["Rohleder was one of the first to fully realize the importance of sexology." : Life and work of the venereologist, urologist, and sexologist Hermann Rohleder (1866-1934)]. / "Rohleder gehört zu den ersten, welche die Bedeutung der Sexualwissenschaft in ihrem vollen Umfange erkannt haben." : Leben und Werk des Venerologen, Urologen und Sexualmediziners Hermann Rohleder (1866­1934).

His contemporaries described Hermann Rohleder, a physician from Leipzig, as a pioneer of sexual medicine. His career led him from treating patients with venereal diseases to urology and sexology. Rohleder worked for the institutionalization of sexology in Germany, but his attempts to establish a professorship at the University of Leipzig remained unsuccessful. Rohleder's life and work illustrate how closely the disciplines of urology and sexology were connected in the early 20th century.

[History of epidemics in urology in German-speaking countries]. / Seuchengeschichte in der deutschsprachigen Urologie.

Pandemics are relevant for many fields of medicine from microbiology to economics and epidemiology. Many medical specialties which developed during the 19th century, e. g., urology, have had much impact on diagnostics and therapy, such as during the treatment of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases. For some of them, including urology, treatment of, for example, sexually transmitted diseases, was constitutional and differed between countries.

[Urology goes electric-electrotherapy : Modern therapies in the treatment of modern diseases-examples from urology]. / Die Urologie wird elektrisch ­ Elektrotherapie : Moderne Therapien zur Behandlung moderner Erkrankungen ­ Beispiele aus der Urologie.

The significance of electricity for medicine in the modern industrial age should not be underestimated. Particularly in connection with neurasthenia, electrotherapeutic approaches also experienced a boom for domestic use. Thus, electrotherapy reached urology just as it was becoming established as a medical specialty. We analyzed urological manuals and textbooks and objects in the W. P. Didusch Center for Urologic History and the Museum zur Geschichte der Urologie in Berlin to present the wide range of indications for electrotherapy in the emerging field of urology from impotence to urethral strictures and try to highlight the variability of their importance over time.

[Medicine and literature: "Nobel Prize. No jokes please!" : Gottfried Benn and his nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature]. / Medizin und Literatur: "Nobelpreis. Bitte keine Witze!" : Gottfried Benn und seine Nominierungen für den Literaturnobelpreis.

In the early 1950s, the German poet and physician Gottfried Benn was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Drawing on sources from the archive of the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, this essay discusses how Benn was portrayed as a Nobel nominee. His sponsors highlighted not only why he was a remarkable author, but also his national socialist links during the 1930s. The study is part of a new interdisciplinary project that analyses nominations and committee reports for physician and natural scientist candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature from 1901 to 1970.

[Carl Posner (1854-1928) : A founder of urology and sexology in Germany]. / Carl Posner (1854­1928) : Ein Begründer der Urologie und Sexualwissenschaft in Deutschland.

In this contribution we describe the life and work of the Berlin physician Carl Posner (1854-1928). We present his central role as a member of the founding generation of urology, andrology, and academic sexology in Germany. His clinical work, research and publication illustrate the central role these new disciplines played in the urological field. Finally, we describe how Posner is remembered in the history of urology and sexology.

["Why visit a medical congress?" : Knowledge transfer between Germany and Sweden using the example of the 1929 DGU meeting in Munich]. / "Warum besucht man Kongresse?" : Deutsch-schwedischer Wissenstransfer am Beispiel des DGU-Kongresses in München 1929.

Drawing on contemporary publications in German and Swedish/Scandinavian journals and biographies as well as conference proceedings of the German Society of Urology (DGU), this paper examines the Swedish impressions of the 1929 DGU meeting in Munich. It focusses on why the Swedish delegates visited the congress and how they evaluated their congress experiences for their Scandinavian peers. Finally, the article shows to what extent a knowledge transfer from the DGU Congress to Sweden took place.

[The 69th Congress-urologists nominated for the Nobel Prize : Not everyone got a prize: four biographical sketches]. / Zum 69. Kongress ­ Urologen waren für den Nobelpreis nominiert : Preise gab es nicht für alle: Vier biographische Skizzen.

Our research group has reconstructed why the board certified urologists Werner Forssmann (1904-1979) and Charles Huggins (1901-1997) received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine (1956, and 1966, respectively). But the history of "Urology and the Nobel Prize" is in fact more multifaceted than the success stories of these two laureates suggest. James Israel (1848-1926), Berlin, Félix Guyon (1831-1920), Paris, Peter J. Freyer (1852-1921), London and Edwin Beer (1876-1938), New York were nominated for the award during the first three decades of the 20th century. Their candidacies mirror trends among leading urologists during the time when urology became a specialty in its own right.

[Museum, library, and archives of the German Society of Urology as a corporate museum : A neglected, sizeable dimension of scientific collections owened by professional societies]. / Museum, Bibliothek und Archiv der DGU als Corporate-Museum : Eine vernachlässigte Größe wissenschaftlicher Sammlungen von Fachgesellschaften.

Corporate museums make important contributions to science history and daily life. They are an essential part of the historical marketing of organizations, including scientific associations. The museum for the history of urology organized and housed by the German Society of Urology (DGU) can be compared to a corporate museum, because the institution serves two purposes: it represents the society to a wider public and it helps to reconstruct and analyze the history of urology and the history of the society. In a close collaboration with medical historians from all over the world the museum serves as a research institution for the history of urology. The institution is founded at the frontier between a commercial corporate museum similar to that of international companies and a classical scientific museum. The paper describes these aspects of the museum and discusses the inherent value of a museum for a scientific association.

[Tyson's glands. On eponymic and discussion in urology and dermatology]. / Tyson-Drüsen. Zur Eponymik und Diskussion in Urologie und Dermatologie.

The use of eponyms in scientific terminology and particularly in medical terminology has a long tradition but discussion often arises especially since the involvement of the protagonists in the National Socialist regime which led to strong controversies (e. g. Clara, Stieve, Reiter, Wegener). They are a component of cultural specialist memories and contribute to the conciseness of the nomenclature. For the specialization of urology a total list of eponyms in general use or an analysis of the use of eponyms does not exist. The eponym Tyson's glands is a good example of the tradition of eponyms in urology and the discussion about the related anatomical facts.

[Objects from scientific collections in demand: the value of the various collections of the Urologic History Center of the German Society of Urology for modern teaching purposes in urology]. / Objekte haben Konjunktur : Zum Wert von Sammlungen wissenschaftlicher Fachgesellschaften für die moderne Lehre in der Urologie.

The use of artifacts and objects from scientific medical collections and museums for academic teaching purposes are one of the main qualifying tasks of those institutions. In recent years, this aspect of scientific collections has again become on focus within academics. The collections offer a unique chance for visual and haptic forms of teaching in many fields. Due to the potential of scientific collections, educators in all branches in academic learning should be familiar with handling objects for such purposes.

[History in the public communication of specialist scientific societies: history marketing]. / Geschichte in der öffentlichen Kommunikation wissenschaftlicher Fachgesellschaften : "History marketing"

History is nowadays used as an economic factor. The past is therefore specifically targeted and cultivated, which for specialist scientific associations and societies often fullfils totally different functions in comparison to the open market, although the techniques and requirements are similar. Within medical specialties these facts are often still unknown. Museums and archives as well as the historians and curators working in them are very familiar with the special cultures of communication within these scientific communities and they play a major role in the establishment and development of history as a modern part of public relations and public identity.

[Establishment of university departments of urology in North Rhine-Westphalia: the Aachen model]. / Etablierung von Urologischen Universitätskliniken in NRW : Das Aachener Modell.

The foundation of university departments of urology in postwar East and West Germany faced some opposition by some university professors of surgery who wanted to preserve the unity of their discipline. In North Rhine-Westphalia, heads of municipal hospitals or senior members of university hospitals' staff often received the first chaired professorships of urology.

[Quality criteria for scientific collections within medical associations: the collections of the German Urological Association fullfill high requirements]. / Qualitätskriterien für Sammlungen medizinischer wissenschaftlicher Fachgesellschaften : Die Sammlungen der DGU erfüllen ihre Anforderungen.

Quality criteria are necessary for the evaluation and rating of scientific collections of medical associations and are necessary for their development in order to argue within the scientific community or with other relevant actors.

[Urologists meet in Berlin. Martin Stolze (1900-1989) and the urologist convention in 1959 in East and West Berlin]. / "Urologen tagen in Berlin". Martin Stolze (1900-1989) und der Urologenkongress 1959 in Ost- und Westberlin.

Scientific meetings are a major part of policy in science and within the scientific community and furthermore they have a major influence on medical and lay communities. Prominent examples for this are the presidential networks and the opening speeches in which the function of science within the society is presented in a special manner. The last joint meeting of the German Society for Urology (DGU) in East and West Germany was instrumentalized by the rivalry of the two systems during the Cold War but was also a brilliant presentation of the newly established German Urology after World War II and its scientific force.

[Urological moulages: forgotten three-dimensional documents between university collections and panopticum -- a dying presentation form even in urological museology]. / Urologische Moulagen : Vergessene dreidimensionale Dokumente zwischen Universitätssammlung und Panoptikum -- eine sterbende Präsentationsform auch der urologischen Museologie.

The use of wax models traces its roots back to antiquity and appears to have reached the peak of perfection in the eighteenth century especially in Italy. From the beginning of the nineteenth century wax models and moulages were used in the new medical specialties, such as dermatology or urology depending on a new model of visualization in natural sciences. The moulage passed from local use into international acceptance with the institutionalization of the medical specialties and increase in scientific communication in the second half of the nineteenth century. By the 1970s moulages had all but lost their pre-eminent position as teaching and visual aids to depict dermatological and venereal diseases Unfortunately urology was not mentioned in the field of history of medicine or ethnic studies.

[The early development of brachytherapy of the prostate: a study on technique application in the development of urology]. / Zur frühen Entwicklung der Brachytherapie der Prostata : Eine Studie zur Technikanwendung in der Urologieentwicklung.

Within recent years brachytherapy of the prostate has become a treatment of choice. The treatment can be dated back up to the beginning of the twentieth century. It is interesting that the urological routes have never been explored directly by authors of articles and textbooks in the field of radiology and radiooncology.

[The collections of the museum and archives of the German Society of Urology. Reflections on objects in the museum]. / Die Sammlungen des Museums und Archivs der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie. Gedanken zu den Dingen im Museum.

Objects in a museum that were used by urologists are part of the history of urology. If we know how to look at them they can be sources for a better understanding of the history of urology. In a museum visitors are confronted with objects during exhibitions which are the stage on which one possible interpretation of the history of urology is displayed. Objects have become"carriers of symbols" between the past and present (Pomian). Collections from medical societies which are not connected with a university or another public institution cannot be legitimized on the basis of the argument of conserving historical heritage only. The museum itself with its many tasks and as a classical site of scientific communication should be seen as a topic of scientific interest.

[The portrayal of tuberculosis in the motion picture "Robert Koch--Bekämpfer des Todes". How do movies shape knowledge about diseases in urology and medicine?]. / Das Bild der Tuberkulose im Film "Robert Koch--Bekämpfer des Todes". Wie formen Filme das Wissen um Erkrankungen in Urologie und Medizin?

Popular media have an immediate effect on an audience of millions. They are the base of social learning through the times. Therefore they deserve greater attention from professionals. The Nazi propaganda for example created an elaborate system, which made use of new technologies of the twentieth century, especially radio broadcasting and the movies. Escapism should be produced. Up to now those movies are shown on TV or in the cinema often without reference to their origin and intention which were later on regarded as harmless. As a consequence, "propaganda" is maintained in a very distinguished way. In 1945, the Allies first banned the showing of films made during the Nazi era and confiscated important documents. Those films regarded as "harmless" were soon released to the public again, but in the 1950s some 250 politically dubious films were still under lock and key. Interestingly, they often can be received via the Internet from other countries especially the USA. It only became clear over time that the propagandistic aims that found expression in some 1,100 films needed to be examined more carefully.

[Urology and National Socialism. Paul Rosenstein 1875-1964, the disrupted biography of a Jewish urologist]. / Urologie und Nationalsozialismus. Paul Rosenstein 1875-1964 - zerrissene Biographie eines jüdischern Urologen.

The biography of Paul Rosenstein (1875-1964) serves as an example of the fate of a Jewish scientist at the beginning of the twentieth century in an area of conflict between the development of urology as a specialty at greater urban hospitals, professional achievements as a surgeon and scientist, drastic breaks during Nazi era and escape from Nazi terror via New York to Brazil.