Collection of Culicoides spp. with four light trap models during different seasons in the Balearic Islands.

Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease that affects ruminants, being especially pathogenic in certain breeds of sheep. Its viral agent (bluetongue virus; BTV) is transmitted by several species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Different models of suction light traps are being used in a number of countries for the collection of BTV vector species. To determine the relative effectiveness of different light traps under field conditions, four traps (Onderstepoort, Mini-CDC, Rieb and Pirbright) were compared. These traps were rotated between four sites on a cattle farm in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) for several non-consecutive nights. Results showed remarkable disparities in the efficacy of the traps for the collection of Culicoides midges. The highest number of midges collected in the Onderstepoort trap (x¯±SD=62±94.2) was not significantly different from that collected in the Mini-CDC (x¯±SD=58±139.2). The Rieb trap collected the lowest number of midges (x¯±SD=3±4.0). Significantly higher mean numbers of midges were collected in the Onderstepoort than in either the Pirbright (P=0.002) or Rieb traps (P=0.008). There were also differences in the Culicoides species composition as determine with the various traps. These results indicate that the Onderstepoort or Mini-CDC traps will be more effective than either the Rieb or Pirbright traps for the collection of large numbers of Culicoides midges.

Respuesta a la carta al director “Importancia de la colocación de los electrodos en los sistemas de monitorización de hipnosis” / Reply to: "Importance of electrode placement in systems for monitoring hypnosis"

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[Comparison of the bispectral index and spectral entropy in gynecological surgery]. / Estudio comparativo del indice biespectral y la entropía espectral en cirugía ginecológica.

OBJECTIVES: Spectral entropy quantifies variations in cortical electrical activity measured by electroencephalography and frontal activity measured by electromyography. The aim of this study, in the context of general anesthesia, was to compare bispectral index values with the two components of spectral entropy: state entropy and response entropy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen women (ASA I-II) undergoing gynecological surgery were enrolled. The bispectral index was maintained between 40 and 50 for all patients. Both sensors, for monitoring the bispectral index and spectral entropy, were placed on each patient. Simultaneous readings were recorded at the following moments: operating room arrival, induction, relaxation, intubation, switching on the vaporizer, start of surgery, traction of the intestinal mesenteries and maneuvering of the electric scalpel, switching off the vaporizer, end of surgery, during cough, extubation, and eye opening. The data sets were subjected to analysis of variance, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze agreement. RESULTS: Differences between mean values of the bispectral index, state entropy and response entropy were observed at operating room arrival, intubation, and induction. Differences when the patient awakened from anesthesia were observed only between the bispectral index and response entropy, on the one hand, and state entropy on the other. There was no agreement (ICC<0.7) upon operating room arrival, maneuvering the electric scalpel, or awakening from anesthesia. CONCLUSION: The bispectral index, state entropy, and response entropy show good agreement during recordings that reflect the effects of anesthesia. The differences observed at baseline and upon awakening can be attributed to frontal electromyographic activity. Distinguishing cortical electrical activity from frontal electromyographic activity may provide additional information in these situations.

Estudio comparativo del índice biespectral y la entropía espectral en cirugía ginecológica / Comparison of the bispectral index and spectral entropy in gynecological surgery

OBJETIVOS: La entropía espectral (EE) cuantifica los cambios de la actividad eléctrica cortical (EEG) y la electromiografía frontal (fEMG). El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los valores del índice biespectral (BIS) con los de la EE en sus dos componentes, entropía de estado (ES) y entropía de respuesta (ER), durante la anestesia general. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 16 mujeres, ASA I-II, que se sometieron a intervenciones ginecológicas. Se mantuvieron valores de BIS entre 40-50. Se colocaron ambos sensores para monitorizar el BIS y la EE en cada paciente. Se registraron valores de forma simultánea en determinados momentos: entrada de quirófano, inducción, relajación, intubación, apertura vaporizador, inicio cirugía, tracción de mesos y funcionamiento del electrobisturí, cierre vaporizador, fin de cirugía, al toser, extubación y apertura de ojos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un ANOVA y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) para el análisis de concordancia. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias entre los valores medios de BIS y ES y ER en los momentos: entrada a quirófano, intubacion e inducción. Durante el despertar de la anestesia sólo entre BIS y ER con ES. En los momentos entrada a quirófano, electrobisturí, y despertar de la anestesia no hubo concordancia (CCI<0,7). CONCLUSIÓN: BIS, ES y ER presentan buena concordancia durante los efectos de la anestesia. Las diferencias observadas en el momento basal y en el despertar podrían atribuirse a la actividad electromiográfica frontal. La separación de las señales del EEG y fEMG podría dar una información adicional en estas situaciones

OBJECTIVES: Spectral entropy quantifies variations in cortical electrical activity measured by electroencephalography and frontal activity measured by electromyography. The aim of this study, in the context of general anesthesia, was to compare bispectral index values with the two components of spectral entropy: state entropy and response entropy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen women (ASA I-II) undergoing gynecological surgery were enrolled. The bispectral index was maintained between 40 and 50 for all patients. Both sensors, for monitoring the bispectral index and spectral entropy, were placed on each patient. Simultaneous readings were recorded at the following moments: operating room arrival, induction, relaxation, intubation, switching on the vaporizer, start of surgery, traction of the intestinal mesenteries and maneuvering of the electric scalpel, switching off the vaporizer, end of surgery, during cough, extubation, and eye opening. The data sets were subjected to analysis of variance, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze agreement. RESULTS: Differences between mean values of the bispectral index, state entropy and response entropy were observed at operating room arrival, intubation, and induction. Differences when the patient awakened from anesthesia were observed only between the bispectral index and response entropy, on the one hand, and state entropy on the other. There was no agreement (ICC<0.7) upon operating room arrival, maneuvering the electric scalpel, or awakening from anesthesia. CONCLUSION: The bispectral index, state entropy, and response entropy show good agreement during recordings that reflect the effects of anesthesia. The differences observed at baseline and upon awakening can be attributed to frontal electromyographic activity. Distinguishing cortical electrical activity from frontal electromyographic activity may provide additional information in these situations