Design, synthesis and bioactivity study on oxygen-heterocyclic-based pyran analogues as effective P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in MCF-7/ADR cell.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) imparts multi-drug resistance (MDR) on the cancers cell and malignant tumor clinical therapeutics. We report a class of newly designed and synthesized oxygen-heterocyclic-based pyran analogues (4a-l) bearing different aryl/hetaryl-substituted at the 1-postion were synthesized, aiming to impede the P-gp function. These compounds (4a-l) have been tested against cancerous PC-3, SKOV-3, HeLa, and MCF-7/ADR cell lines as well as non-cancerous HFL-1 and WI-38 cell lines to determine their anti-proliferative potency.The findings demonstrated the superior potency of 4a-c with 4-F, 2-Cl, and 3-Cl derivatives and 4h,g with 4-NO2, 4-MeO derivatives against PC-3, SKOV-3, HeLa, and MCF-7/ADR cell lines.Compounds 4a-c were tested for P-gp inhibition and demonstrated significant vigour against MCF-7/ADR cells with IC50 = 5.0-10.7 µM. The Rho123 accumulation assay showed that compounds 4a-c adequately inhibited P-gp function, as predicted. Furthermore, 4a or 4b administration resulted in MCF-7/ADR cell accumulation in the S phase, while compound 4c induced apoptosis by causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M. The molecular docking was applied to understand the likely modes of action and guide us in the rational design of more potent analogs. The investigate derivatives showed their good binding potential for p-gp active site with excellent docking scores and interactions. Finally, the majority of investigated derivatives 4a-c derivatives showed high oral bioavailability, but they did not cross the blood-brain barrier. These results suggest that they have favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, these compounds could serve as leads for designing more potent and stable drugs in the future.

MicroRNA-146a-5p and microRNA-210-3p Correlate with T Regulatory Cells Frequency and Predict Asthma Severity in Egyptian Pediatric Population.

Background: Severe bronchial asthma (BA) affects 5-10% of children, which imposes socioeconomic burden. Therefore, it is crucial to identify biomarkers for risk stratification in children with BA. T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a balancing role in allergic response regulation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between Treg, miR-210-3p, and miR-146a-5p in relation to asthma phenotypes in search of novel biomarkers of disease severity. Methods: This study included 50 children with BA classified into Group 1 (n = 25) children with mild to moderate asthma and Group 2 (n = 25) children with severe asthma. In addition to 26 control subjects. Flow cytometry was used to detect Tregs. Plasma miR-210-3p and miR-146a levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Patients' FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second) was measured. Results: miR-210-3p level correlated negatively with Treg frequency (r = -0.828, P < 0.001) and FEV1 (r = -0.621, P < 0.001). The level of miR-146a-5p positively correlated positively with Treg% (r = 0.303, P = 0.032). ROC curve analysis revealed that miR-210-3p was the most sensitive biomarker of severity, with the area under curve (AUC) = 0.923, 96% sensitivity, and 60% specificity. According to multivariate analysis, miR-210-3p is an independent risk factor for BA severity [OR =3.119, P = 0.030], while miR-146a-5p is a protective factor [OR =0.811, P = 0.049]. Conclusion: Treg frequency is linked to FEV1, miR-146a-5p and miR-210-3p in childhood BA. Upregulation of miR-210-3p is a sensitive biomarker and an independent risk factor for BA severity in Egyptian children.

Discovery of benzochromene derivatives first example with dual cytotoxic activity against the resistant cancer cell MCF-7/ADR and inhibitory effect of the P-glycoprotein expression levels.

A series of 1H-benzo[f]chromene moieties (4a-z) were synthesised under Ultrasonic irradiation and confirmed with spectral analyses. Derivative 4i solely possessed an X-ray single crystal. The anti-proliferative efficacy of the desired molecules has been explored against three cancer cells: MCF-7, HCT-116, and HepG-2 with the cytotoxically active derivatives screened against MCF-7/ADR and normal cells HFL-1 and WI-38. Furthermore, compounds 4b-d, 4k, 4n, 4q, and 4w, which possessed good potency against MCF-7/ADR, were tested as permeability glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein [P-gp]) expression inhibitors. The attained data confirmed that 4b-d, 4q, and 4w exhibited strong expression inhibition against the P-gp alongside its cytotoxic effect on MCF-7/ADR. The western blot results and Rho123 accumulation assays showed that compounds 4b-d, 4q, and 4w effectively inhibited the P-gp expression and efflux function. Meanwhile, 4b-d, 4q, and 4w induced apoptosis and accumulation of the treated MCF-7/ADR cells in the G1 phase and 4k and 4n in the S phase of the cell cycle.

Synthesis of 9-Hydroxy-1H-Benzo[f]chromene Derivatives with Effective Cytotoxic Activity on MCF7/ADR, P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors, Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Effects.

ß-Enaminonitriles bearing 9-hydroxy-1H-benzo[f]chromene moiety was synthesized. The targeted compounds were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity against three human tumor cell lines, PC-3, SKOV-3 and HeLa, and the active cytotoxic compounds were further evaluated against cancer cells, MCF-7/ADR, and two normal cell lines, HFL-1 and WI-38. Few compounds were assigned to be the most potent derivatives against PC-3, SKOV-3 and HeLa cell lines in comparison with Vinblastine and Doxorubicin. Several compounds possessed a relatively good potency against MCF-7/ADR cells as compared with Doxorubicin and were tested as a P-gp inhibitor. Moreover, the halogenated substituents, 2,4-F2, 2,3-Cl2, 2,5-Cl2 and 3,4-Cl2; have good potency against P-gp-mediated MDR in MCF-7/ADR as compared with Doxorubicin. Meanwhile, Rho123 accumulation assays revealed that few compounds effectively inhibited P-pg and efflux function. In addition, certain derivatives induced apoptosis and an accumulation of the treated MCF-7/ADR cells in the G1, S and G1/S phases.

Frequency of CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD8+ T cells, and human papilloma virus infection in Egyptian Women with breast cancer.

Several subsets of regulatory CD4+ T cells (CD4+ Tregs) have been described in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of breast cancer (BC) patients and may play a role in the progression of BC. High-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) has a causal role in cervical, head, and neck tumors but the role of HR-HPV in evoking neoplasia in BC is still unclear. In this study we assessed the prevalence of CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (CD4+Tregs) and CD3+ CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry in peripheral blood from a total of 55 Egyptian women, including 20 treatment-naïve BC, 15 with breast benign lesions (BBL), and 20 healthy volunteers (HV). HR-HPV genotypes type 16, 18, and 31 were investigated in breast tissue from all BC and BBL patients using Real-Time PCR. HR-HPV was detected in 4/20 (20%) and 0/15 (0%) BC and BBL patients respectively. The frequency of CD4+ Tregs was significantly higher in BC compared to BBL and HV, (P < 0.001). In addition, we observed a significantly higher frequency of CD3+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with late stage III BC compared to early stage I and II BC (P = 0.011). However, there was no significant association between the ratio of CD8+ T cell to CD4+ Tregs frequencies and the expression of Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). These results lead us to postulate that the association between the frequency of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood may be a prognostic or predictive parameter in Egyptian women with BC. In addition, HR-HPV infection may be implicated in the development of some types of BC in Egyptian women.

Novel molecular discovery of promising amidine-based thiazole analogues as potent dual Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and 9 inhibitors: Anticancer activity data with prominent cell cycle arrest and DNA fragmentation analysis effects.

Thiazole derivatives are known to possess various biological activities such as antiparasitic, antifungal, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important protease target involved in tumor progression including angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and migration. Therefore, MMPs have also been reported as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in many types of cancer. Herein, new aryl thiazoles were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer effects on a panel of cancer cell lines including the invasive MDA-MB-231 line. Some of these compounds showed IC50 values in the submicromolar range in anti-proliferative assays. In order to examine the relationship between their anticancer activity and MMPs targets, the compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on MMP-2 and 9. That data obtained revealed that most of these compounds were potent dual MMP-2/9 inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations. Among these, 2-(1-(2-(2-((E)-4-iodobenzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carboximidamide (4a) was the most potent non-selective dual MMP-2/9 inhibitor with inhibitory concentrations of 56 and 38 nM respectively. When compound 4a was tested in an MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, MCF-7 model, it effectively inhibited tumor growth, strongly induced cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit cell migration, and suppressed cell cycle progression leading to DNA fragmentation. Taken together, the results of our studies indicate that the newly discovered thiazole-based MMP-2/9 inhibitors have significant potential for anticancer treatment.

A proficient microwave synthesis with structure elucidation and the exploitation of the biological behavior of the newly halogenated 3-amino-1H-benzo[f]chromene molecules, targeting dual inhibition of topoisomerase II and microtubules.

In our endeavors to develop novel and powerful agents with antiproliferative activities, a series of ß-enamionitriles, linked to the 8-bromo-1H-benzo[f]chromene moieties (4a-m), was designed and synthesized under microwave irradiation conditions. The structures of the target compounds were established on the basis of their spectral data: IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 13C NMR-DEPT/APT, 19F NMR and MS. Furthermore, the antiproliferative properties were evaluated against the human cancer cell lines MCF-7, HCT-116, and HepG-2 in comparison to the positive controls Vinblastine and Doxorubicin, employing the viability assay. The obtained results confirmed that most of the tested molecules revealed strong and selective cytotoxic activities against the three cancer cell lines. The most potent cytotoxic compounds 4b, 4d, 4e, 4i, and 4k were elected for further examination, such as the cell cycle analysis, the apoptosis assay, the Caspase production, and the DNA fragmentation. This study also revealed that the desired compounds stimulate cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phases, increase the production of Caspases 3, 8, and 9, and finally cause intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death. Moreover, these compounds suppress the action of the topoisomerase II enzyme and also disrupt the microtubule functions. The SAR study of the synthesized compounds verified that the substitution on the phenyl ring of the 1H-benzo[f]chromene nucleus, accompanied with the presence of the bromine atom at the 8-position, increases the ability of these molecules against different cell lines.

Microwave synthesis of novel halogenated ß-enaminonitriles linked 9-bromo-1H-benzo[f]chromene moieties: Induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cancer cells via dual inhibition of topoisomerase I and II.

A novel series of halogenated ß-enaminonitriles (4a-m), linked 9-bromo-1H-benzo[f]-hromene moieties, were synthesized via microwave irradiation and were predestined for their cytotoxic activity versus three cancer cell lines, namely: MCF-7, HCT-116, and HepG-2. Several of the tested compounds showed high growth inhibitory activities versus the tumor cell lines. Particularly, compounds 4c, 4d, 4f, 4h, 4j, 4l, and 4m demonstrated superior antitumor activities against the aforementioned cell lines. Moreover, the apoptosis process in all the tested cells was induced by compounds 4c, 4d, 4h, 4l, and 4m, as observed by the Annexin V/PI double staining flow cytometric assay. The DNA flow, cytometric analysis revealed that these compounds prompted cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phases. Furthermore, the topoisomerase catalytic activity assays indicated that these compounds inhibited both the topoisomerase I and II enzymes.

Antiproliferative effect, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis generation of novel synthesized anticancer heterocyclic derivatives based 4H-benzo[h]chromene.

Novel ß-enaminonitrile/ester compounds (4, 6) and an imidate of 4 (9) were utilized as key scaffolds for the synthesis of newly 2-substituted 4H-benzo[h]chromene (7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14) and 7H-benzo[h]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives (15-19). The spectral data confirmed the successful isolation of the desired compounds. The targeted compounds were assessed for their in vitro anticancer activity against mammary gland breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), human colon cancer (HCT-116), and liver cancer (HepG-2), while doxorubicin, vinblastine, and colchicine were utilized as standard references drugs. Some of the examined compounds displayed high growth inhibitory activity against the three different cell lines. For example, the aminoimino derivative (18) exhibited excellent antitumor activity versus all cancer cell lines with IC50 values = 0.45 µg/mL, 0.7 µg/mL, and 1.7 µg/mL. Among the tested molecules, compounds 9, 15, and 18 were selected for further study regarding their effects on cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, caspase 3/7 activity, and DNA fragmentation. We found that these three potent cytotoxic compounds induce cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases, which causes apoptosis. Furthermore, these compounds significantly inhibit the invasion and migration of the different tested cancer cells. Finally, the SAR survey highlighted the antitumor activity of the new molecules that was remarkably influenced by the hydrophilicity of substituent as well the fused rings at certain positions.

Design and Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic-Based 4H-benzo[h]chromene Moieties: Targeting Antitumor Caspase 3/7 Activities and Cell Cycle Analysis.

Novel fused chromenes (4,7⁻11) and pyrimidines (12⁻16) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their mammary gland breast cancer (MCF-7), human colon cancer (HCT-116), and liver cancer (HepG-2) activities. The structural identity of the synthesized compounds was established according to their spectroscopic analysis, such as FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The preliminary results of the bioassay disclosed that some of the target compounds were proven to have a significant antiproliferative effect against the three cell lines, as compared to Doxorubicin, Vinblastine, and Colchicine, used as reference drugs. Particularly, compounds 7 and 14 exerted promising anticancer activity towards all cell lines and were chosen for further studies, such as cell cycle analysis, cell apoptosis, caspase 3/7 activity, DNA fragmentation, cell invasion, and migration. We found that these potent cytotoxic compounds induced cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases, prompting apoptosis. Furthermore, these compounds significantly inhibit the invasion and migration of the different tested cancer cells. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) survey highlights that the antitumor activity of the desired compounds was affected by the hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature of the substituent at different positions.

Lessons from the Kaduna sustainable drug supply intervention initiative

Background : The Sustainable Drug Supply System (SDSS) is a strategy for ensuring uninterrupted drug supply for sustained and affordable health care delivery in all health care institutions in some States in Nigeria. Drug distribution network in Nigeria is in a state of chaos because it consists of multitude of illegal markets, patent medicine stores, pharmacies, private and public hospitals, wholesalers/importers and pharmaceutical manufacturers operating in an uncoordinated manner.Objectives : To examine the distribution channels of the Kaduna State SDSS; evaluate it within the framework provided in the Nigerian Drug Distribution Guidelines (NDDG) and assess the challenges militating against the scheme.Methods : The study was a cross sectional survey of stakeholders managing the scheme and patients patronizing the health care facilities using semi ­ structured questionnaires. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results : The result of the study indicated that the Kaduna State SDSS distribution channels are consistent with the provisions of the NDDG. Drug availability in facilities was widely reported to have improved following the SDSS intervention; however 41.2% of the respondent believed the drugs are expensive.Conclusion : If the provisions of the Kaduna State SDSS are properly implemented and enforced, the model is capable of addressing the uncoordinated drug distribution system and curbing the supply chain vulnerability to infiltration by unauthorized and corrupt participants in the state

Ontogenic, Phenotypic, and Functional Characterization of XCR1(+) Dendritic Cells Leads to a Consistent Classification of Intestinal Dendritic Cells Based on the Expression of XCR1 and SIRPα.

In the past, lack of lineage markers confounded the classification of dendritic cells (DC) in the intestine and impeded a full understanding of their location and function. We have recently shown that the chemokine receptor XCR1 is a lineage marker for cross-presenting DC in the spleen. Now, we provide evidence that intestinal XCR1(+) DC largely, but not fully, overlap with CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC, the hypothesized correlate of "cross-presenting DC" in the intestine, and are selectively dependent in their development on the transcription factor Batf3. XCR1(+) DC are located in the villi of the lamina propria of the small intestine, the T cell zones of Peyer's patches, and in the T cell zones and sinuses of the draining mesenteric lymph node. Functionally, we could demonstrate for the first time that XCR1(+)/CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC excel in the cross-presentation of orally applied antigen. Together, our data show that XCR1 is a lineage marker for cross-presenting DC also in the intestinal immune system. Further, extensive phenotypic analyses reveal that expression of the integrin SIRPα consistently demarcates the XCR1(-) DC population. We propose a simplified and consistent classification system for intestinal DC based on the expression of XCR1 and SIRPα.

Expression of XCR1 Characterizes the Batf3-Dependent Lineage of Dendritic Cells Capable of Antigen Cross-Presentation.

Cross-presentation of antigen by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8(+) T cells is a fundamentally important mechanism in the defense against pathogens and tumors. Due to the lack of an appropriate lineage marker, cross-presenting DCs in the mouse are provisionally classified as "Batf3-IRF-8-Id2-dependent DCs" or as "CD8(+) DCs" in the spleen, and as "CD103(+)CD11b(-) DCs" in the periphery. We have now generated a mAb to XCR1, a chemokine receptor which is specifically expressed on CD8(+) DCs and a subpopulation of double negative DCs in the spleen. Using this antibody, we have determined that only XCR1(+)CD8(+) (around 80% of CD8(+) DCs) and their probable precursors, XCR1(+)CD8(-) DCs, efficiently take up cellular material and excel in antigen cross-presentation. In lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral tissues, XCR1(+) DCs largely, but not fully, correspond to CD103(+)CD11b(-) DCs. Most importantly, we demonstrate that XCR1(+) DCs in the spleen, LNs, and peripheral tissues are dependent on the growth factor Flt3 ligand and are selectively absent in Batf3-deficient animals. These results provide evidence that expression of XCR1 throughout the body defines the Batf3-dependent lineage of DCs with a special capacity to cross-present antigen. XCR1 thus emerges as the first surface marker characterizing a DC lineage in the mouse and potentially also in the human.

Selective expression of the chemokine receptor XCR1 on cross-presenting dendritic cells determines cooperation with CD8+ T cells.

The expression of the chemokine receptor XCR1 and the function of its ligand XCL1 (otherwise referred to as ATAC, lymphotactin, or SCM-1) remained elusive to date. In the present report we demonstrated that XCR1 is exclusively expressed on murine CD8(+) dendritic cells (DCs) and showed that XCL1 is a potent and highly specific chemoattractant for this DC subset. CD8(+) T cells abundantly secreted XCL1 8-36 hr after antigen recognition on CD8(+) DCs in vivo, in a period in which stable T cell-DC interactions are known to occur. Functionally, XCL1 increased the pool of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and their capacity to secrete IFN-gamma. Absence of XCL1 impaired the development of cytotoxicity to antigens cross-presented by CD8(+) DCs. The XCL1-XCR1 axis thus emerges as an integral component in the development of efficient cytotoxic immunity in vivo.