Publisher Correction: Building a DNA barcode library for the freshwater fishes of Bangladesh.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Chameleonfishes in Bangladesh: hipshot taxonomy, sibling species, elusive species, and limits of species delimitation (Teleostei: Badidae).

Five species of Badidae are reported from Bangladesh, with morphological diagnoses and mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome b, cytb; and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, coi). Dario kajal is recorded from Bangladesh for the first time with a precise locality. Badis badis is reported from several localities in central Bangladesh. Badis chittagongis is redescribed on the basis of samples from the region of Cox's Bazar, including Maheskhali Island. Badis pallidus, new species, is described from the Sangu and Karnafuli River drainages in Bangladesh. It is most similar to B. chittagongis, but differs slightly in colouration and meristics, and is separated by 3.8% uncorrected p-distance in coi from B. chittagongis. Badis chittagongis and B. pallidus are almost identical in morphology, colour pattern and meristics, but occupy different habitats and are reciprocally allopatric. Pronounced genetic difference but similar morphology in these two species may be due to strong stabilizing selection for cryptic colouration in Badis. Badis rhabdotus is a new species from northeastern Bangladesh and adjacent Meghalaya in India. It is distinguished from congeneric species by the colour pattern, including well-defined narrow vertical bars; posterior bars curved; and meristics. Species delimitation analysis of an alignment comprising all coi sequences available from GenBank longer than 600 bp and attributed to species of Badidae (21 June 2018) plus our coi sequences and outgroup sequences of Nandus nandus, using pairwise p-distance and the computer software GMYC, ABGD, and bPTP, produced similar results. Among 103 coi sequences of Badidae, unidentified or tagged with one of 18 valid species names, uncorrected p-distance suggests 27 OTUs at 2% difference threshold; ABGD found between 15 and 55 OTUs; GMYC with single evolutionary rate 33 OTUs, with multiple evolutionary rates 32 OTUs; PTP, mPTP and bPTP 27-28 OTUs. Phylogenetic analysis based on coi and cytb sequences support previous analyses and previously proposed species groups. Inadequate recent species descriptions and many misidentifications or provisional identifications of published DNA sequences hamper progress in species-level systematics in Badis. Based on published morphological data, Badis triocellus cannot be distinguished from B. singenensis; Badis dibruensis and B. pancharatnaensis cannot be distinguished from B. badis; Badis andrewraoi, B. autumnum, B. kyanos, and B. soraya are insufficiently well distinguished from each other.

Building a DNA barcode library for the freshwater fishes of Bangladesh.

We sequenced the standard DNA barcode gene fragment in 694 newly collected specimens, representing 243 species level Operational Barcode Units (OBUs) of freshwater fishes from Bangladesh. We produced coi sequences for 149 out of the 237 species already recorded from Bangladesh. Another 83 species sequenced were not previously recorded for the country, and include about 30 undescribed or potentially undescribed species. Several of the taxa that we could not sample represent erroneous records for the country, or sporadic occurrences. Species identifications were classified at confidence levels 1(best) to 3 (worst). We propose the new term Operational Barcode Unit (OBU) to simplify references to would-be DNA barcode sequences and sequence clusters. We found one case where there were two mitochondrial lineages present in the same species, several cases of cryptic species, one case of introgression, one species yielding a pseudogene to standard barcoding primers, and several cases of taxonomic uncertainty and need for taxonomic revision. Large scale national level DNA barcode prospecting in high diversity regions may suffer from lack of taxonomic expertise that cripples the result. Consequently, DNA barcoding should be performed in the context of taxonomic revision, and have a defined, competent end-user.

The identity of Osteobrama cotio, and the status of "Osteobrama serrata" (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Cyprininae).

Osteobrama cotio is considered to be a widespread species in India and Bangladesh. Mitochondrial DNA (COI, 16S rRNA) shows that populations from the Meghna River, Karnafuli and Sangu Rivers, Narmada River, and Godavari River are genetically distinct from each other. No morphological differences were found to separate Meghna and Karnafuli+Sangu populations, however. A putative new species, "Osteobrama serrata" has been described from the Barak River basin, stated to be distinguished from O. cotio by the presence of a serrated third dorsal-fin ray. The description of "O. serrata" does not fulfil requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) and the name is thus unavailable. Published DNA sequences of "Osteobrama serrata" are identical to sequences of O. cotio from Bangladesh. As mentioned already in the original description, O. cotio has a serrated third dorsal-fin ray.

Laubuka tenella, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Bangladesh and southwestern Myanmar (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae).

Laubuka tenella is a new species characterized by the colour pattern, consisting of short dark vertical bars anteriorly on the side, and a dark lateral band posteriorly on the side, combined with a relatively short pelvic fin and 29-30 lateral-line scales. It is separated from other Laubuka analysed by minimum 9 % uncorrected p-distance in the mitochondrial COI gene. The type series is composed of specimens from small streams in the Cox's Bazar District in Bangladesh (the type locality), and the Thandwe River drainage in western Myanmar. Laubuka brahmaputraensis is strongly indicated to be a junior synonym of L. laubuca, the second known species of Laubuka in Bangladesh. Eustira ceylonensis, currently in the synonymy of Devario malabaricus, is a valid species of Laubuka.

Devario in Bangladesh: Species diversity, sibling species, and introgression within danionin cyprinids (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae).

Four species of Devario are recorded from Bangladesh: D. aequipinnatus, D. anomalus, D. coxi, new species, and D. devario. Devario aequipinnatus has a wide distribution in northern India and Bangladesh. Devario coxi, from southeastern Bangladesh near Cox's Bazar, differs from D. aequipinnatus in mtDNA (COI, p-distance 1.8%), colouration, proportional measurements, and meristics. The minor morphological differences and low frequency of overlapping meristics suggest relatively recent separation of D. coxi from other D. aequipinnatus. Devario anomalus occurs only in southeastern Bangladesh and is here reported from localities in addition to the type locality. It differs from the similar D. xyrops in adjacent Myanmar by slender body shape and by 2.3% p-distance in the COI gene. Specimens of D. anomalus from the Sangu River were found to have the mitochondrial genome of D. aequipinnatus from Bangladesh, but agree with other D. anomalus in the nuclear RAG1 gene. Devario devario has a wide distribution on the Indian Peninsula and border regions; in Bangladesh it is restricted in distribution to the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna drainages. Reports of D. assamensis and D. malabaricus from Bangladesh are misidentifications. Perilampus ostreographus M'Clelland, 1839, is tentatively synonymized with D. aequipinnatus. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 species of striped devarios based on the COI gene results in a polytomy with four unresolved clades. Devario deruptotalea from the Chindwin basin is the sister group of D. aequipinnatus+D. coxi. Devario devario is the sistergroup of D. xyrops+D. anomalus.

Why is Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) reported from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Pakistan?

The native distribution of the small labyrinth fish species Pseudosphromenus cupanus includes southern India and Sri Lanka. According to literature it has a range including also Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Sumatra) but there are no voucher specimens or reliable observations from those areas. The distribution record of P. cupanus was inflated partly by including P. dayi as a synonym. Pseudosphronemus dayi is native to the Western Ghats in India, but the origin of the aquarium importation in 1907 was reported as both Cochin (=Kochi) and Malacca (=Malaysia), the latter locality obviously in error. The basis for the Sumatra record is an obviously mislabeled sample of P. dayi from Pulau Weh close to Sumatra. The basis for reporting the species from Pakistan, Myanmar or Bangladesh could not be located. Misidentified museum specimens from Myanmar and Pakistan identified as P. cupanus were never published on. Pseudosphromenus cupanus has been considered recently to be extinct in Bangladesh, but in fact it never occurred there.

Danio annulosus, a new species of chain Danio from the Shuvolong Falls in Bangladesh (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae).

Danio annulosus, new species, is described from a small pool below the Shuvolong Falls in the Kaptai Lake system in Bangladesh. It shares with chain danios (D. assamila, D. dangila, D. catenatus, D. concatenatus, and D. sysphigmatus) a colour pattern consisting of series of dark rings with light interspaces along the side, complete lateral line, 14 circumpeduncular scales, a produced first ray in the pectoral fin, and a black humeral spot. It differs from other chain danios in possessing much shorter pectoral and pelvic fins, and a humeral spot that is slightly wider than deep instead of round or deeper than wide. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence separates D. annulosus from the most similar species, D. catenatus by a p-distance of 3.4%. Although recorded from only a single locality, Danio annulosus is expected to have a wider distribution in the Karnafuli River drainage.