RESUMO
Background: Canadians are increasingly engaging in medial tourism. The purpose of this study was to review Canadians' experiences with travelling abroad for cosmetic surgery, including primary motivations for seeking care outside of Canada. Methods: A qualitative analysis was conducted using semistructured interviews following a pre-determined topic guide. People who had undergone cosmetic surgery outside of Canada were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and coded to determine motivational themes. Patients were recruited until thematic saturation was achieved. Results: Thematic saturation was achieved after recruitment of 11 patients. The most common motivational themes identified in this study for seeking cosmetic surgery outside of Canada included cost, post-operative care provided, marketing/customer service, and word-of-mouth. Member checking and theory triangulation were validation techniques used to verify identified themes. Mexico was the most common location for cosmetic tourism. The most common procedures were breast augmentation, mastopexy, and abdominoplasty. Participants gathered pre- and post-operative information primarily through pamphlets and contact with surgeons' offices. Follow-up was only available for half of the participants in this study, and only 5 of the participants felt that they had received informed consent. Conclusions: The majority of participants engaged in cosmetic tourism due to cost reasons and the level of post-operative care provided.
Historique: Les Canadiens font de plus en plus de tourisme médical. La présente étude vise à analyser les expériences des Canadiens qui se rendent à l'étranger pour recevoir des soins de chirurgie esthétique, y compris leur motivation primaire à faire ce choix. Méthodologie: Les chercheurs ont effectué une analyse qualitative au moyen d'entrevues semi-structurées selon un guide de sujets préétablis auprès de personnes ayant subi des chirurgies esthétiques hors du Canada. Les entrevues ont été transcrites et codées pour en tirer les thèmes. Des patients ont été recrutés jusqu'à ce que tous les thèmes aient été abordés. Résultats: Onze patients ont été recrutés pour parvenir au point de saturation des thèmes. Les principales motivations pour obtenir une chirurgie esthétique hors du Canada incluaient les coûts, les soins postopératoires reçus, les services de marketing et à la clientèle et le bouche-à-oreille. Les chercheurs ont utilisé la vérification des membres et la triangulation des théories pour vérifier les thèmes établis. Le tourisme esthétique avait surtout lieu au Mexique. Les interventions les plus courantes étaient l'augmentation mammaire, la mastopexie et l'abdominoplastie. Les participants accumulaient l'information préopératoire et postopératoire d'abord à l'aide de dépliants et de contacts au bureau des chirurgiens. Seulement la moitié des participants à l'étude ont eu accès au suivi, et seulement cinq ont eu l'impression d'avoir donné leur consentement éclairé. Conclusions: La majorité des participants faisaient du tourisme esthétique pour une question d'argent et pour le taux de soins postopératoires fournis.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study are to (1) determine whether fixation of metastatic long bone fractures with an intramedullary nail (IMN) influences the incidence of lung metastasis in comparison to arthroplasty or ORIF (Arthro/ORIF); and (2) assess this relationship in primary tumor types; and (3) to assess survival implications of lung metastasis after surgery. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study investigating 184 patients (107 IMN, and 77 Arthro/ORIF) surgically treated for metastatic long bone fractures. Patients were required to have a single surgically treated impending or established pathologic fracture of a long bone, pre-operative lung imaging (lung radiograph or computed tomography) and post-operative lung imaging within 6 months of surgery. Primary cancer types included were breast (n = 70), lung (n = 43), prostate (n = 34), renal cell (n = 37). Statistical analyses were conducted using two-tailed Fisher's exact tests, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. RESULTS: Patients treated with IMN and Arthro/ORIF developed new or progressive lung metastases following surgery at an incidence of 34 and 26%, respectively. Surgical method did not significantly influence lung metastasis (p = 0.33). Furthermore, an analysis of primary cancer subgroups did not yield any differences between IMN vs Arthro/ORIF. Median survival for the entire cohort was 11 months and 1-year overall survival was 42.7% (95% CI: 35.4-49.8). Regardless of fixation method, the presence of new or progressive lung metastatic disease at follow up imaging study was found to have a negative impact on patient survival (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, development or progression of metastatic lung disease was not affected by long bone stabilization strategy. IM manipulation of metastatic long bone fractures therefore may not result in a clinically relevant increase in metastatic lung burden. The results of this study also suggest that lung metastasis within 6 months of surgery for metastatic long bone lesions is negatively associated with patient survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, therapeutic study.
