Alimentos cárnicos y huevos: perfil de consumo en adultos mayores ambulatorios / Food meat and eggs: consumption profile in elderly outpatients

En los Adultos Mayores (AM) el acceso a una alimentación adecuada es primordial para mantener la salud, disminuir el efecto de las enfermedades y contribuir a preservar la independencia. Nutrientes fundamentales como las proteínas de alto valor biológico, vitaminas y minerales son aportadas por el grupo de huevos, carnes y sus derivados.Objetivos: Describir el perfil de consumo de alimentos del grupo de huevos, carnes y derivados, de los AM; evaluar si existen asociaciones en el perfil de consumo según edad, sexo, nivel educacional y convivencia. Métodos: Universo: todos los AM≥60 años ambulatorios, beneficiarios del programa ProBienestar, de Córdoba capital. Muestreo estratificado de centros de jubilados; muestra aleatoria de cada centro (n 451 AM). Instrumento: Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos. Categorías: consumo Habitual (1 a 7 días/semana), consumo Ocasional (1 a 3 días/mes) y Nulo (no consume). Resultados: el consumo habitual (CH) prevaleció para carnes de res 93% y de aves 85%; pescados sólo 19%. El 56% no consumía pescados nunca. Para los huevos, el CH fue de 76%. Entre las vísceras preponderó el consumo ocasional (CO) siendo el hígado la más consumida (30%); igual que para embutidos: morcilla, chorizo, salchicha, mortadela y salame; y fiambres: paleta. El CO de corazón y riñón prevaleció entre los varones, y el de fiambres/embutidos fue mayor en los AM que vivían acompañados. Conclusiones: las carnes bovina y de ave (pollo), y huevos fueron los alimentos proteicos más consumidos por los AM del programa ProBienestar, Córdoba capital. El sexo se asoció al consumo de vísceras y la convivencia al de fiambres/embutidos. A excepción dehuevos y conservas de pescado (en escasa cantidad), el resto no integran el módulo alimentario otorgado a los AM del programa, no obstante los alimentos cárneos son consumidos habitualmente por esta población de bajos ingresos.(AU)

Alimentos cárnicos y huevos: perfil de consumo en adultos mayores ambulatorios / Food meat and eggs: consumption profile in elderly outpatients

En los Adultos Mayores (AM) el acceso a una alimentación adecuada es primordial para mantener la salud, disminuir el efecto de las enfermedades y contribuir a preservar la independencia. Nutrientes fundamentales como las proteínas de alto valor biológico, vitaminas y minerales son aportadas por el grupo de huevos, carnes y sus derivados.Objetivos: Describir el perfil de consumo de alimentos del grupo de huevos, carnes y derivados, de los AM; evaluar si existen asociaciones en el perfil de consumo según edad, sexo, nivel educacional y convivencia. Métodos: Universo: todos los AM≥60 años ambulatorios, beneficiarios del programa ProBienestar, de Córdoba capital. Muestreo estratificado de centros de jubilados; muestra aleatoria de cada centro (n 451 AM). Instrumento: Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos. Categorías: consumo Habitual (1 a 7 días/semana), consumo Ocasional (1 a 3 días/mes) y Nulo (no consume). Resultados: el consumo habitual (CH) prevaleció para carnes de res 93% y de aves 85%; pescados sólo 19%. El 56% no consumía pescados nunca. Para los huevos, el CH fue de 76%. Entre las vísceras preponderó el consumo ocasional (CO) siendo el hígado la más consumida (30%); igual que para embutidos: morcilla, chorizo, salchicha, mortadela y salame; y fiambres: paleta. El CO de corazón y riñón prevaleció entre los varones, y el de fiambres/embutidos fue mayor en los AM que vivían acompañados. Conclusiones: las carnes bovina y de ave (pollo), y huevos fueron los alimentos proteicos más consumidos por los AM del programa ProBienestar, Córdoba capital. El sexo se asoció al consumo de vísceras y la convivencia al de fiambres/embutidos. A excepción dehuevos y conservas de pescado (en escasa cantidad), el resto no integran el módulo alimentario otorgado a los AM del programa, no obstante los alimentos cárneos son consumidos habitualmente por esta población de bajos ingresos.

The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by peritoneal cells.

Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that TNF plays a critical role in mediating the TCDD-induced enhanced inflammatory response to intraperitoneal (i.p.) sheep red blood cells. The current studies were designed to evaluate the effects of TCDD on TNF production by ex-vivo peritoneal cells and a peritoneal macrophage cell line (IC-21) stimulated with LPS. In support of the hypothesis that TCDD can act directly on the peritoneal macrophage to increase TNF production, following pretreatment with TCDD, both ex-vivo peritoneal cells and IC-21 cells produced increased levels of bioactive TNF when stimulated with LPS. Flow cytometric analyses of IC-21 cells indicate that TCDD exposure increases intracellular production and secretion of TNF but does not alter levels of membrane associated TNF.

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor activity fails to restore 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced suppression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) immunotoxicity is characterized in part by a profound suppression in T cell-dependent antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC); however the mechanisms involved in antibody suppression are not fully understood. Recent studies from several different laboratories have suggested that increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity may mediate some of the toxicity associated with TCDD exposure. The current studies were designed to evaluate the role TNF plays in TCDD-induced suppression of the antibody response. We examined the effects of exogenous TNF alpha and the effects of blocking TNF activity with a soluble TNF receptor (rhuTNFR:Fc) on antibody production in control and TCDD exposed C57B1/6 mice. Results indicate that under certain conditions, increased TNF can suppress antibody production to SRBC, but TNF does not appear to mediate TCDD-induced antibody suppression.

Acute inflammatory response to sheep red blood cells in mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: the role of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1 and TNF.

Recent studies have demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure of C57Bl/6 mice results in an enhanced inflammatory response to intraperitoneal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This response is characterized by an increase in total peritoneal cells (PEC) as well as an increase in relative and absolute numbers of neutrophils (PMN) harvested 16 to 40 hr following injection of SRBC. The mechanisms whereby TCDD increases cellular influx are unknown. In the present studies, the role of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in TCDD-induced hyperinflammation was examined. Intraperitoneal administration of recombinant IL-1 beta (0.4 U) or TNF alpha (10 ng) resulted in an enhanced peritoneal inflammatory response compared to phosphate-buffered saline-injected control animals measured 20 hr following injection of SRBC. The effect of exogenous cytokines mimicked the effects of exposure to 5 micrograms/kg TCDD. When endogenous IL-1 activity was blocked using an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 1 mg every 3 hr), the PMN influx was significantly decreased in control animals but not in animals exposed to 20 micrograms/kg TCDD. When endogenous TNF activity was blocked using a TNF-soluble receptor (rhuTNFR:Fc, 100 micrograms), the numbers of total PEC and macrophages (MAC) harvested from control mice were reduced, while in mice exposed to 20 micrograms/kg TCDD, inhibition of TNF activity dramatically reduced the numbers of PEC, MAC, and PMN. Following rhTNFR:Fc treatment, there was no difference between TCDD-treated and control mice in inflammatory cell influx. These results demonstrate that TNF plays a major role in mediating TCDD-induced hyperinflammation. In support of this conclusion, a dose-dependent increase in plasma TNF alpha was measured by ELISA in TCDD-treated mice following SRBC injection.

Comparative virulence of intra- and interstrain lipopolysaccharide variants of Coxiella burnetii in the guinea pig model.

We compared the relative infectivity and virulence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) variants of the Nine Mile strain of Coxiella burnetii with those of the Priscilla strain, a representative of endocarditis-type strains. In agreement with results of previous studies, Nine Mile phase I (9mi/I) organisms were highly infectious, eliciting seroconversion and fever with inocula containing as few as four organisms. Viable 9mi/I was recovered from the spleens of infected animals 30 days postinfection. Nine Mile phase II (9mi/II) organisms did not elicit fever or seroconversion except with very large inocula, and viable organisms could not be recovered at 30 days postinfection. The Nine Mile/Crazy variant, bearing the intermediate-type LPS, was also highly infectious, as determined by fever response and seroconversion, although, as with 9mi/II, viable organisms could not be recovered 30 days postinfection. The Priscilla strain in phase I (Pris/I) was as infectious as 9mi/I, as determined by seroconversion and its presence in the spleen 30 days postinfection; but in contrast to 9mi/I, more than 10(5) Pris/I isolates were required to induce fever. The temporal appearances of anti-phase I and II antibodies were similar for the two strains. A variety of serological techniques measuring antibody response against whole-cell and purified LPS antigens in agglutination, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and immunoblot assays did not demonstrate sufficient specificity to distinguish between 9mi/I and Pris/I infections. Results of vaccine cross-challenge experiments showed a significant degree of protection between homologous and heterologous challenge strains. protection between homologous

Ocular delayed hypersensitivity: a pathogenetic mechanism of chlamydial-conjunctivitis in guinea pigs.

We used a naturally occurring, Chlamydia psittaci-caused eye disease in guinea pigs, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, as an animal model to understand both the immune response and the pathogenesis of chlamydial eye infections. When instilled into the conjunctival sac of guinea pigs that had been previously infected and were immune, viable chlamydiae or a Triton X-100-soluble extract of them produced a short-lived (12-48 hr) eye disease indistinguishable clinically and histologically from that observed during primary chlamydial eye infection. The clinical and histologic findings were consistent with those of ocular delayed hypersensitivity. Ocular delayed hypersensitivity was induced by primary chlamydial infection at mucosal sites other than conjunctival, such as vaginal and intestinal. Preliminary characterization of the hypersensitivity allergen shows that it is heat sensitive and common to the genus Chlamydia. The allergen is apparently not surface-exposed on chlamydiae and requires viable but not replicating organisms for activity. Our observation should be useful in understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis-caused infections in humans, in particular those that produce chronic inflammatory diseases, such as blinding trachoma and urogenital diseases.

Effects of CCK on gastrointestinal function in lean and obese Zucker rats.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone affecting several gastrointestinal functions, has also been shown to elicit satiety and affect daily meal patterns. Since Zucker obese rats are less sensitive to the satiety effects of CCK, two experiments were designed to determine if they are also less sensitive to the gastric emptying and intestinal transit rate effects of CCK. In the first experiment phenol red was administered to 5.5 hr fasted rats 15 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of CCK-8 or saline. Rats were sacrificed after 30 minutes, the stomach and small intestine were removed, and phenol red content was measured. More phenol red was in the stomach of obese but not lean rats treated with CCK-8. The rate of transit of the contents of the small intestine was increased by CCK-8 and the percent of phenol red in the fourth quarter of the small intestine was greater in obese than lean rats (91 vs 37%, p less than 0.05). In the second experiment gastrointestinal transit of ferric oxide was measured during the light and dark phases of the diurnal cycle, and when obese rats were ad lib or yoke-fed to lean pair-mates. Total gastrointestinal transit time of the ferric oxide was decreased 15% when CCK-8 was administered to yoke-fed obese rats in either the light or dark portions of the diurnal cycle but was not affected in ad lib-fed obese rats or lean rats. Thus, while Zucker obese rats are less sensitive to satiety effects of CCK, they appear to be more sensitive to the gastrointestinal effects of CCK, and therefore it is not clear what role these gastrointestinal responses have on the feeding behavior responses.