Acute sprint exercise transcriptome in human skeletal muscle.

AIM: To examine global gene expression response to profound metabolic and hormonal stress induced by acute sprint exercise. METHODS: Healthy men and women (n = 14) performed three all-out cycle sprints interspersed by 20 min recovery. Muscle biopsies were obtained before the first, and 2h and 20 min after last sprint. Microarray analysis was performed to analyse acute gene expression response and repeated blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: In skeletal muscle, a set of immediate early genes, FOS, NR4A3, MAFF, EGR1, JUNB were markedly upregulated after sprint exercise. Gene ontology analysis from 879 differentially expressed genes revealed predicted activation of various upstream regulators and downstream biofunctions. Gene signatures predicted an enhanced turnover of skeletal muscle mass after sprint exercise and some novel induced genes such as WNT9A, FZD7 and KLHL40 were presented. A substantial increase in circulating free fatty acids (FFA) was noted after sprint exercise, in parallel with upregulation of PGC-1A and the downstream gene PERM1 and gene signatures predicting enhanced lipid turnover. Increase in growth hormone and insulin in blood were related to changes in gene expressions and both hormones were predicted as upstream regulators. CONCLUSION: This is the first study reporting global gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to acute sprint exercise and several novel findings are presented. First, in line with that muscle hypertrophy is not a typical finding after a period of sprint training, both hypertrophy and atrophy factors were regulated. Second, systemic FFA and hormonal and exposure might be involved in the sprint exercise-induced changes in gene expression.

Effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on skeletal muscle gene expression in patients with severe heart failure.

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive treatment in which leg cuff compressions increase diastolic aortic pressure and coronary perfusion. EECP is offered to patients with refractory angina pectoris and increases physical capacity. Benefits in heart failure patients have been noted, but EECP is still considered to be experimental and its effects must be confirmed. The mechanism of action is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EECP on skeletal muscle gene expression and physical performance in patients with severe heart failure. Patients (n = 9) in NYHA III-IV despite pharmacological therapy were subjected to 35 h of EECP during 7 weeks. Before and after, lateral vastus muscle biopsies were obtained, and functional capacity was evaluated with a 6-min walk test. Skeletal muscle gene expression was evaluated using Affymetrix Hugene 1.0 arrays. Maximum walking distance increased by 15%, which is in parity to that achieved after aerobic exercise training in similar patients. Skeletal muscle gene expression analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed an increased expression of two networks of genes with FGF-2 and IGF-1 as central regulators. The increase in gene expression was quantitatively small and no overlap with gene expression profiles after exercise training could be detected despite adequate statistical power. EECP treatment leads to a robust improvement in walking distance in patients with severe heart failure and does induce a skeletal muscle transcriptional response, but this response is small and with no significant overlap with the transcriptional signature seen after exercise training.

Endothelial FoxO1 is an intrinsic regulator of thrombospondin 1 expression that restrains angiogenesis in ischemic muscle.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by chronic muscle ischemia. Compensatory angiogenesis is minimal within ischemic muscle despite an increase in angiogenic factors. This may occur due to the prevalence of angiostatic factors. Regulatory mechanisms that could evoke an angiostatic environment during ischemia are largely unknown. Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors, known to repress endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, are potential candidates. Our goal was to determine whether FoxO proteins promote an angiostatic phenotype within ischemic muscle. FoxO1 and the angiostatic matrix protein thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) were elevated in ischemic muscle from PAD patients, or from mice post-femoral artery ligation. Mice with conditional endothelial cell-directed deletion of FoxO proteins (Mx1Cre (+), FoxO1,3,4 (L/L) , referred to as FoxOΔ) were used to assess the role of endothelial FoxO proteins within ischemic tissue. FoxO deletion abrogated the elevation of FoxO1 and THBS1 proteins, enhanced hindlimb blood flow recovery and improved neovascularization in murine ischemic muscle. Endothelial cell outgrowth from 3D explant cultures was more robust in muscles derived from FoxOΔ mice. FoxO1 overexpression induced THBS1 production, and a direct interaction of endogenous FoxO1 with the THBS1 promoter was detectable in primary endothelial cells. We provide evidence that FoxO1 directly regulates THBS1 within ischemic muscle. Altogether, these findings bring novel insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the repression of angiogenesis within peripheral ischemic tissues.

Emergence of the sensory nervous system as defined by Foxs1 expression.

Peripheral sensory neurons are derived from two distinct structures, the ectodermal placodes and the neural crest. Here, we establish the forkhead family transcription factor Foxs1 as an early sensory neuronal marker. Early embryonic Foxs1 expression was present in all the sensory nervous system regardless of cellular origin, but was not found in other placode and neural crest-derived cell types. Foxs1 expression was turned on in the sensory neuron precursors of the trunk. Consistently, expression of Sox10, that is present in undifferentiated multipotent neural crest cells (NCCs), was mutually exclusive to Foxs1. Acquirement of Foxs1 expression was used to study the emergence of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. Migrating pioneering Foxs1 expressing NCCs were found at the anterior dorsal somitic lip at the 18-somite stage. These cells showed limited proliferation and migrated to form a cluster in the ventral aspect of the coalescing ganglion, surrounded by Foxs1(-)/Sox10(+) migrating NCCs retaining a high rate of proliferation. Sensory neurogenesis of the Foxs1(-)/Sox10(+) precursors occurred within the condensed DRG starting with neurogenin-1 (Ngn1) and Brn3a expression. These data define a sequential emergence of neuronal precursors of the sensory nervous system with different molecular characteristics, starting during migration and continuing well after DRG condensation.

The Runx1/AML1 transcription factor selectively regulates development and survival of TrkA nociceptive sensory neurons.

Neural crest cells (NCCs) can adopt different neuronal fates. In NCCs, neurogenin-2 promotes sensory specification but does not specify different subclasses of sensory neurons. Understanding the gene cascades that direct Trk gene activation may reveal mechanisms generating sensory diversity, because different Trks are expressed in different sensory neuron subpopulations. Here we show in chick and mouse that the Runt transcription factor Runx1 promotes axonal growth, is selectively expressed in neural crest-derived TrkA(+) sensory neurons and mediates TrkA transactivation in migratory NCCs. Inhibition of Runt activity depletes TrkA expression and leads to neuronal death. Moreover, Runx1 overexpression is incompatible with multipotency in the migratory neural crest but does not induce expression of pan-neuronal genes. Instead, Runx1-induced neuronal differentiation depends on an existing neurogenin2 proneural gene program. Our data show that Runx1 directs, in a context-dependent manner, key aspects of the establishment of the TrkA(+) nociceptive subclass of neurons.

Whole-genome expression profiling through fragment display and combinatorial gene identification.

There is a growing demand for highly parallel gene expression analysis with whole genome coverage, high sensitivity and high accuracy. Open systems such as differential display are capable of analyzing most of the expressed genome but are not quantitative and generally require manual identification of differentially expressed genes by sequencing. Closed systems such as microarrays use gene-specific probes and are, therefore, limited to studying specific genes in well-characterized species. Here, we describe Tangerine, a PCR-based system that combines the scope and generality of open systems with a robust and immediate identification algorithm using publicly available sequence information. By combinatorial analysis of three independent and complete DNA indexing profiles, each displaying the complete set of expressed transcripts on capillary electrophoresis, the method allows transcripts to be simultaneously quantified and identified. The method is sensitive, accurate and reproducible, and is amenable to high-throughput automated operation.