Correction: The role of trust in the social heuristics hypothesis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216329.].

Crowdsourcing hypothesis tests: Making transparent how design choices shape research results.

To what extent are research results influenced by subjective decisions that scientists make as they design studies? Fifteen research teams independently designed studies to answer five original research questions related to moral judgments, negotiations, and implicit cognition. Participants from 2 separate large samples (total N > 15,000) were then randomly assigned to complete 1 version of each study. Effect sizes varied dramatically across different sets of materials designed to test the same hypothesis: Materials from different teams rendered statistically significant effects in opposite directions for 4 of 5 hypotheses, with the narrowest range in estimates being d = -0.37 to + 0.26. Meta-analysis and a Bayesian perspective on the results revealed overall support for 2 hypotheses and a lack of support for 3 hypotheses. Overall, practically none of the variability in effect sizes was attributable to the skill of the research team in designing materials, whereas considerable variability was attributable to the hypothesis being tested. In a forecasting survey, predictions of other scientists were significantly correlated with study results, both across and within hypotheses. Crowdsourced testing of research hypotheses helps reveal the true consistency of empirical support for a scientific claim. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The role of trust in the social heuristics hypothesis.

According to the social heuristics hypothesis, people intuitively cooperate or defect depending on which behavior is beneficial in their interactions. If cooperation is beneficial, people intuitively cooperate, but if defection is beneficial, they intuitively defect. However, deliberation promotes defection. Here, we tested two novel predictions regarding the role of trust in the social heuristics hypothesis. First, whether trust promotes intuitive cooperation. Second, whether preferring to think intuitively or deliberatively moderates the effect of trust on cooperation. In addition, we examined whether deciding intuitively promotes cooperation, compared to deciding deliberatively. To evaluate these predictions, we conducted a lab study in Colombia and an online study in the United Kingdom (N = 1,066; one study was pre-registered). Unexpectedly, higher trust failed to promote intuitive cooperation, though higher trust promoted cooperation. In addition, preferring to think intuitively or deliberatively failed to moderate the effect of trust on cooperation, although preferring to think intuitively increased cooperation. Moreover, deciding intuitively failed to promote cooperation, and equivalence testing confirmed that this null result was explained by the absence of an effect, rather than a lack of statistical power (equivalence bounds: d = -0.26 and 0.26). An intuitive cooperation effect emerged when non-compliant participants were excluded, but this effect could be due to selection biases. Taken together, most results failed to support the social heuristics hypothesis. We conclude by discussing implications, future directions, and limitations. The materials, data, and code are available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/939jv/).

Survival to leukemia and lymphomas in children at a University Hospital in Cali, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Leukemia and lymphomas are the 2 most frequent malignancies among children in Cali, Colombia, although survival information for these malignancies remains limited in both Cali and throughout all of Colombia. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the 5-year survival rate in children diagnosed with leukemia and lymphomas in the University Hospital of Valle, at Cali, Colombia. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-four patients younger than 15 years of age were included, diagnosed with either leukemia or lymphomas from 1998 to 2006. Active follow-up was conducted by clinical records reviewing and phone contacting. The cumulative survival rate was estimated to be from 1 to 5 years from diagnosis using the actuarial method. The Cox regression model was used to determine some of the factors associated with the prognosis. RESULTS: Of all cases, 61.8% were male patients, 75.3% corresponded to leukemia, and the rest to lymphomas. The global cumulated survival rate at 1 and 5 years were 71% and 50%, respectively. The risk of death from lymphomas was lower compared with leukemia, hazard ratio=0.36 (P<0.01). The highest cumulated survival rate was found in the group 5 to 9 years old (61%), followed by the group 0 to 4 years old (48%) and the group 10 to 14 years old (41%), all results reaching statistical significance (P<0.01), and showing lower survival rates than the data from international literature. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rates for leukemia and lymphomas in Cali are lower compared with the data of developed countries, suggesting that there are deficiencies in early diagnosis and in access to medication and opportune treatment.