Historia de la anticoncepción y planificación familiar: una revisión narrativa / História da contracepção e do planeamento familiar: revisão narrativa / History of contraception and family planning: a narrative review

Introduction: Contraception has played a central role in much of human history. Since the separation of reproduction from sexuality, in addition to preventing sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive methods have been used as a tool for birth control, varying in their presentation throughout history, influenced by socio-economic and cultural processes. Method: A narrative review was conducted in the biomedical databases: Scielo, Pubmed, Dialnet, CUIDEN and Google Scholar. The literature search was conducted between August and December 2021. Results: Initial search strategies identified a total of 48247 articles. Once exclusion criteria were applied, 19 journal articles (6 in Scielo, 3 in Pubmed, 2 in Dialnet, 2 in CUIDEN, and 6 in Google Scholar) and 2 books were selected. Conclusions: The resources and culture of society have conditioned sexuality and reproduction in each historical moment. In the 20th century, the struggle for women's rights and freedom over birth control began, thus implementing family planning, which has since provided information about contraceptive methods and facilitated free and confidential access to them.(AU)

Introducción: La anticoncepción ha sido protagonista de gran parte de la historia del ser humano. Desde que se separó la reproducción de la sexualidad, además de para prevenir enfermedades de transmisión sexual, los métodos anticonceptivos han sido utilizados como herramienta de control de natalidad, variando su presentación a lo largo de la historia, influenciada por procesos socioeconómicos y culturales. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa en las bases de datos biomédicas: Scielo, Pubmed, Dialnet, CUIDEN y Google Scholar. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó entre los meses de Agosto y Diciembre de 2021. Resultados: Las estrategias de búsqueda iniciales identificaron un total de 48247 artículos. Una vez aplicados los criterios de exclusión, se seleccionaron 19 artículos de revista (6 en Scielo, 3 en Pubmed, 2 en Dialnet, 2 en CUIDEN y 6 en Google Scholar) y 2 libros. Conclusiones: Los recursos y la cultura de la sociedad han sido condicionantes de la sexualidad y la reproducción en cada momento histórico. En el s.XX se inició la lucha por el derecho y libertad de la mujer sobre el control de la natalidad, implementándose así la planificación familiar, que, desde entonces, proporciona información sobre los métodos anticonceptivos y facilita su acceso de forma libre y confidencial.(AU)

Introdução: A contracepção tem desempenhado um papel central em grande parte da história humana. Desde a separação da reprodução da sexualidade, para além da prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, têm sido utilizados métodos contraceptivos como instrumento de controlo da natalidade, variando na sua apresentação ao longo da história, influenciados por processos socioeconómicos e culturais. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa nas bases de dados biomédicas: Scielo, Pubmed, Dialnet, CUIDEN e Google Scholar. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi conduzida entre Agosto e Dezembro de 2021. Resultados: As estratégias iniciais de pesquisa identificaram um total de 48247 artigos. Uma vez aplicados os critérios de exclusão, foram seleccionados 19 artigos de revistas (6 no Scielo, 3 no Pubmed, 2 no Dialnet, 2 no CUIDEN e 6 no Google Scholar) e 2 livros. Conclusões: Os recursos e a cultura da sociedade têm condicionado a sexualidade e a reprodução em cada momento histórico. No século XX, começou a luta pelos direitos e liberdade das mulheres sobre o controlo da natalidade, implementando assim o planeamento familiar, que, desde então, fornece informações sobre métodos contraceptivos e facilita o acesso livre e confidencial aos mesmos.(AU)

Medication Adherence and Contraceptive Counseling.

Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are a very popular form of birth control. Incorrect use and lack of adherence to treatment reduce the effectiveness of this method. Having a standard tool to identify poor-adherence profiles quickly and objectively can be helpful for midwives and potentially for COC users. The MMAS-4 adherence scale has been used in various medical fields, but there is little evidence of its potential in contraceptive consultation. This paper presents a piece of multicenter observational research based on a sample of 327 women who had attended contraceptive counselling in Spain and were COC users or had informed the midwife that they want to start to use this method. Two interviews were conducted: at the time of consultation and after one year. In our research, the MMAS-4 identified high-risk behaviors: during the 1-year follow-up period, COC users classified as poorly adherent had a significantly higher risk of missed contraceptive pills, more incidents and problems related to the method of contraception, as well as a lower degree of satisfaction with the contraceptive method. One case of unplanned pregnancy and two cases of emergency contraception were identified, all of them corresponding to poorly adherent women. The use of MMAS-4 in consultation can improve midwives' contraceptive counselling.

Contraceptive counselling experiences in Spain in the process of creating a web-based contraceptive decision support tool: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The choice of contraceptive method is a complex decision, and professionals should offer counselling based on the preferences, values and personal situation of the user(s). Some users are unsatisfied with the counselling received, which may, among other consequences, adversely affect method use adherence. In view of this situation, we propose exploring the experiences and needs of users and professionals for contraceptive counselling, in the context of creating a web-based contraceptive decision support tool. METHODS/DESIGN: Qualitative research was conducted through focus group discussions (64 users split into eight groups, and 19 professionals in two groups, in Tarragona, Spain) to explore the subjects' experiences and needs. The data were categorized and the categories were defined and classified based on the three-step protocol or framework for Quality on Contraceptive Counseling (QCC), created by experts, which reviews the quality of interactions between user and professional during the counselling process. RESULTS: In counselling, users demand more information about the different methods, in an environment of erroneous knowledge and misinformation, which lead to false beliefs and myths in the population that are not contrasted by the professional in counselling. They complain that the method is imposed on them and that their views regarding the decision are not considered. Professionals are concerned that their lack of training leads to counselling directed towards the methods they know best. They acknowledge that a paternalistic paradigm persists in the healthcare they provide, and decision support tools may help to improve the situation. CONCLUSIONS: Users feel unsatisfied and/or demand more information and a warmer, more caring approach. Professionals are reluctant to assume a process of shared decision-making. The use of a contraception DST website may solve some shortcomings in counselling detected in our environment.

Aspectos que favorecen el proceso de convertirse en madre: experiencia vivida de una gestante primeriza / Aspects that favour the process of becoming a mother: lived experience of a first-time pregnant woman

El proceso de convertirse en madre para una primeriza genera sentimientos encontrados y puede llegar a sentir que no tiene la capacidad de afrontar este nuevo rol materno. El objetivo fue describir la experiencia de una primeriza a los 35 años, identificando cuáles aspectos percibió como favorecedores en el proceso de convertirse en madre. Se utilizó el relato biográfico. La entrevista en profundidad permite describir e interpretar dicha información. Se siguió la metodología propuesta por Amezcua y col. Se identificaron cuatro grandes temas: sentimientos, percepciones, expectativas; cambios en la vida; apoyo y conocimientos. El cuidado de enfermería debe responder a necesidades reales de las personas y una forma de acercarse a esa realidad es el abordaje cualitativo, lo cual sirve de insumo para diseño de intervenciones de enfermería congruentes. (AU)

The process of becoming a mother for a first time generates mixed feelings and may feel that she does not have the capacity to face this new maternal role. This story of a primigestant at age 35, allows to reveal important information for the approach of care. The objective was to describe the experience of a first-time at 35 years of age, identifying which aspects she perceived as favouring in the process of becoming a mother. The biographical account was used. The in-depth interview allows you to describe and interpret this information. The methodology proposed by Amezcua and Bone was followed. Four major themes were identified: feelings, perceptions, expectations; changes in life; Support and knowledge. Nursing care must respond to people's real needs and one way to approach that reality is the qualitative approach, which serves as input for the design of congruent nursing interventions. (AU)

Kennedy terminal ulcer and other skin wounds at the end of life: An integrative review.

AIMS: To undertake an integrative literature review to identify, analyse and synthesize current literature on the Kennedy terminal ulcer (KTU) and other unavoidable skin injuries that appear at the end of life regardless of the healthcare context in which they occur. METHODS: Integrative review following the Whittemore and Knafl methodology. The search was carried out in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Scopus. It was limited to articles in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. As there is little scientific production on the subject, no restrictions were applied regarding publication date. RESULTS: Only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were reviewed and analysed. Four relevant issues emerged: Skin failure, SCALE, Kennedy Terminal Ulcer, Trombley-Brennan: different names for the same problem; the defining characteristics and physiopathology of KTU; the differences between KTU and other injuries; and the care approach for KTU and other unavoidable injuries at the end of life. CONCLUSIONS: We identified gaps regarding the physiopathology of KTU since the current knowledge is based only on hypotheses. There is also a large gap in the knowledge about care approaches, perhaps because care plans are not recorded. Despite this, it is clear that the main objective in this situation at the end of life would be to prioritize patient comfort and quality of life.

Psychometric Properties of the Functional Social Support Domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the face, content, construct validity, and reliability of the functional social support domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) translated into Spanish and adapted for first-time mothers of term babies. METHODS: Validation study of the functional social support domain of PICSS, which has 22 items with response options from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate greater social support. A translation, back-translation, and cultural adaptation process took place along with an expert review to evaluate face and content validity. In total, 210 mothers participated to establish construct validity and the reliability of the domain. The content validity index and factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the domain. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptations were performed, along with validation and reliability. Face validity for mothers was the following: high comprehension (94%); and for experts: high comprehension (95.83%), high clarity (96.53%), and high precision (92.82%). In relevance and pertinence, the content validity index was high (0.97). Construct validation identified two factors that explained 76% of the variance of the domain evaluated: factor 1 "Supporting presence -emotional and appraisal support" (13 items, 39%) and factor 2 "Practical support -informational and instrumental support-" (9 items, 37%). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: Given the robust psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functional social support domain of PICSS, this may be used to identify the functional social support in the mothers.

Psychometric Properties of the Functional Social Support Domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support

Objective. To determine the face, content, construct validity, and reliability of the functional social support domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) translated into Spanish and adapted for first-time mothers of term babies. Methods. Validation study of the functional social support domain of PICSS, which has 22 items with response options from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate greater social support. A translation, back-translation, and cultural adaptation process took place along with an expert review to evaluate face and content validity. In total, 210 mothers participated to establish construct validity and the reliability of the domain. The content validity index and factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the domain. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results. Linguistic and cultural adaptations were performed, along with validation and reliability. Face validity for mothers was the following: high comprehension (94%); and for experts: high comprehension (95.83%), high clarity (96.53%), and high precision (92.82%). In relevance and pertinence, the content validity index was high (0.97). Construct validation identified two factors that explained 76% of the variance of the domain evaluated: factor 1 "Supporting presence -emotional and appraisal support" (13 items, 39%) and factor 2 "Practical support -informational and instrumental support-" (9 items, 37%). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.97. Conclusion. Given the robust psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functional social support domain of PICSS, this may be used to identify the functional social support in the mothers.

Objetivo. Determinar la validez facial, de contenido, de constructo y confiabilidad del dominio de apoyo social funcional del Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) traducido al español y adaptado para madres primerizas de bebés a término. Métodos. Estudio de validación del dominio de apoyo social funcional del PICSS, el cual tiene 22 ítems con opciones de respuesta de 1 a 4, cuanto más alto sea el puntaje es mayor el apoyo social. Se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción, retrotraducción y adaptación cultural y una revisión por expertos para evaluar la validez facial y de contenido. Un total de 210 madres participaron para establecer la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad del dominio. Se utilizó el índice de validez de contenido y el análisis de factores para identificar la estructura del dominio. La confiabilidad se estimó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se realizaron adaptaciones lingüísticas y culturales, validación y confiabilidad. La validez facial para las madres fue la siguiente: alta comprensión (94%); y para expertos: alta comprensión (95.83%), alta claridad (96.53%) y alta precisión (92.82%). En relevancia y pertinencia el índice de validez de contenido fue alto (0.97). La validación de constructo identificó dos factores que explicaron el 76% de la varianza del dominio evaluado: factor 1 "Presencia de apoyo -apoyo emocional y de valoración" (13 ítems, 39%) y factor 2 "Apoyo práctico -apoyo informativo e instrumental-" (9 ítems, 37%). El valor alfa Cronbach fue 0.97. Conclusión. Dadas las robustas propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del dominio de apoyo social funcional del PICSS este puede usarse para identificar en las madres el apoyo social funcional.

Objetivo. Determinar a validez facial, do conteúdo, de construto e confiabilidade do domínio de apoio social funcional do Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) traduzido ao espanhol e adaptado para futuras mães de bebés a término. Métodos. Estudo de validação do domínio de apoio social funcional de PICSS, o qual tem 22 itens com opções de resposta de 1 a 4, quanto mais alto seja a pontuação é maior o apoio social. Se levou a cabo um processo de tradução, retro-tradução e adaptação cultural de acordo e uma revisão por especialistas para avaliar a validez facial e de conteúdo. Um total de 210 mães participaram para estabelecer a validez de construto e a confiabilidade do domínio. Se utilizou o índice de validez de conteúdo e a análise de fatores para identificar a estrutura do domínio. A confiabilidade se estimou mediante o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se realizaram adaptações linguísticas e culturais, validação e confiabilidade. A validez facial para as mães foi a seguinte: alta compreensão (94%); e para especialistas: alta compreensão (95.83%), alta claridade (96.53%) e alta precisão (92.82%). Em relevância e pertinência o índice de validez de conteúdo foi alto (0.97). A validação de construto identificou dois fatores que explicaram 76% da variável do domínio avaliado: fator 1 "Presença de apoio -apoio emocional e de valorização" (13 itens, 39%) e fator 2 "Apoio prático -apoio informativo e instrumental-" (9 itens, 37%). O valor alfa Cronbach foi de 0.97. Conclusão. Dadas as robustas propriedades psicométricas da versão em espanhol do domínio de apoio social funcional de PICSS este pode usar-se para identificar nas mães o apoio social funcional.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy (PMP S-E) Tool for Primiparous Women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the validity and the reliability of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy tool translated into Spanish and adapted to be used among primiparous women of term babies. METHODS: Validation study. A total of 210 women participated in the survey to establish construct validity and reliability. The questionnaire has 20 items and four subscales. The higher the score, the higher the self-efficacy. A process of translation/back-translation and cultural adaptation in accordance with international standards and an expert review were conducted to test face and content validity. The Validity Content Index and an exploratory factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the questionnaire. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptation, validation and reliability were performed. Face validity for women was as follows: high comprehension (99%); and for experts: medium comprehension (84.1%), medium clarity (83.9%) and medium precision (80%). Concerning pertinence, the content validity index was 0.93 (i.e., highly pertinent). Concerning relevance, the content validity index was 0.96 (i.e., highly relevant). Factor validation identified four factors that accounted for 91% of the variance. Overall Cronbach's alpha value was 0.98 (IC 95 0.97-0.98). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Given the robust properties of the Spanish version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy, it may be used to identify women with low self-efficacy and to assess the effectiveness of health-based interventions.

Aspectos percibidos por las madres primerizas como favorecedores en la adopción de su nuevo rol / Aspects perceived by first-time mothers as flattering in the adoption of his new role

Introducción: La madre primeriza se enfrenta a grandes cambios en su nuevo rol y es necesario conocer los aspectos que lo favorecen para diseñar intervenciones de apoyo. Objetivo: Explorar los aspectos percibidos por las madres primerizas como favorecedores en la adopción de su nuevo rol. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con análisis de contenido según Bardin en la Clínica Materno Infantil, Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2018. Incorporación progresiva, según los criterios de conveniencia y suficiencia. Principio de saturación teórica con 10 madres primerizas. Se realizó análisis de contenido a los 94 escritos elaborados por las madres primerizas quienes daban respuesta a la pregunta ¿cuáles aspectos considera le han ayudado en su proceso como nueva madre? Se siguieron las siguientes fases: preanálisis, aprovechamiento del material y tratamiento de resultados, inferencia e interpretación. Resultados: Los aspectos que favorecen el nuevo rol de las madres primerizas se definen en tres grandes temas con sus correspondientes categorías: primer tema: aprendiendo a ser mamá (búsqueda de información, tiempo para estar con el bebé, planea tu día, consejos, intuición materna); segundo tema: apoyo percibido y recibido (apoyo de la pareja, apoyo de la familia, apoyo de amigos y persona que ayuda a cuidar el bebé) y tercer tema: asesoría por profesionales de salud (curso psicoprofiláctico, la consulta después del parto, asesoría en lactancia materna, asesoría de un profesional). Conclusiones: Las madres primerizas van aprendiendo a enfrentar las tareas de la maternidad y los aspectos principales que las favorecen en su nuevo rol son el apoyo social y la asesoría profesional(AU)

Introduction: First-time mothers face major changes in their new role and it is necessary to know the aspects that favor it to design support interventions. Objective: To explore the aspects perceived by first-time mothers as supportive in the adoption of their new role. Methods: Qualitative study with analysis of content according to Bardin in the Children-Mother Clinic, Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2018. A progressive incorporation was implemented according to advisability and adequacy criteria; and principle of theoretical saturation with 10 first-time mothers. Content analysis was carried out to the 94 papers prepared by first-time mothers who gave answer to the question: What aspects do you considered to have helped you in your process as a new mother? These stages were followed: pre-analysis, better use of material; and results, inference and interpretation treatment. Results: The aspects that favor the new role of first-time mothers are defined in three major subjects with their corresponding categories: First subject: learning to be a mom (search for information, time to be with the baby, plan your day, tips, maternal intuition); Second subject: perceived and received support (partner support, family support, friends support and person who helps to take care of the baby); Third subject: counselling by health professionals (psychoprophylactic course, consultation after childbirth, breastfeeding counselling, advisory by a professional). Conclusions: First-time mothers learn to cope with the tasks of motherhood and the main aspects that favor them in their new role with social support and professional advice(AU)

The effectiveness of a digital shared decision-making tool in hormonal contraception during clinical assessment: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Decision-making tools represent a paradigm shift in the relationship between the clinician and the user/patient. Some of their advantages include patient commitment, the promotion of preferences and values, and increased treatment adherence. This study protocol aims to assess the effectiveness of a decision-making tool in contraception (SHARECONTRACEPT) concerning: a) Improvement in counselling on hormonal contraception at the medical consultation, measured in terms of decreasing decisional conflict and improving knowledge of available contraceptive options; b) Improvement in adherence to treatment measured in terms of: persistence in the chosen treatment, compliance with dose or procedure of use, and ability to deal with incidents related to the use of the contraceptive method; and decreasing unwanted pregnancies and voluntary interruption of pregnancy. The SHARECONTRACEPT tool, developed by previous phases of this project, is available at: http://decisionscompartides.gencat.cat/en/decidir-sobre/anticoncepcio_hormonal/ METHODS/DESIGN: A longitudinal, prospective-type, randomized, controlled community clinical trial, carried out in the clinical contraceptive counselling units of 6 autonomous regions in Spain, with an experimental group and a control group. Description of the intervention: The health professionals participating will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups. Clinicians assigned to the experimental group will perform contraceptive counselling assisted by SHARECONTRACEPT, and those of the control group will follow the conventional contraceptive counselling provided in their clinical unit. It is planned to study 1708 users (control group n = 854 and intervention group n = 854), recruited from women who attend the consultations of the health professionals. The selected users will be followed up for one year. The data will be collected through ad-hoc questionnaires, and validated instruments for measuring decisional conflict and adherence to treatment. DISCUSSION: The results of this study protocol will offer evidence of the effectiveness of a shared decision-making tool, SHARECONTRACEPT, which may prove a useful tool for users and professionals to promote adherence to contraceptive methods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Register number ISRCTN5827994 . Date: 15/04/2019 (Retrospectively registered).

Incidencia de lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia en una población de pacientes críticos / Incidence of dependence-related lesions in a population of critical patients

OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia de los distintos tipos de lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia (LRD) en una población de pacientes críticos. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo realizado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos desde enero de 2014 a enero de 2015. Incluidos los pacientes mayores de edad que no presentaban LRD al ingreso. Excluidos aquellos con muerte encefálica y/o estancia en la unidad superior a dos días. Permanecieron en estudio hasta que desarrollaron LRD, fueron exitus, dados de alta o su estancia superior a 14 días. Cada paciente fue evaluado diariamente hasta desarrollar LRD o salida de estudio. En el caso de presentar LRD esta se fotografiaba y se anotaban los datos relacionados. La comparación entre variables cuantitativas de distribución normal se realizó mediante la t de Student, y se utilizó la U de Mann-Whitney en el resto. Entre variables cualitativas se utilizó el test chi cuadrado de Pearson considerándose en ambos casos significativa una p menos o igual a 0,05. RESULTADOS: Incluidos 295 pacientes, el 27,45% de los cuales desarrollaron LRD. La densidad de incidencia fue de 41 LRD/1.000 días en riesgo. El 50,62% de las LRD se catalogaron como UPP, el 17,28% fueron lesiones por humedad, el 13,58% lo fueron por fricción y el resto resultaron lesiones combinadas. El riesgo según las escalas EMINA y Braden fue significativamente superior en el grupo de pacientes con lesiones respecto al grupo sin ellas. CONCLUSIONES: No todas las lesiones fueron causadas por la presión. Se requieren estrategias preventivas específicas en función de los distintos mecanismos causales

AIM: To determine the incidence of various types of dependence-related lesions (DRL) on a population of critically ill patients. METHOD: Descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study in an Intensive Care Unit from January 2014 to January 2015. Adult patients who did not present DRL at the moment of admission were included. Those with brain death and/or stay at the unit for more than two days were excluded. Patients were studied till they developed DRL, were exitus, discharged or stayed for more than 14 days. Each patient was evaluated daily till DRL did develop or was excluded from the study. If DRL did develop it was photographed and related data were recorded. The comparison between quantitative variables of normal distribution was done with the t de Student. The Mann-Whitney U was used to compare the other variables. Qualitative variables were compared through Pearson's chi square. In both cases p less than or equal to 05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 295 patients were included, 27.45% of them developed DRL. The density of incidence was 41 DRL/1,000 days at risk.50.62% of DRL were categorized as PU.17.28% were moisture injuries, 13.58% were due to friction and the rest were combined injuries. The risk according to EMINA and Braden scale was significantly different in the group of patients with lesions compared to the group without them. CONCLUSIONS: Not all injuries were caused by pressure. Specific prevention strategies based on different causal mechanisms are required

[Incidence of dependence-related lesions in a population of critical patients]. / Incidencia de lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia en una población de pacientes críticos.

AIM: To determine the incidence of various types of dependence-related lesions (DRL) on a population of critically ill patients. METHOD: Descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study in an Intensive Care Unit from January 2014 to January 2015. Adult patients who did not present DRL at the moment of admission were included. Those with brain death and/or stay at the unit for more than two days were excluded. Patients were studied till they developed DRL, were exitus, discharged or stayed for more than 14 days. Each patient was evaluated daily till DRL did develop or was excluded from the study. If DRL did develop it was photographed and related data were recorded. The comparison between quantitative variables of normal distribution was done with the t de Student. The Mann-Whitney U was used to compare the other variables. Qualitative variables were compared through Pearson's chi square. In both cases p≤.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 295 patients were included, 27.45% of them developed DRL. The density of incidence was 41 DRL/1,000 days at risk. 50.62% of DRL were categorized as PU. 17.28% were moisture injuries, 13.58% were due to friction and the rest were combined injuries. The risk according to EMINA and Braden scale was significantly different in the group of patients with lesions compared to the group without them. CONCLUSIONS: Not all injuries were caused by pressure. Specific prevention strategies based on different causal mechanisms are required.

Identificación y clasificación de las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia: de la teoría a la práctica clínica / Identification and classification of the injuries related to the dependence: from theory to clinical practice

Objetivo: clasificar y categorizar las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia según la teoría de García-Fernández y cols. Metodología: estudio descriptivo y longitudinal realizado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos en el que se incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados sin lesiones previas. Cada paciente fue evaluado diariamente hasta desarrollar una lesión relacionada con la dependencia o salida de estudio. Resultados: El 27,9% de los pacientes (n = 136) desarrollaron lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre pacientes que las desarrollaron y aquellos que no lo hicieron salvo para EMINA primer día (p = 0,035). Solo el 46,4% de las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia se catalogaron como úlceras por presión. El 36,8% se relacionaron con dispositivos terapéuticos. Conclusiones: los resultados apoyan el cambio de paradigma propuesto por los autores, lo que permite diferenciar entre úlceras por presión y otro tipo de lesiones

Aim: Descriptive to clasified and categorize the dependence related lesions on the theory García-Fernández y cols. Metodology: Descriptive and longitudinal study in intensive care unit in which all patients admitted. We included patients without previous pressure ulcers. Each patient was assessed daily to develop dependence related lesions or output study. Results: 27.9% of patients (n = 136) developed dependence related lesions. No statistically significant differences between patients who developed dependence related lesions and those who did not save for EMINA first day (p = 0.035). Only 46.4% of dependence related lesions were classified as pressure ulcers. 36.8% were related to medical devices. Conclusions: Our results support the paradigm shift proposed by these authors allowing differentiation between pressure ulcers and other lesions

Fiabilidad interobservador de las escalas EMINA y EVARUCI en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Interobserver reliability in EVARUCI and EMINA scales for intensive care unit

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la fiabilidad interobservador de las escalas EMINA y EVARUCI en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Para ello, dos observadores valoraron diariamente el riesgo de desarrollar úlceras por presión mediante ambas escalas. La concordancia entre observadores para la puntuación total de las escalas se midió mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) y la concordancia entre subescalas con el índice de Kappa. La fiabilidad total interobservador fue muy buena para EMINA, (CCI = 0,92) y para EVARUCI (CCI = 0, 99). En la escala EMINA el ítem nutrición presentó concordancia pobre (k = 0,137), mientras que las subescalas restantes presentaron concordancia buena. En la escala EVARUCI todas las subescalas mostraron buena concordancia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of the scales EMINA and EVARUCI in Intensive Care Unit. To this day two observers assessed the risk of developing pressure ulcers by EMINA and EVARUCI scales in all patients admitted. The interobserver agreement for the total score EVARUCI and EMINA was measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreement between the subscales was measured by Kappa. The overallinter observer reliability was very good for EMINA scale (ICC =0.92) and EVARUCI (ICC = 0.99). In item scale Nutrition EMINA presented poor agreement (k = 0.137) while the remaining subscales showed good agreement. On the scale EVARUCI all subscales showed very good agreement