Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound, Contrast-enhanced CT, and Conventional MRI for Differentiating Leiomyoma From Leiomyosarcoma.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether uterine leiomyoma can be distinguished from uterine leiomyosarcoma on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without diffusion-weighted imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained and informed consent was waived for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant retrospective case-control diagnostic accuracy study. All subjects with resected uterine leiomyosarcoma diagnosed over a 17-year period (1998-2014) at a single institution for whom pre-resection US (n = 10), CT (n = 11), or MRI (n = 7) was available were matched by tumor size and imaging modality with 28 subjects with resected uterine leiomyoma. Six blinded radiologists (three attendings, three residents) assigned 5-point Likert scores for the following features: (1) margins, (2) necrosis, (3) hemorrhage, (4) vascularity, (5) calcifications, (6) heterogeneity, and (7) likelihood of malignancy (primary end point). Mean suspicion scores were calculated and receiver operating characteristic curves were generated. The ability of individual morphologic features to predict malignancy was assessed with logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean suspicion scores were 2.5 ± 1.2 (attendings) and 2.4 ± 1.3 (residents) for leiomyoma, and 2.7 ± 1.3 (attendings) and 2.7 ± 1.4 (residents) for leiomyosarcoma. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (range: 0.330-0.685) were not significantly different from chance, either overall (P = .36-.88) or by any modality (P = .28-.96), for any reader. Reader experience had no effect on diagnostic accuracy. No morphologic parameter was significantly predictive of malignancy (P = .10-.97). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine leiomyoma cannot be differentiated accurately from leiomyosarcoma on US, CT, or MRI without diffusion-weighted imaging.

Interobserver Variation in Cerebellar Tonsillar Tip Localization: Comparison of 3 Different Osseous Landmarks on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PURPOSE: The aim was to evaluate the interobserver agreement in the assessment of cerebellar tonsil position on sagittal magnetic resonance imaging using 3 different osseous landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study consisted of brain magnetic resonance imagings performed at our institution in patients with and without Chiari I malformation between January 2010 and 2012. Sagittal T1-weighted images were reviewed by 2 senior board-certified neuroradiologists (blinded to underlying clinical diagnosis) with measurement of both cerebellar tonsillar positions based on lines drawn perpendicular from the tonsillar tip to the foramen magnum [FM] line, C1 line, and C2 line. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Interobserver variation between the readers was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 320 cerebellar tonsils on 160 patients, 50 with Chiari I malformations, and 110 control subjects without Chiari I malformation were evaluated. The Spearman correlation coefficients for the entire cohort were 0.86 (FM), 0.94 (C1), and 0.90 (C2). Bland-Altman analysis for the entire cohort showed the best interobserver agreement for C1 line (-0.3 mm bias) and the least for C2 line (4.6 mm bias). The Intraclass correlation coefficients for all patients were 0.84 (FM), 0.92 (C1), and 0.54 (C2). The least bias and highest correlation coefficients were also seen individually in the Chiari and non-Chiari cohorts with the C1 technique. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of cerebellar tonsillar position using a C1 arch landmark may be superior to the currently more commonly used FM-based landmark with lesser interobserver variability and higher interobserver correlation.

Postoperative and postradiation head and neck: role of magnetic resonance imaging.

Interpretation of head and neck imaging after treatment for malignancy poses a challenge even for the experienced neuroradiologist. While computed tomography is often the preferred modality for assessment of the head and neck due to its faster acquisition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior in the evaluation of nasopharyngeal, sinonasal and skull base tumors. In this article, we review pretherapy imaging protocols, common surgical approaches and reconstructions, postsurgical and postradiation MRI appearance and complications, MRI criteria for tumor recurrence and clinical applications of advanced MRI techniques as applicable to head and neck tumors.

Secondary parathyromatosis in a patient with normal kidney function: review of diagnostic modalities and approaches to management.

OBJECTIVE: To present a patient with secondary parathyromatosis, a rare complication of parathyroidectomy, and to discuss issues currently pertinent to its diagnosis and management. METHODS: Data were derived from clinical and pathologic observations obtained during patient care. RESULTS: The index patient developed intractable hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia that has persisted after 4 surgical procedures and has remained largely resistant to medication, albeit with partial amelioration with combined bisphosphonate and cinacalcet. CONCLUSION: Despite the rarity of this difficult complication of parathyroidectomy, its iatrogenic basis emphasizes a need for heightened awareness and caution among surgeons and endocrinologists. Herein we report an instance of intractable secondary parathyromatosis in a patient with normal kidney function, and we review current approaches to diagnosis and management.

Angiogenic biomarkers for prediction of maternal and neonatal complications in suspected preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if maternal serum angiogenic factors predict maternal and neonatal complications in women presenting to an acute care setting with suspected preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal serum samples were prospectively collected from women with suspected preeclampsia at the time of initial presentation to hospital triage with signs or symptoms of preeclampsia. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble endoglin (sEng) were measured by ELISA. The primary outcome was a composite of maternal and neonatal complications. RESULTS: Of 276 women with suspected preeclampsia, 78 developed maternal or neonatal complications. Among women presenting prior to 37 weeks gestation, sFlt1, PlGF, and sEng were significantly different in women who developed maternal and neonatal complications as compared to women without complications. Higher levels of sFlt1, sEng, and the sFlt1:PlGF ratio were associated with an increased odds of complications among women presenting prior to 37 weeks. A multivariable model combining the sFlt1:PlGF ratio with clinical variables was more predictive of complications (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.97) than a model using clinical variables alone (AUC 0.82, 95% CI 0.79-0.90). CONCLUSION: Angiogenic biomarkers associate with maternal and neonatal complications in women with suspected preeclampsia, and may be useful for risk stratification.