos los partidos jugados. Para el registro de la RPE se utilizó la escala pictórica de Eston y Parfitt (2007). La altura (cm) fue calculada utilizando un tallímetro y la masa con una máquina de pesaje, ambos del modelo SECA (Germany); el índice de masa corporal (IMC) se calculó a partir de las mediciones de talla y peso. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo e inferencial de la RPE del partido en función del género y el IMC. Se implementó un modelo de regresión logística multinomial, calculándose las odds ratio y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% para establecer el grado de asociación entre la RPE y las variables que han sido objeto de estudio. Los resultados describieron para los chicos una talla media de 152,67 ± 7,94 cm y un peso de 43.7 ± 5,96 kg y para las chicas 154,76 ± 7,72 cm de altura y 43,7 ± 7,14 kg de peso. Respecto a la percepción del esfuerzo, se observó una media de RPE = 4,41 ± 1,61, situándose la tendencia de los valores medios de cada periodo entre RPE = 4 y RPE = 5, con una desviación típica entre 1,60 y 1,95. No se observaron diferencias significativas en función del género, aunque las chicas presentan una RPE ligeramente superior a la de los chicos (AU)

O presente estudo analisou a percepção do esforço de atletas de minibasquetebol (PE) em função do género e do índice de massa corporal (IMC) dos atletas, durante a fase final de uma competição. Participaram 150 atletas (67 crianças do género masculino e 83 do feminino). Realizou-se registos de PE de todos os participantes, um total de 230. Para o registo da PE recorreu-se à escala pictorial de Eston e Parfitt (2007). A altura (cm) foi calculada utilizando-se um telemetro e o IMC foi calculado a partir das medidas de altura e peso. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e inferêncial da PE considerando o género e o IMC dos participantes. Foi implementado um modelo de regressão múltipla logística, tendo-se calculado os valores de odds ratio e os intervalos de confiança para 95%, com o objectivo de verificar o grau de associação entre a PE e as variáveis objeto de estudo. Os resultados revelaram que o género masculino apresentou uma altura média de 152,67 ± 7,94 cm e uma massa corporal de 43,7 ± 5,96 kg e as meninas 154,76 ± 7,72 cm de altura e 43,7 ± 7,14 kg de massa corporal. No que respeita à percepção do esforço, a média observada da PE foi de 4,41 ± 1,61, situando-se a tendência dos valores médios entre PE=4 e PE=5, com desvio padrão entre 1,60 e 1 , 95. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas, não dependendo do tipo IMC, embora as meninas apresentam umaPE ligeiramente superior à dos meninos (AU)

The present study has analyzed the perception of the effort (RPE) depending on gender and the (body-mass index) index of corporal mass (BMI) in minibasket players during the final phase of a competition. The participants were 150 voluntary sportsmen, (67 children and 83 girls). There were realized a total of 230 RPE’s records among all the played parties. For the record of the RPE there was in use the pictorial scale of Eston and Parfitt (2007). The height (cm) was calculated using by a tallimeter and the body mass with body mass scale, both of the model IT DRIES? (Germany); the (BMI) was calculated from the measurements of height and weight. One developed a descriptive study and inferences of the RPE of the party depending on the gender and the (BMI). A logistic regression multinomial model was implemented, the odds ratio was calculated and the intervals of confidence to 95 % to establish the degree of association between the RPE and the variables that have been an object of study. The results described that the boys presented an average height of 152,67 ± 7,94 cm and a body mass of 43,7 ± 5,96 kg and for the girls 154,76 ± 7,72 cm of height and 43,7 ± 7,14 kg of body mass. With regard to the perception of the effort, RPE’s average observed was 4,41 ± 1,61, placing the trend of the average values of every period between RPE = 4 and RPE = 5, with a standard deviation between 1,60 and 1,95. Significant differences were not observed depending on the kind, though the girls present a RPE lightly superior to that of the boys

L-Arginine metabolism in cardiovascular and renal tissue from hyper- and hypothyroid rats.

This study assessed the effects of thyroid hormones on the enzymes involved in l-arginine metabolism and the metabolites generated by the different metabolic pathways. Compounds of l-arginine metabolism were measured in the kidney, heart, aorta, and liver of euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid rats after 6 weeks of treatment. Enzymes studied were NOS isoforms (neuronal [nNOS], inducible [iNOS], and endothelial [eNOS]), arginases I and II, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), and l-arginine decarboxylase (ADC). Metabolites studied were l-arginine, l-citrulline, spermidine, spermine, and l-proline. Kidney heart and aorta levels of eNOS and iNOS were augmented and reduced (P < 0.05, for each tissue and enzyme) in hyper- and hypothyroid rats, respectively. Arginase I abundance in aorta, heart, and kidney was increased (P < 0.05, for each tissue) in hyperthyroid rats and was decreased in kidney and aorta of hypothyroid rats (P < 0.05, for each tissue). Arginase II was augmented in aorta and kidney (P < 0.05, for each tissue) of hyperthyroid rats and remained unchanged in all organs of hypothyroid rats. The substrate for these enzymes, l-arginine, was reduced (P < 0.05, for all tissues) in hyperthyroid rats. Levels of ODC and spermidine, its product, were increased and decreased (P < 0.05) in hyper- and hypothyroid rats, respectively, in all organs studied. OAT and proline levels were positively modulated by thyroid hormones in liver but not in the other tissues. ADC protein levels were positively modulated by thyroid hormones in all tissues. According to these findings, thyroid hormone treatment positively modulates different l-arginine metabolic pathways. The changes recorded in the abundance of eNOS, arginases I and II, and ADC protein in renal and cardiovascular tissues may play a role in the hemodynamic and renal manifestations observed in thyroid disorders. Furthermore, the changes in ODC and spermidine might contribute to the changes in cardiac and renal mass observed in thyroid disorders.

Effects of Arginase Inhibition in Hypertensive Hyperthyroid Rats.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed the effects of chronic administration of N[omega]-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA), an inhibitor of arginase, on the hemodynamic, oxidative stress, morphologic, metabolic, and renal manifestations of hyperthyroidism in rats. METHODS: Four groups of male Wistar rats were used: control, nor-NOHA-treated (10 mg/kg/day), thyroxine (T4)-treated (75 µg/rat/day), and thyroxine- plus nor-NOHA-treated rats. All treatments were maintained for 4 weeks. Body weight, tail systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded weekly. Finally, morphologic, metabolic, plasma, and renal variables were measured. Arginase I and II protein abundance and arginase activity were measured in aorta, heart, and kidney. RESULTS: The T4 group showed increased arginase I and II protein abundance, arginase activity, SBP, HR, plasma nitrates/nitrites (NOx), brainstem and urinary isoprostanes, proteinuria and cardiac and renal hypertrophy in comparison to control rats. In hyperthyroid rats, chronic nor-NOHA prevented the increase in SBP and HR and decreased proteinuria in association with an increase in plasma NOx and a decrease in brainstem and urinary isoprostanes. In normal rats, nor-NOHA treatment did not significantly change any hemodynamic, morphologic, or renal variables. Acute nor-NOHA administration did not affect renal or systemic hemodynamic variables in normal or T4-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Hyperthyroidism in rats is associated with the increased expression and activity of arginase in aorta, heart, and kidney. Chronic arginase inhibition with nor-NOHA suppresses the characteristic hemodynamic manifestations of hyperthyroidism in association with a reduced oxidative stress. These results indicate an important role for arginase pathway alterations in the cardiovascular and renal abnormalities of hyperthyroidism.

Immunological detection of glutamyl aminopeptidase in urine samples from cisplatin-treated rats.

PURPOSE: The aim of this work is to demonstrate if urinary excretion of glutamyl aminopeptidase (GluAp) can be quantified by immunological methods. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Urine samples from control and cisplatin-treated rats (n = 10 each group) were obtained at 1, 8, and 15 days after cisplatin injection. GluAp was analyzed by kinetic fluorimetry, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Sensitivity and specificity was studied for fluorimetric activity and ELISA 24 h after cisplatin injection. We also analyzed the predictive value over renal dysfunction at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: GluAp was easily detected by immunoblotting and ELISA, and its urinary excretion was increased in cisplatin-treated rats (p < 0.01). Results obtained with ELISA were strongly correlated (r = 0.8186; p < 0.0001) with fluorimetric activity. Kinetic fluorimetry was the method with the highest AUC (AUC = 1) and the highest predictive value over serum creatinine (r = 0.7630; p = 0.0001) and body weight increase (r = -0.8721; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: GluAp can be detected in urine samples with immunological methods, making possible the development of an antibody-based kit for its determination. Its excretion correlates with the extent of renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats, confirming its value as an early marker of renal damage that can be a diagnostic aid in renal diseases.

Dietary salt restriction in hyperthyroid rats. Differential influence on left and right ventricular mass.

This study assessed the impact of salt restriction on cardiac morphology and biochemistry and its effects on hemodynamic and renal variables in experimental hyperthyroidism. Four groups of male Wistar rats were used: control, hyperthyroid, and the same groups under low salt intake. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded weekly for 4 weeks. Morphologic, metabolic, plasma, cardiac, and renal variables were also measured. Low salt intake decreased BP in T(4)-treated rats but not in controls. Low salt intake reduced relative left ventricular mass but increased absolute right ventricular weight and right ventricular weight/BW ratio in both control and hyperthyroid groups. Low salt intake increased Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-1 (NHE-1) protein abundance in both ventricles in normal rats but not in hyperthyroid rats, independently of its effect on ventricular mass. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein abundance was not related to left or right ventricular mass in hyperthyroid or controls rats under normal or low salt conditions. Proteinuria was increased in hyperthyroid rats and attenuated by low salt intake. In this study, low salt intake produced an increase in right ventricular mass in normal and hyperthyroid rats. Changes in the left or right ventricular mass of control and hyperthyroid rats under low salt intake were not explained by the NHE-1 or mTOR protein abundance values observed. In hyperthyroid rats, low salt intake also slightly reduced BP and decreased HR, proteinuria, and water and sodium balances.

Urinary aminopeptidase activities as early and predictive biomarkers of renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats.

This study analyzes the fluorimetric determination of alanyl- (Ala), glutamyl- (Glu), leucyl-cystinyl- (Cys) and aspartyl-aminopeptidase (AspAp) urinary enzymatic activities as early and predictive biomarkers of renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 8 each group) received a single subcutaneous injection of either saline or cisplatin 3.5 or 7 mg/kg, and urine samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 14 days after treatment. In urine samples we determined Ala, Glu, Cys and AspAp activities, proteinuria, N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), albumin, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance and renal morphological variables were measured at the end of the experiment. CysAp, NAG and albumin were increased 48 hours after treatment in the cisplatin 3.5 mg/kg treated group. At 24 hours, all urinary aminopeptidase activities and albuminuria were significantly increased in the cisplatin 7 mg/kg treated group. Aminopeptidase urinary activities correlated (p<0.011; r(2)>0.259) with plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance and/or kidney weight/body weight ratio at the end of the experiment and they could be considered as predictive biomarkers of renal injury severity. ROC-AUC analysis was made to study their sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between treated and untreated rats at day 1. All aminopeptidase activities showed an AUC>0.633. We conclude that Ala, Cys, Glu and AspAp enzymatic activities are early and predictive urinary biomarkers of the renal dysfunction induced by cisplatin. These determinations can be very useful in the prognostic and diagnostic of renal dysfunction in preclinical research and clinical practice.

Motivos de inscripción, permanencia y satisfacción en un programa de actividad física de mantenimiento para mujeres mayores / Statement of Enrollment, Retention and Satisfaction in a Physical Activity Program for Women Over Maintenance

Se realizó un estudio para conocer los motivos de inscripción y permanencia en las actividades físicas de mantenimiento, así como la satisfacción de las usuarias que participan en el Programa de Dinamización Deportiva en las mancomunidades de municipios de Extremadura. En el estudio participaron 1605 usuarias mayores de 64 años del programa de AF de mantenimiento, con una edad media de 71.19±4.74 años. Se utilizó una metodología de encuesta con instrumento validado por expertos y con una fiabilidad adecuada ( =.80). Los resultados indican que como principal motivo de inscripción y de permanencia en la práctica figura la salud y que la falta de tiempo es el principal motivo de abandono, encontrándose con diferencias significativas según la edad. La variable precio influye en la satisfacción del número horas semanales, la intensidad de las sesiones y la adecuación de las instalaciones. Por último, se pudo determinar que el coste económico de la actividad influye en la posibilidad de abandono cuando este es derivado de la falta de atención del monitor, la falta de variedad de las actividades y la falta de mantenimiento de las instalaciones (AU)

We conducted a study to determine the reasons for enrollment and adherence to physical activity maintenance that develop within the Sport Dynamization Program associations of municipalities in Extremadura, and satisfaction with it in relation to the price variable. Participants1605 users aged 65 or physical activity program for maintenance. We conclude that health is the main reason for enrollment and adherence and lack of time as the main reason for abandonment with significant differences by age. There is also a variable influence of price on satisfaction, number of hours per week, intensity of the sessions, fitness facilities. Finally, this variable influences the likelihood of abandonment resulting from the attention of the monitor, a variety of activities and lack of maintenance of facilities (AU)

Foi realizado um estudo para conhecer os motivos da inscrição epermanência nas atividades físicas, assim como a (..)(AU)