SEOR SBRT-SG stereotactic body radiation therapy consensus guidelines for non-spine bone metastasis.

The use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to treat non-spine bone metastases (NSBM) is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice. The clinical advantages of SBRT include good pain control and high local control rates, although only limited data are available. The Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR) SBRT group recently convened a task force of experts in the field to address key questions related to SBRT for NSBM, including treatment indications, planning, techniques, and dose fractionation. The task force reviewed the available literature to develop evidence-based recommendations for the safe application of NSBM SBRT and to standardize and optimize SBRT processes. The present document provides a comprehensive analysis of the available data, including ongoing clinical trials and controversies, providing clinically applicable recommendations.

Risk factors for lymphedema after breast surgery: A prospective cohort study in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy.

INTRODUCTION: The Objective was to investigate the incidence of lymphedema after breast cancer treatment and to analyze the risk factors involved in a tertiary level hospital. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal observational study over 3 years post-breast surgery. 232 patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer at our institution between September 2013 and February 2018. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND) were mandatory in this cohort. In total, 201 patients met the inclusion criteria and had a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 1-54 months). Lymphedema was diagnosed by circumferential measurements and truncated cone calculations. Patients and tumor characteristics, shoulder range of motion limitation and local and systemic therapies were analyzed as possible risk factors for lymphedema. RESULTS: Most cases of lymphedema appeared in the first 2 years. 13.9% of patients developed lymphedema: 31% after ALND and 4.6% after SLNB (p < 0.01), and 46.7% after mastectomy and 11.3% after breast-conserving surgery (p < 0.01). The lymphedema rate increased when axillary radiotherapy (RT) was added to radical surgery: 4.3% for SLNB alone, 6.7% for SLNB + RT, 17.6% for ALND alone, and 35.2% for ALND + RT (p < 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, the only risk factors associated with the development of lymphedema were ALND and mastectomy, which had hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 7.28 (2.92-18.16) and 3.9 (1.60-9.49) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The main risk factors for lymphedema were the more radical surgeries (ALND and mastectomy). The risk associated with these procedures appeared to be worsened by the addition of axillary radiotherapy. A follow-up protocol in patients with ALND lasting at least two years, in which special attention is paid to these risk factors, is necessary to guarantee a comprehensive control of lymphedema that provides early detection and treatment.

Long-term outcomes of spinal SBRT. Is it important to select the treatment time?

PURPOSE: SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) is widely used as a curative treatment in tumoral lesions and has become a fundamental tool for the treatment of spine metastasis. In this study, we present survival and toxicity outcomes of spine SBRT after a 2-year follow-up. METHODS/PATIENTS: Data from spine SBRT treatments performed at our institution between March 2012 and February 2020 was collected. Medical records, including demographic, primary tumor, and treatment characteristics were reviewed. Patient follow-up included clinical evaluation, imaging, and blood tests. Toxicity was recorded according to CTCAE v4.0. RESULTS: We analyzed 73 consecutive spine SBRT treatments in 60 patients. 39.7% of the cases had primary breast cancer and 23.3% had prostate cancer. Most cases (87.7%) were treated with a single SBRT fraction of 16 Gy. Median follow-up was 26.1 months (range 1.7-78.6), and 1- and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates were 96.9% and 84.2%, respectively. Local control (LC) rates at 1- and 2-years were 76.3% and 70.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified histology as a prognostic factor for both OS and LC. Patients who underwent spine SBRT 6 months after the spinal lesion diagnosis had LC at 2 years of 88%, vs 61.7% for those who underwent SBRT before this period. No grade III or higher toxicity was reported. The vertebral compression fracture (VCF) rate was 4.1%. CONCLUSION: Spine SBRT at our institution showed a 2-year LC of 70.6%, without G3 toxicities. Delaying SBRT at least 6 months to administer systemic treatment was related to an improvement in local control.

Are there enough radiation oncologists to lead the new Spanish radiotherapy?

AIM: Radiation oncology services in Spain are undergoing a process of technical modernization, but-in a context of increasing demand by an ageing population-it is unclear whether there are enough radiation oncologists to staff the newly equipped units. This study aims to assess the number of specialists working in radiation oncology services in Spain relative to current and future needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the second half of 2017, the Commission on Infrastructures of the Spanish Society for Radiation Oncology (SEOR) sent a questionnaire on radiation oncology staff to the heads of all 122 public (n = 76, 62%) and private (n = 46, 38%) radiation oncology services in Spain. Data collected were the number of professionals, their position, and their year of birth for specialists and residents in each service. In the descriptive analysis, for continuous variables we calculated means, standard deviations and ranges for each Spanish region and work post. For qualitative variables, we constructed frequency tables. All analyses were performed with R statistical software, version 3.5.1. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 100% among service heads across all 122 centers. The total number of radiation oncologists working in these centers is 721, or 15.4 per million population, with considerable variations between regions. Given the national recommendations to have 20 radiation oncologists per million population, there is currently a deficit of 204 specialists. If the 163 upcoming retirements are also taken into account, there will be 367 fewer radiation oncologists than required to meet the 25% increase in indications for radiotherapy projected for 2025. CONCLUSIONS: The classic model for calculating staff needs based on the number of treatments is outdated, and recommendations should be revised to reflect the current reality. A new model should integrate the most complex technological advances and emerging plans in radiotherapy, without neglecting the other activities carried out in radiation oncology services that are not directly linked to patient care.

Lectins from Eichornia crassipens and Lemna minor may be involved in Vibrio Cholerae El Tor adhesion.

Vibrio cholerae (Vc) has been isolated from roots of aquatic plants during epidemic or interepidemic periods. It has been suggested that the lectins from the roots of aquatic plants play a role as reservoirs of Vc. In this paper, we evaluated the activity of lectins from Lemna minor and Eichornia crassipens plants as potential mediators of the Vc strain El Tor (Vct). We found that Lemna minor extract showed high specificity towards blood groups O and B. Eichornia crassipens extract showed high specificity towards blood group A and O. Sugar competition experiments demonstrated that Lemna minor extract showed a high recognition to Neu5Ac (acid N acetyl neuraminic or sialic acid) and GlcNAc (N-acetyl D glucoseamine) in group B; and GlcNAc in group O. Eichornia crassipens, the recognition was that of GalNAc (N-acetyl-D-galactoseamine) and GlcNAc in group O; and Fuc (L-Fucose) and GlcNAc in group A. Lemna minor and Eichornia crassipens protein extracts (p-ext) increased Vct proliferation and protected to the red cells group O against the hemolytic activity of Vct. Both p-exts did not show any statistical significance on agglutination to Vct when compared to the results from phosphate buffer. According to the results, lectins present in roots may be involved in the proliferation and survival of Vct.

Infrastructure and equipment for radiation oncology in the Spanish National Health System: analysis of external beam radiotherapy 2015-2020

Purpose. Planning for radiation oncology requires reliable estimates of both demand for radiotherapy and availability of technological resources. This study compares radiotherapy resources in the 17 regions of the decentralised Spanish National Health System (SNHS). Materials and methods. The Sociedad Española de Oncología Radioterápica (SEOR) performed a cross-sectional survey of all Spanish radiation oncology services (ROS) in 2015. We collected data on SNHS radiotherapy units, recording the year of installation, specific features of linear accelerators (LINACs) and other treatment units, and radiotherapeutic techniques implemented by region. Any machine over 10 years old or lacking a multileaf collimator or portal imaging system was considered obsolete. We performed a k-means clustering analysis using the Hartigan-Wong method to test associations between the gross domestic regional product (GDRP), the number of LINACs per million population and the percentage of LINACs over 10 years old. Results. The SNHS controls 72 (61%) of the 118 Spanish ROS and has 180 LINACs, or 72.5% of the total public and private resources. The mean rate of LINACs per million population is 3.9 for public ROS, and 42% (n = 75) of the public accelerators were obsolete in 2015: 61 due to age and 14 due to technological capability. There was considerable regional variation in terms of the number and technological capacity of radiotherapy units; correlation between GRDP and resource availability was moderate. Conclusion. Despite improvements, new investments are still needed to replace obsolete units and increase access to modern radiotherapy. Regular analysis of ROS in each Spanish region is the only strategy for monitoring progress in radiotherapy capacity (AU)

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Infrastructure and equipment for radiation oncology in the Spanish National Health System: analysis of external beam radiotherapy 2015-2020.

PURPOSE: Planning for radiation oncology requires reliable estimates of both demand for radiotherapy and availability of technological resources. This study compares radiotherapy resources in the 17 regions of the decentralised Spanish National Health System (SNHS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Sociedad Española de Oncología Radioterápica (SEOR) performed a cross-sectional survey of all Spanish radiation oncology services (ROS) in 2015. We collected data on SNHS radiotherapy units, recording the year of installation, specific features of linear accelerators (LINACs) and other treatment units, and radiotherapeutic techniques implemented by region. Any machine over 10 years old or lacking a multileaf collimator or portal imaging system was considered obsolete. We performed a k-means clustering analysis using the Hartigan-Wong method to test associations between the gross domestic regional product (GDRP), the number of LINACs per million population and the percentage of LINACs over 10 years old. RESULTS: The SNHS controls 72 (61%) of the 118 Spanish ROS and has 180 LINACs, or 72.5% of the total public and private resources. The mean rate of LINACs per million population is 3.9 for public ROS, and 42% (n = 75) of the public accelerators were obsolete in 2015: 61 due to age and 14 due to technological capability. There was considerable regional variation in terms of the number and technological capacity of radiotherapy units; correlation between GRDP and resource availability was moderate. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements, new investments are still needed to replace obsolete units and increase access to modern radiotherapy. Regular analysis of ROS in each Spanish region is the only strategy for monitoring progress in radiotherapy capacity.

HPV perianal en pacientes HIV positivos: anoscopía magnificada y determinación de serotipos por biología molecular / Perianal HPV in HIV patients: high resolution anoscopy and virus type determination by molecular biology

Introducción: La incidencia de cáncer anal se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos años. La asociación de esta patología con la presencia de infección anal por el virus HPV permite identificar una población de riesgo, principalmente en pacientes con serología positiva para HIV y con prácticas homosexuales. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de lesiones perianales clínicas y subclínicas vinculables a la infección por HPV (virus del papiloma humano) en una población de individuos infectados por HIV (virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana). Material y Método: Entre el 1 de Noviembre de 2006 y 31 de Junio de 2007 se analizaron prospectivamente 33 pacientes con diagnóstico de HIV, 60 por ciento sexo femenino, edad media de 40 años (r = 19-62). Las variables en estudio fueron edad, sexo, recuento de CD4, nadir de CD4, carga viral, antecedentes de HPV previo, hábito sexual, tratamiento antirretroviral, HIV status, antecedentes de ETS (Enfermedades de transmisión sexual), inspección y anoscopía, anoscopía magnificada, citología, biopsia, serotipo de riesgo, tratamiento. Resultados: Los resultados genéticos confirmaron 54.5 por ciento (18) casos de infección; correspondiendo 77.7 por ciento a cepas de bajo riesgo y 22.2 por ciento a cepas de alto riesgo. La inspección y anoscopía simple mostró lesión sospechosa de HPV en 30 por ciento de los pacientes y la anoscopía magnificada en el 45 por ciento de los pacientes. La citología mostró lesión sugestiva de HPV en 36.3 por ciento y atipía citológica en 27.2 por ciento. Las biopsias revelaron 27.2 por ciento de lesiones típicas de condiloma, 18.2 por ciento de lesiones AIN (neoplasia intraepitelial anal) y 3 por ciento de hiperparaqueratosis. La sensibilidad y especificidad para la inspección, anoscopía magnificada y cepillado fue de 44.4 por ciento, 72 por ciento y 77 por ciento; y de 86 por ciento, y 53.3 por ciento respectivamente...

Background: The incidence of anal cancer has increased in the last years. The association between anal cancer and HPV anal infection let us identify a risk population, principally HIV patients with men sexual men practices. Aim: To asses the incidence of anal and perianal lesions associated with HPV (human papillomavirus) infection in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) positive patients. Material and Methods: Between 1 November 2006, to 31 June 2007, 33 patients with positive serology for HIV infection were prospectively analyzed, 60 per cent females, median age 40 years (r = 19-62). The variables included in the study were age, gender, CD4 recount, CD4 nadir, viral charge, HPV previous history, sexual habits, type of retroviral treatment, HIV status, sexually transmitted disease history, simple anoscopy, high resolution anoscopy, pap cytology, pathology results, viral HPV type, treatment. Results: Genetic reports informed 54,5 per cent (18) of positive HPV patients, 77,7 per cent low risk viral type and 22 per cent of high risk. Inspection and conventional anoscopy showed 30 per cent of suspicious HPV lesions and high resolution anoscopy 45 per cent of them. Citology report informed 36,3 per cent of cellular changes associated with HPV infections and 27,2 per cent of atypia. The pathology report confirmed 27,2 per cent of typical HPV warms, 18,2 per cent of AIN (anal intraepithelial neoplasia) and 3 per cent of ASCUS (anal squamous cells of uncertain significance). Inspection and conventional anoscopy, high resolution anoscopy and citology by anal brushing showed sensibility and specificity of 44,4 per cent, 72 per cent and 77 per cent and 86 per cent, 86 per cent, 53,3 per cent respectively. Conclusions: HPV anal and perianal infection in HIV patients is frequent independently of sexual habits. High resolution Anoscopy and molecular diagnostic with viral type determination allow us to find sub clinical lesions of risk.

Mutant p53 protein in serum could be used as a molecular marker in human breast cancer.

p53 wild-type is a tumor suppressor gene involved in DNA gene transcription or DNA repair mechanisms. When damage to DNA is unrepairable, p53 induces programmed cell death (apoptosis). The mutant p53 gene is the most frequent molecular alteration in human cancer, including breast cancer. Here, we analyzed the genetic alterations in p53 oncogene expression in 55 patients with breast cancer at different stages and in 8 normal women. We measured by ELISA assay the serum levels of p53 mutant protein and p53 antibodies. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR using specific p53 primers as well as mutation detection by DNA sequencing were also evaluated in breast tumor tissue. Serological p53 antibody analysis detected 0/8 (0%), 0/4 (0%) and 9/55 (16.36%) positive cases in normal women, in patients with benign breast disease and in breast carcinoma, respectively. We found positive p53 mutant in the sera of 0/8 (0.0%) normal women, 0/4 (0%) with benign breast disease and 29/55 (52.72%) with breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry evaluation was positive in 29/55 (52.73%) with mammary carcinoma and 0/4 (0%) with benign breast disease. A very good correlation between p53 mutant protein detected in serum and p53 accumulation by immunohistochemistry (83.3% positive in both assays) was found in this study. These data suggest that detection of mutated p53 could be a useful serological marker for diagnostic purposes.

Comparacion entre la mortalidad por infarto del miocardio en una unidad de cuidados intensivos y una sala de medicina interna. / Comparison of mortality due to myocardial infarction in patients of an intensive care unit and in an internal medicine ward

Se revisa la literatura sobre la eficacia de las unidades de cuidados intensivos y coronarios en el tratamiento del infarto del miocardio encontrandose una situacion controvertida. Se presenta un estudio retrospectivo efectuado en un hospital de la ciudad de Mexico en el que se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes con infarto del miocardio durante dos anos. Basandose en varios criterios fueron seleccionados 114 pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio, de los cuales 89 fueron tratados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y 25 en salas de medicina interna. Veintiocho por ciento de los tratados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos fallecieron, mientras que en el grupo de comparacion la mortalidad fue de 72%. La diferencia es estadisticamente significativa (p < 0,0l).Los resultados son discutidos en funcion de la metodologia utilizada y en relacion con estudios previos