Sexual Diversity Bullying and Cyberbullying Questionnaires: An Inclusive Approach to Measure Sexuality-Based Bullying.

LGBTQ+ bullying is a specific type of stigma-based bullying with a high prevalence among LGBTQ+ people. However, instruments to assess this phenomenon are scarce and focus on homophobic aggressions, and the motivations therefor, mainly in relation to gay and lesbian youths. In this study, we introduce and validate an instrument to assess LGBTQ+ bullying. The instrument covers general and specific aggressions, as well as dimensions of sexuality besides sexual orientation such as gender identity and expression, as a more comprehensive approach to understand the phenomenon. The study included 2,552 adolescents (MAge = 14.54, SD = 1.76) from 13 Andalusian public secondary schools. Regarding gender identity, 43.9% of participants were cisgender boys, 53.5% were cisgender girls, and 2.6% were trans-binary and non-binary gender youths. In terms of sexual orientation, 81.1% of participants were heterosexual students, 2.4% lesbian/gay, 11.2% bisexual/pansexual, 4.4% questioning, and 0.9% asexual. Second-order models for bullying and cyberbullying had a good fit. Moreover, invariance was seen for bullying [ΔCFI = -.003] and cyberbullying [ΔCFI = .003] victimization measures. Furthermore, there was a sexual diversity bias: cisgender heterosexual students were more likely to perpetrate LGBTQ+ aggressions, and LGBTQ+ students were more likely to be targets of general and specific aggressions.

Aggressive Communication Style as Predictor of Cyberbullying, Emotional Wellbeing, and Personal Moral Beliefs in Adolescence / Un estilo de comunicación agresivo como predictor del ciberacoso, el bienestar emocional y las creencias morales personales en la adolescencia

Different forms of verbal aggression are often presented in cyberbullying and are used to harm others in online communication. This study proposed to understand the influence of an aggressive communication style on adolescents’ intentions to engage in cyberbullying, their emotional well-being, and personal moral beliefs. A convenience sample of 218 adolescents (Mage = 14.67, SD = 0.84, 53% girls) in Portugal responded to questionnaires. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to test mediating effects. An aggressive communication style may lead adolescents to perceive cyberbullying behavior as fair, and to decrease their emotional well-being. Moreover, this communication style may contribute to adolescents’ intentions to engage in cyberbullying, and whether they believe this type of behavior is fair or unfair may determine those intentions. These findings contribute to an understanding of determiners of cyberbullying and the provision of insights to develop school interventions in this field.

Diferentes formas de agresión verbal están presentes a menudo en el ciberacoso y se utilizan para dañar a otros en la comunicación online. Este estudio propuso comprender la influencia de un estilo de comunicación agresivo en la intención de los adolescentes de participar en el ciberacoso, su bienestar emocional y sus creencias morales personales. Una muestra de conveniencia de 218 adolescentes (Medad = 14.67, SD = 0.84, 53% niñas) en Portugal respondió a los cuestionarios. Se realizaron análisis de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales para probar los efectos de mediación. Un estilo de comunicación agresivo puede llevar a los adolescentes a percibir el comportamiento de ciberacoso como justo y a disminuir su bienestar emocional. Además, este estilo de comunicación puede contribuir a la intención de los adolescentes de participar en el ciberacoso y la creencia de que este tipo de comportamiento sea justo o injusto puede determinar esa intención. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a comprender los factores determinantes del ciberacoso y a proporcionar información para desarrollar intervenciones escolares en esta área.

Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity.

Sexting refers to the exchange of sexual content material via technological devices. The definitions of this phenomenon vary greatly, mainly, depending on the types of sexting: primary and secondary. Besides the above, there is no common perspective on whether sexting is a risk behavior that entails some type of impact by itself or not and, in such a case, whether this impact varies according to gender. In addition, the need to be popular has shown to be a factor that could increase the probability of being involved in sexting. The present study analyzes the potential emotional impact of sexting as well as the effect of the need for popularity on this phenomenon and if it varies according to gender. The sample comprised 2,356 high school students (46.8% female, 53.2% male; age range 11-18 years old, M = 13.72; SD = 1.31) belonging to 12 compulsory secondary education (ESO) schools from the south of Spain. To assess sexting implication, four questions were presented to participants (sending, receiving, forwarding, and receiving sexts via intermediary). Scales, self-report, about emotional impact (depressed, annoyed, and active) and need for popularity were also applied. The results obtained show that, although sexting has a clear emotional impact on adolescents, it does not appear to generate a negative impact among those involved, at least in the short term. Concretely, this phenomenon seems to trigger emotions related to activation in boys and girls (I feel lively, energetic, satisfied, ready, determined, active). Additionally, with respect to the need for popularity, its relevance, specially, in relation to active emotional impact has been confirmed by the analyses. Statistical models found for boys and girls were similar. In addition, some differences in emotional impact by gender were found, girls feeling more depressed and annoyed in secondary sexting, and boys more active regarding both types of sexting.

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess the Impact of Cyberbullying: The Cybervictimization Emotional Impact Scale.

Cyberbullying is a phenomenon with important adverse consequences on victims. The emotional impact of this phenomenon has been well established. However, there is to date no instrument with good psychometric properties tested to assess such impact. The objective of this study was developing and testing the psychometric properties of an instrument to assess the emotional impact of cyberbullying: the "Cybervictimization Emotional Impact Scale, CVEIS." The sample included 1,016 Compulsory Secondary Education students (52.9 percent female) aged between 12 and 18 (M = 13.86, DT = 1.33) from three schools in southern Spain. The study used Confirmatory Factor Analyses to test the structure of the questionnaire and robustness of the scale. Internal consistency was also tested. The results supported the suitability of a three-factor model: active, depressed, and annoyed. This model showed an optimal adjustment, which was better than its competing models. It also demonstrated strong invariance among cybervictims and non-cybervictims and also among gender. The internal consistency of each factor, and the total scale, was also appropriate. The article concludes by discussing research and practical implications of the scale.

Perceived emotional intelligence as a moderator variable between cybervictimization and its emotional impact.

The negative effects of traditional bullying and, recently, cyberbullying on victims are well-documented, and abundant empirical evidence for it exists. Cybervictimization affects areas such as academic performance, social integration and self-esteem, and causes emotions ranging from anger and sadness to more complex problems such as depression. However, not all victims are equally affected, and the differences seem to be due to certain situational and personal characteristics. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) and the emotional impact of cybervictimization. We hypothesize that EI, which has previously been found to play a role in traditional bullying and cyberbullying, may also affect the emotional impact of cyberbullying. The participants in our study were 636 university students from two universities in the south of Spain. Three self-report questionnaires were used: the "European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire," the "Cyberbullying Emotional Impact Scale"; and "Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24." Structural Equation Models were used to test the relationships between the analyzed variables. The results support the idea that PEI, by way of a moderator effect, affects the relationship between cybervictimization and emotional impact. Taken together, cybervictimization and PEI explain much of the variance observed in the emotional impact in general and in the negative dimensions of that impact in particular. Attention and Repair were found to be inversely related to Annoyance and Dejection, and positively related to Invigoration. Clarity has the opposite pattern; a positive relationship with Annoyance and Dejection and an inverse relationship with Invigoration. Various hypothetical explanations of these patterns are discussed.

The emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying on victims: a European cross-national study.

Past research has demonstrated the effects of bullying can be severe and long term for the individuals involved. The main aim of this study is to analyze the emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying, both direct and indirect forms, and of cyberbullying through mobile phones and the Internet. A sample of 5,862 adolescents from three different countries, Italy (N = 1,964), Spain (N = 1,671), and England (N = 2,227), responded to a questionnaire that asked if they had experience of various forms of bullying, and the consequent emotional impact. The results show that both traditional bullying and cyberbullying have a significant prevalence in the samples. Emotional responses are linked to types of bullying. Analysis of answers identified specific emotional profiles for the different types of bullying and cyberbullying. Direct bullying and cyberbullying via mobile phone showed similar profiles, and also indirect bullying and cyberbullying using the Internet. Similarities and differences between profiles are discussed and some hypotheses are presented to explain the results. In addition, school grade, gender, country, and severity of bullying episodes were related to the specific emotional profiles of each type of bullying.

Cyberbullying / Cyberbullying

El problema de la violencia escolar y el bullying es ya un fenómeno conocido por la sociedad y un viejo tópico investigador. Pero las vías por la que se produce el bullying han evolucionado en el tiempo y han surgido nuevas formas de intimidación, acoso y malos tratos. Una de estas formas es conocida como cyberbullying. Este artículo explora el cyberbullying usando un cuestionario específico a un total de 830 escolares con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 18 años. Los resultados muestran que la prevalencia del fenómeno, en nuestro entorno sociocultural, no es especialmente grave comparada con la que se produce en otros países. Uno de cada cuatro escolares está involucrado en problemas de cyberbullying, aunque solamente un escaso porcentaje, no superior al 4%, se hallarían implicado de forma severa (AU)

Cyberbullying. Schools violence and bullying is a well known phenomenon in the society nowadays, and it is a classic investigation topic. But the ways that bullying is carry on have been evolved along the time and new forms of intimidation, harassment and maltreatment have risen. One of these forms is called cyberbullying. This article explores cyberbullying using a specific questionnaire to 830 students with ages between 12 and 18 years. The result shows that the impact of this phenomenon, in our society, is not speciality serious if we compare it with results in other countries. One of four students is involved in problems of cyberbullying, but only a little percentage, no more than 4%, is involved in the severe form (AU)

The long-term effects of coping strategy use in victims of bullying.

The ways in which children appraise and cope with school bullying are likely to influence the long-term outcomes experienced. To examine this possibility, 219 Spanish undergraduate students (73 male, 146 female) aged between 18 and 40, completed an adapted version of the Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire (RBQ; Schäfer et al., 2004) and a distress scale (Rivers, 1999). Results indicated that neither coping strategies reported by victims of bullying nor the match between control appraisal and coping strategy influenced levels of distress experienced as adults. Control, threat and challenge appraisals did, however, influence long-term distress. Explanations for these effects are discussed, and include the possibility that appraisals may directly influence levels of distress and the quality of emotions experienced by victims during the actual bullying episode. Active strategies were perceived by students to be effective in dealing with bullying, whereas those centered on avoiding the conflict, or which involved aggression, were considered ineffective.

Utilidad de la SPECT cerebral y de los tests psicométricos en el diagnóstico de la afección neurológica de la enfermedad de Behçet / Usefulness of brain SPECT and psychological tests for diagnostic of neurological involvement in Behçet's disease

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[Usefulness of brain SPECT with HMPAO-99mTc and psychological tests for diagnosis of neurological involvement in Behçet's disease]. / Utilidad de la SPECT cerebral con HMPAO-99mTc y de los tests psicométricos en el diagnóstico de la afección neurológica de la enfermedad de Behçet.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to establish the usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and psychological tests for diagnostic of neuro-Behçet (NB) and to evaluate the clinical significance of neurological symptoms that are difficult to interpret and asymptomatic abnormalities in diagnostic tests. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Forty patients with Behçet's disease (BD) were enrrolled for being studied with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), SPECT and psychological tests. RESULTS: MRI findings were abnormal in 52,9% of patients with neurological involvement and 23.1% without it (p < 0.1), whereas SPECT findings were abnormal in 82.3% and 61.5%, respectively (no significant difference). The difference between MRI and SPECT findings was significant (p < 0.02 for the complete group; p < 0.05 for patients without neurological symptoms; p < 0.08 for patients with them). The mean follow-up period was 42.6 months, and no patient without neurological involvement or those only with neurological symptoms that are difficult to interprete developed definite neurological involvement. The results of cognitive tests were not significantly different among patients with or without neurological involvement, neither among patients and controls. The scale 2 (depression) of the personality test was more frequent in patients with definite neurological involvement (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SPECT seems more sensible and less specific than MRI for diagnostic of NB. Although SPECT findings were frequently abnormal in patients with BD without neurological involvement or with neurological symptoms hard to interpret, no patient from this group developed a NB flare after a long follow-up period. A characteristic personality was found for patients with BD.

Utilidad de la SPECT cerebral con HMPAO-99mTc y de los tests psicométricos en el diagnóstico de la afección neurológica de la enfermedad de Behçet / Usefulness of brain SPECT with HMPAO-99mTc and psychological tests for diagnostic of neurological involvement in Behçet's disease

FUNDAMENTO: Establecer el papel de la tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón simple (SPECT) y los tests psicológicos en el diagnóstico del neuro-Behçet (NB) y evaluar la significación de los síntomas neurológicos de difícil interpretación y las alteraciones asintomáticas en las pruebas diagnósticas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se estudió a 40 pacientes con enfermedad de Behçet (EB) mediante resonancia magnética (RM), SPECT y tests psicológicos. RESULTADOS: La RM estaba alterada en el 52,9 por ciento de los pacientes con clínica neurológica y en el 23,1 por ciento sin síntomas neurológicos (p < 0,1), mientras que la SPECT lo estaba en el 82,3 y el 61,5 por ciento, respectivamente (no significativo). La diferencia entre hallazgos en RM y SPECT fue significativa (p < 0,02 para el grupo completo; p < 0,05 para pacientes sin antecedentes neurológicos; p < 0,08 para aquellos con clínica neurológica). Tras 42,6 meses de seguimiento medio, ningún paciente sin antecedentes neurológicos o con alteraciones aisladas de difícil interpretación desarrolló síntomas de afección neurológica definida. Los resultados de los tests cognitivos de pacientes con y sin antecedentes neurológicos no difirieron significativamente, y tampoco los de pacientes y controles. En el test de personalidad, la escala 2 (depresión) fue significativamente más frecuente entre pacientes con afección neurológica definida (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La SPECT parece más sensible y menos específica que la RM en el diagnóstico del NB. Aunque la SPECT estaba frecuentemente alterada en pacientes con EB sin antecedentes neurológicos o con clínica de difícil interpretación, ninguno desarrolló clínica neurológica definida tras su seguimiento prolongado. Se encontró un perfil de personalidad característico de los pacientes con EB. (AU)