RESUMO
The evolutionary relationships of Salvia have been difficult to estimate. In this study, we used the Next Generation Sequencing method Hyb-Seq to evaluate relationships among 90 Lamiaceae samples, including representatives of Mentheae, Ocimeae, Salvia subgenera Audibertia, Leonia, Salvia, and 69 species of subgenus Calosphace, representing 32 of Epling's sections. A bait set was designed in MarkerMiner using available transcriptome data to enrich 119 variable nuclear loci. Nuclear and chloroplast loci were assembled with hybphylomaker (HPM), followed by coalescent approach analyses for nuclear data (ASTRAL, BEAST) and a concatenated Maximum Likelihood analysis of chloroplast loci. The HPM assembly had an average of 1,314,368 mapped reads for the sample and 527 putative exons. Phylogenetic inferences resolved strongly supported relationships for the deep-level nodes, agreeing with previous hypotheses which assumed that subgenus Audibertia is sister to subgenus Calosphace. Within subgenus Calosphace, we recovered eight monophyletic sections sensu Epling, Cardinalis, Hastatae, Incarnatae, and Uricae in all the analyses (nDNA and cpDNA), Biflorae, Lavanduloideae, and Sigmoideae in nuclear analyses (ASTRAL, BEAST) and Curtiflorae in ASTRAL trees. Network analysis supports deep node relationships, some of the main clades, and recovers reticulation within the core Calosphace. The chloroplast phylogeny resolved deep nodes and four monophyletic Calosphace sections. Placement of S. axillaris is distinct in nuclear evidence and chloroplast, as sister to the rest of the S. subg. Calosphace in chloroplast and a clade with "Hastatae clade" sister to the rest of the subgenus in nuclear evidence. We also tested the monophyly of S. hispanica, S. polystachia, S. purpurea, and S. tiliifolia, including two samples of each, and found that S. hispanica and S. purpurea are monophyletic. Our baits can be used in future studies of Lamiaceae phylogeny to estimate relationships between genera and among species. In this study, we presented a Hyb-Seq phylogeny for complex, recently diverged Salvia, which could be implemented in other Lamiaceae.
RESUMO
Fusarium pseudocircinatum is the main causal agent of big-leaf mahogany malformation disease (BLMMD) of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Mexico. Although, BLMMD is the most important disease for this high-value timber species, there is a lack of information on the genetic variation present in geographically diverse isolates of F. pseudocircinatum. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of populations of F. pseudocircinatum causing BLMMD in the central western region of Mexico. A total of 611 big-leaf mahogany trees were inspected at eight sites in four states (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco and Michoacán); of these, 42.7% showed malformation symptoms similar to those of BLMMD. Of 374 Fusarium isolates that were recovered, 277 were identified as F. pseudocircinatum, 56 were F. mexicanum, and 41 were Fusarium spp. An ISSR analysis of the F. pseudocircinatum isolates generated 51 bands of which 38 were polymorphic (76.8%) with a mean of 17 bands per primer. A total of 87 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified. Nei's genetic diversity analysis showed that the isolates had a high genetic diversity average (0.147), with values ranging from 0.070 to 0.365 depending of the geographical location. An analysis of molecular variance revealed that the variation within the populations was low (27.36%), while the variation within MLGs was significant (72.64%), indicating genetic flow. Overall, the genetic variability of F. pseudocircinatum populations was high and the MLGs from Colima (Colima) and Gabriel Zamora (Michoacán) were placed centrally, which possibly is evidence of ancestry and indicates its dispersion routes in the central western region of Mexico.
