Data on treatment of nafcillin and ampicillin antibiotics in water by sonochemistry.

Ampicillin and nafcillin antibiotics were treated by high frequency ultrasound (at 375 kHz and 24.4 W). Degradations followed pseudo-first order kinetics, which constants were k: 0.0323 min-1 for AMP and k: 0.0550 min-1 for NAF. Accumulation of sonogenerated hydrogen peroxide and inhibition degree of sonochemical removal (IDS) in presence of a radical scavenger were also stablished. Afterwards, ultrasound was combined with UVC light (sono-photolysis), with ferrous ion (sono-Fenton), and with ferrous ion plus UVC light (sono-photo-Fenton) to degrade the antibiotics. Furthermore, treatment of the pollutants in a complex matrix and removal of antimicrobial activity (AA) were considered. The antibiotics evolution was followed by HPLC-DAD technique and the accumulation of sonogenerated H2O2 was measured by an iodometry-spectrophotometry methodology (77.6 and 57.3 µmol L-1 of H2O2 after 30 min of sonication were accumulated in presence of AMP and NAF, respectively). IDS was analyzed through treatment of the antibiotics in presence of 2-propanol (87.1% for AMP and 56 % for NAF) and considering the hydrophobic character of pollutants (i.e., Log P values). Antimicrobial activity evolution was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method using Staphylococcus aureus as indicator microorganism (sono-photo-Fenton process removed 100% of AA after 60 and 20 min for AMP and NAF, respectively). Finally, for degradations in the complex matrix, a simulated effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant was utilized (sono-photo-Fenton led to degradations higher than 90 % at 60 min of treatment for both antibiotics). The data from the present work can be valuable for people researching on treatment of wastewaters containing antibiotics, application of advanced oxidation technologies and combination of sonochemical process with photochemical systems.

Degradation of the emerging concern pollutant ampicillin in aqueous media by sonochemical advanced oxidation processes - Parameters effect, removal of antimicrobial activity and pollutant treatment in hydrolyzed urine.

This work presents the degradation of ampicillin (a highly consumed ß-lactam antibiotic) in aqueous media by sonochemical advanced oxidation processes. Initially, effects of frequency, power and operation mode (continuous vs. pulsed) on the antibiotic degradation by sonochemistry were analyzed. Then, under the suitable operational conditions, pollutant degradation and antimicrobial activity (AA) evolution were monitored. Afterwards, computational calculations were done to establish the possible attacks by the hydroxyl radical to the ampicillin structure. Additionally, the antibiotic degradation in synthetic hydrolyzed urine by ultrasound was performed. Finally, the combination of sonochemistry with Fenton (sono-Fenton) and photo-Fenton (sono-photo-Fenton) was evaluated. Our research showed that ampicillin removal was favored at low frequency, high power (i.e., 375 kHz, 24.4 W) and continuous mode (exhibiting an initial degradation rate of 0.78 µM min-1). Interestingly, ampicillin degradation in the hydrolyzed urine by sonochemistry alone was favored by matrix components (i.e., the pollutant showed a degradation rate in urine higher than in distilled water). The sonochemical process decreased the antimicrobial activity from the treated water (100% removal after 75 min of treatment), which was related to attacks of hydroxyl radical on active nucleus (the computational analysis showed high electron density on sulfur, oxygen and carbon atoms belonging to the penicillin core). Sono-photo-Fenton system achieved the fastest degradation and highest mineralization of the pollutant (40% of organic carbon removal at 180 min of treatment). All these aspects reveal the good possibility of sonochemical advanced oxidation technologies application for the treatment of antibiotics even in complex aqueous matrices such as hydrolyzed urine.

Sonochemical degradation of antibiotics from representative classes-Considerations on structural effects, initial transformation products, antimicrobial activity and matrix.

In this work, the sonochemical treatment (at 354 kHz and 88 W L-1) of six relevant antibiotics belonging to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), penicillins (oxacillin and cloxacillin) and cephalosporins (cephalexin and cephadroxyl) classes was evaluated. Firstly, the ability of the process to eliminate them was tested, showing that sonodegradation of these antibiotics is strongly chemical structure-dependent. Thus, correlations among initial degradation rate of pollutants (Rd), solubility in water (Sw), water-octanol partition coefficient (Log P) and topological polar surface area (TPSA) were tested. Rd exhibited a good correlation with Log P (i.e., the hydrophobicity degree of antibiotics). The considered penicillins had the fastest elimination and from the constitutional analysis using Lemke method was clear that the functional groups arrangement on these antibiotics made them highly hydrophobics. The penicillins were degraded closer at cavitation bubble than the fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins. The investigation of degradation products showed that sonogenerated hydroxyl radical primary attacked the ß-lactam ring of cloxacillin and cephalexin, whereas on norfloxacin induced a decarboxylation. On the other hand, the evolution of antimicrobial activity was also followed. It was evidenced the process capacity to remove antimicrobial activity from treated solutions, which was associated to the transformations of functional groups on antibiotics with important role for interaction with bacteria. Additionally, degradation of antibiotics having the highest (the most hydrophobic, i.e., cloxacillin) and lowest (the most hydrophilic, i.e., cephadroxyl) Rd, was performed in synthetic matrices (hospital wastewater and seawater). Ultrasound degraded both antibiotics; for cloxacillin in such waters higher eliminations than in distilled water were observed (probably due to a salting-out effect exerted by matrix components). Meanwhile, for cephadroxyl a moderate inhibition of degradation in hospital wastewater and seawater respect to distilled water was found, this was related to competition by hydroxyl radical of the other substances in the matrices. These results show the quite selectivity of high frequency ultrasound to eliminate antibiotics form different classes even in complex matrices.

Seguimiento a mujeres con resultado citológico positivo en una Empresa Social del Estado. Medellín, Colombia. 2011- 2012 / Monitoring of women with positive cytological result in a state-owned company, Medellín, Colombia, 2011- 2012 / Acompanhamento a mulheres com resultado citológico positivo em uma empresa do estado. Medellín, Colômbia. 2011- 2012

Resumen En Colombia el cáncer cérvico-uterino (Cacu) es una de las principales causas de muerte. Anualmente se diagnostican 7.000 casos y se registran 3.300 muertes, el 50% por diagnóstico tardío y falta de acceso a tratamientos especializados. Objetivo: describir el seguimiento a mujeres con resultado citológico positivo en una ESE de Medellín, 2011-2012. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal en 277 mujeres con resultado citológico positivo para lesiones sugestivas de alto grado y/o alteraciones glandulares. Se empleó muestreo estratificado y sistemático. Se utilizaron fuentes de información primaria y secundaria. La sistematización de datos se realizó en el programa SPSS, y se calcularon medidas de frecuencia, tendencia central y dispersión. Se empleó análisis descriptivo uni-bivariado para variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con la atención recibida. Resultados: el 10,7% de mujeres con lesiones de alto grado o invasoras no culminaron el tratamiento. La oportunidad total del seguimiento fue del 52,3% y las fases con mayores tiempos de espera para la atención fueron las citas para diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: A pesar de los esfuerzos para mejorar la cobertura del cribado y búsqueda activa de pacientes con citología positiva evidenciada en el estudio aún se presentan obstáculos en la atención de pacientes para un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, lo que lleva en varios casos al avance de la enfermedad e incluso la muerte.

Abstract In Colombia, the Cervical Cancer (CC) is one of leading causes of cancer death in women. Annually 7,000 cases and 3,300 deaths are diagnosed; from which the 50% have been recorded died for late diagnosis and lack of access to specialized treatments. Objective:This study aims to monitor women who have had a positive cytological results in a state-owned company in Medellin from 2011 to 2012. Methodology:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 277 women who had positive cytological results for lesions suggestive of high grade and/or glandular disorders. This research used stratified systematic sampling, and primary and secondary information sources. SPSS was implemented to systematize data like frequency, central tendency, and dispersion measurements were calculated. A descriptive univariate-bivariate analysis was implemented for sociodemographic and clinical related variables, and those related to the healthcare subjects received. Results:10.7% of women with high grade or invasive lesions did not complete the treatment. The total monitoring opportunity was 52.3%, and the phases with the longest-waiting times were waiting for appointments for diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: Despite efforts to improve screening coverage and to actively seek patients with a positive cytology evidenced in the study, there are still obstacles that impede patients' prompt diagnosis and treatment, and this is something that in various cases leads to the progression of the disease and even death.

Resumo Na Colômbia, o câncer cérvico-uterino (Cacu) é uma das principais causas de morte. Na atualidade, diagnosticam-se 7.000 casos e registram-se 3.300 mortes. 50% das mortes acontece por diagnóstico tardio e falta de aceso a tratamentos especializados. Objetivo: descrever o acompanhamento a mulheres com resultado citológico positivo em uma Empresa Social do Estado (ESSE) de Medellín, 2011-2012. Metodologia: estudo descritivo transversal em 277 mulheres com resultado citológico positivo para lesões sugestivas de alto grau e/ou alterações glandulares. Utilizou-se amostragem estratificada e sistemática. Consultaram-se fontes de informação primárias e secundárias. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS para sistematizar os dados, e calcularam-se medidas de frequência, tendência central e dispersão. Fez-se análise descritiva uni-bivariada para variáveis sócio-demográficas, clínicas e relacionadas com o atendimento recebido. Resultados: 10,7% das mulheres com lesões de alto grau ou invasoras terminaram o tratamento. A oportunidade total do acompanhamento foi de 52,3% e as fases com tempos de espera mais prolongados para o atendimento foram as consultas diagnósticas e o tratamento. Conclusão: apesar dos esforços para aumentar a percentagem de detecção e para buscar ativamente pacientes com citologia positiva evidenciada, no estudo se evidenciam obstáculos no atendimento de pacientes para seu diagnóstico e tratamento oportunos, ocasionando o avanço da doença e até a morte em vários casos.