Humoral immunity is not altered in overweight pregnant Crioulo mares / Imunidade humoral não é alterada em éguas Crioulas gestantes com sobrepeso

Both pregnancy and obesity can influence significant changes in the immune system. On this basis, the present study proposes to evaluate the humoral immune response of overweight pregnant mares in response to a commercial vaccine. Thirty pregnant Crioulo mares were separated according to body condition score (BCS) into overweight (BCS≥7/9) or lean-control (BCS= 5-6/9). In each group, the animals were subdivided into vaccinated and controls. The mares were vaccinated against EHV-1 in two doses spaced 21 days apart and had their blood collected monthly, for five months, for antibody evaluation. Both vaccinated groups had an increase in specific neutralizing antibodies after the vaccine. However, after the second dose, there was no increase in antibodies in any of the groups. Vaccinated overweight and lean-control mares did not differ at any time point. Therefore, this study demonstrated that obesity does not influence the humoral immune response in pregnant Crioulo mares.(AU)

Tanto a gestação quanto a obesidade podem influenciar o desenvolvimento de alterações significativas no sistema imune, portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta imune humoral de éguas gestantes com sobrepeso em resposta a uma vacina comercial. Trinta éguas Crioulas gestantes foram separadas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal (ECC) em éguas com sobrepeso (ECC≥7/9) e éguas controles (ECC=5-6/9) e, ainda, em cada grupo, os animais também foram separados em vacinados e controles. As éguas foram vacinadas contra o EHV-1 em duas doses com intervalo de 21 dias, sendo realizadas coletas de sangue mensalmente durante cinco meses para avaliação de anticorpos neutralizantes. Ambos os grupos vacinados tiveram aumento de anticorpos neutralizantes específicos após a vacina, porém, após a segunda dose, não foi observado aumento de anticorpos em nenhum dos grupos. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre éguas vacinadas com sobrepeso e as éguas controles em nenhum momento. Assim, este estudo demonstrou que a obesidade não é um fator que influencia a resposta imune humoral de éguas Crioulas gestantes.(AU)

Genetic parameters of morphometric measurements in Criollo horses.

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for the morphometric measurements of withers height (WH), thoracic circumference (TC) and cannon bone circumference (CBC) of Criollo horses, stratified for maternal and paternal effects. Statistical genetic design of factor crossings was used to evaluate the offspring of full siblings and half-siblings. Fifty stallions were selected (n = 50) who had been crossed with six mares each (n = 6), to provide 300 parental pairings in which two offspring were born per mare (n = 600). WH in females and TC in males were highly influenced by additive genetic effects, while the other morphometric measures were found to be closely related to the general effects of the environment. WH had the greatest additive genetic influence on female offspring (47.06%), while TC presented the greatest additive genetic influence on male offspring (58.73%). When comparing the parental influence on the morphometric characteristics evaluated, TC and CBC had greater additive genetic influence from maternal effects, regardless of offspring sex. However, the WH in female offspring showed greater maternal additive genetic contribution, while in males this characteristic presented greater paternal additive genetic influence. For WH in male offspring, narrow sense heritability ( h r 2 : 0.26) was more influenced by paternal effects, while for WH in females ( h r 2 : 0.47), TC in females ( h r 2 : 0.08) and males ( h r 2 : 0.59), and CBC in females ( h r 2 : 0.07) and males ( h r 2 : 0.05) the maternal effects were the most important. Therefore, the phenotypic expression of WH in males and females and TC in males is influenced by the additive genetic effect of the genes. On the other hand, the TC in female progenies and CBC in progenies of both sexes are closely related to the effects of the environment. The results obtained in this study could be useful in the selection process of Criollo horses.

Gestation in a mare with facial deviation (Wry Nose) / Gestação em uma égua com desvio facial (Wry Nose)

Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate.Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment fordevelopment. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetaldevelopment. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of thepresent study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mareand neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta.Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group(ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare wasfive years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetalaorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performedmonthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of bothvariables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development. CTUP remained in the normal referencerange, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing nocongenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical andhematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical andhematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous bloodsamples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and...(AU)

Gestação gemelar em éguas (parte 1): Desenvolvimento e Fatores de Risco / Twin pregnancies in mares, part I: Development and risk factors / Embarazos gemelares en yeguas, parte l: desarrollo y factores de riesgo

Gestações gemelares em equinos são responsáveis por abortos no terço final de gestação ou nascimento de potros debilitados. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir os fatores de risco para o de gêmeos, sendo mais frequentes em éguas Puro Sangue Inglês, de Polo Argentino e Brasileiro e de Hipismo quando comparadas a Árabes e Pôneis. Éguas solteiras terão maior incidência do múltiplas ovulações e gestações gemelares e éguas mais velhas possuem maiores taxas de múltiplas ovulações, mas não de gêmeos. O uso de indutores de ovulação pode elevar as taxas de ovulações duplas e à medida que a estação reprodutiva progride, aumenta a incidência de gestações gemelares. O conhecimento desses fatores de risco é importante para a realização do diagnóstico e intervenção adequada para evitar prejuízos causados por essas gestações.

Twin pregnancies in horses are responsible for abortion in the late gestation or birth of debilitated foals. The aim of this review is to discuss the risk factors for the development of twin pregnancies. The multiple ovulations are responsible for the occurrence of twins, being more frequent in Thoroughbred, Polo Argentino and Brazilian Sport Horse when compared to Arabs and Ponies. Single mares will have a higher incidence of multiple ovulations and twin pregnancies and older mares have higher rates of multiple ovulations but not twins. The use of ovulation inducers may increase double ovulation rates and as the reproductive season progresses, the incidence of twin pregnancies increases. Knowledge of these risk factors is important for proper diagnosis and intervention to avoid loses caused by this pregnancies.

Los embarazos gemelares en yeguas son pueden causar abortos en la gestación tardía o el nacimiento de potros debilitados. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de embarazos gemelares. Las ovulaciones múltiples son responsables por la ocurrencia de gemelos, siendo más frecuentes en yeguas Pura Sangre Inglés, de Polo Argentino y Brasileiro de Hipismo en comparación con las Árabes y Ponis. Las yeguas solteras tendrán una mayor incidencia de ovulaciones múltiples y embarazos gemeiares, y las yeguas mayores tienen tasas más altas de ovulaciones múltiples pero no gemelos. El uso de inductores de la ovulación puede aumentar las tasas de ovulación doble y a medida que avanza la temporada reproductiva aumenta la incidencia de embarazos gemelares. El conocimiento de estos factores de riesgo es importante para un diagnóstico e intervención adecuados para eviar daños causados por estos embarazos.

Gestation in a mare with facial deviation (Wry Nose) / Gestação em uma égua com desvio facial (Wry Nose)

Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate.Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment fordevelopment. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetaldevelopment. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of thepresent study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mareand neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta.Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group(ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare wasfive years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetalaorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performedmonthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of bothvariables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development. CTUP remained in the normal referencerange, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing nocongenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical andhematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical andhematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous bloodsamples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and...

Gestação gemelar em éguas (parte 1): Desenvolvimento e Fatores de Risco / Twin pregnancies in mares, part I: Development and risk factors / Embarazos gemelares en yeguas, parte l: desarrollo y factores de riesgo

Gestações gemelares em equinos são responsáveis por abortos no terço final de gestação ou nascimento de potros debilitados. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir os fatores de risco para o de gêmeos, sendo mais frequentes em éguas Puro Sangue Inglês, de Polo Argentino e Brasileiro e de Hipismo quando comparadas a Árabes e Pôneis. Éguas solteiras terão maior incidência do múltiplas ovulações e gestações gemelares e éguas mais velhas possuem maiores taxas de múltiplas ovulações, mas não de gêmeos. O uso de indutores de ovulação pode elevar as taxas de ovulações duplas e à medida que a estação reprodutiva progride, aumenta a incidência de gestações gemelares. O conhecimento desses fatores de risco é importante para a realização do diagnóstico e intervenção adequada para evitar prejuízos causados por essas gestações.(AU)

Twin pregnancies in horses are responsible for abortion in the late gestation or birth of debilitated foals. The aim of this review is to discuss the risk factors for the development of twin pregnancies. The multiple ovulations are responsible for the occurrence of twins, being more frequent in Thoroughbred, Polo Argentino and Brazilian Sport Horse when compared to Arabs and Ponies. Single mares will have a higher incidence of multiple ovulations and twin pregnancies and older mares have higher rates of multiple ovulations but not twins. The use of ovulation inducers may increase double ovulation rates and as the reproductive season progresses, the incidence of twin pregnancies increases. Knowledge of these risk factors is important for proper diagnosis and intervention to avoid loses caused by this pregnancies.(AU)

Los embarazos gemelares en yeguas son pueden causar abortos en la gestación tardía o el nacimiento de potros debilitados. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de embarazos gemelares. Las ovulaciones múltiples son responsables por la ocurrencia de gemelos, siendo más frecuentes en yeguas Pura Sangre Inglés, de Polo Argentino y Brasileiro de Hipismo en comparación con las Árabes y Ponis. Las yeguas solteras tendrán una mayor incidencia de ovulaciones múltiples y embarazos gemeiares, y las yeguas mayores tienen tasas más altas de ovulaciones múltiples pero no gemelos. El uso de inductores de la ovulación puede aumentar las tasas de ovulación doble y a medida que avanza la temporada reproductiva aumenta la incidencia de embarazos gemelares. El conocimiento de estos factores de riesgo es importante para un diagnóstico e intervención adecuados para eviar daños causados por estos embarazos.(AU)

Curva de crescimento em potros da raça Crioula do nascimento aos 24 meses de idade / Growth curve of Crioulo foals from birth until 24 months of age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, using a mechanical scale for weight and a hippometer for height. The analysis were conducted on SAS/ETS® version 9.2. Logistic non-linear regression model was used to obtain growth curves for height and minimum, medium and maximum weight of the foals on their respective ages, by this way six growth curves were produced. Results show an increase in weight and height at 24 months of age compared to the moment of birth. This increase was accentuated during the first months of life, both in weight and height.[...]

Curva de crescimento em potros da raça Crioula do nascimento aos 24 meses de idade / Growth curve of Crioulo foals from birth until 24 months of age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, using a mechanical scale for weight and a hippometer for height. The analysis were conducted on SAS/ETS® version 9.2. Logistic non-linear regression model was used to obtain growth curves for height and minimum, medium and maximum weight of the foals on their respective ages, by this way six growth curves were produced. Results show an increase in weight and height at 24 months of age compared to the moment of birth. This increase was accentuated during the first months of life, both in weight and height.[...](AU)

Miotenectomia do extensor digital lateral no tratamento de harpejamento bilateral em equino: relato de caso / Digital lateral myotenectomy for the treatment of bilateral stringhalt in a horse: case report / Sección del tendón en el extensor lateral del dígito como tratamiento del arpeo bilateral en un equino: relato de caso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a resposta clínica de um equino com harpejamento bilateral após o procedimento de miotenectomia do extensor digital lateral. Foi atendido no HCV-URCAMP de Bagé-RS, um equino apresentando hiperflexão involuntária bilateral do tarso de início súbito. O caso foi diagnosticado como harpejamento do tipo australiano, devido à ausência de lesões ortopédicas e a presença de H. radicata no exame do ambiente. Por não apresentar resposta às condutas de manejo e terapia medicamentosa, foi realizada a miotenectomia do extensor digital lateral. O grau de harpejamento foi reduzido de 5 para 2 no membro operado, não sendo percebido ao passo. Sendo assim, após 2 meses foi realizada a mesma cirurgia no outro membro, o que resultou na ausência dos sinais clínicos. Apesar da regressão nestes casos ser geralmente espontânea, a cirurgia pode precipitar a melhora clínica, que neste caso foi de 2 meses.

The aim of this paper was to report the clinical response of a horse with bilateral stringhalt afierthe digital lateral myotenectomy procedure. Was assisted in the Veterinary Hospital ofthe URCAMP University, in Bagé city, Brazil, a horse presenting involuntary bilateral hyperflexion of the tarsus, with sudden onset.The case was diagnosed as Australian stringhalt, due to the absent of orthopedic lesions and the presenceof H. radicata plant, in the environment exam. By not show positive response to the change in managementor drug therapy, was choosed the surgical procedure of digital lateral myotenectomy, as treatment option.The stringhalt grade was reduced from 5 to 2 in the operated limb, no more seen in the walk. Thus, twomonths afier, the same surgery was performed in the other hind limb, what resulted in the absent of theclinical signs. Beside the regression in these cases commonly occurs spontaneously, the surgery mayanticipate the clinical improvement, which in this case was in two months.

Ese trabajo tuvo por objetivo relatar la resposta clinica de un equino con arpeo bilateral,después de haberse realizado sección dei tendón dei extensor lateral dei dígito. Fue atendido no HCV -URCAMP de Bagé, RS - Brasil, un equino con hiperflexion involuntaria bilateral dei tarso con inicio muyrápido. EI caso se diagnosticó como arpeo dei tipo australiano, debido a ausencia de lesiones ortopédicas y por encontrarse Ia H. radicata en el examen dei ambiente. Por no tener respuesta a Ias disposiciones demanejo o terapias medicamentosas, se realizó Ia sección dei tendón dei extensor lateral de dígito. EI gradode Ia hiperflexion hubo reducción de 5 hasta 2 en el miembro cirujado, sin notarse más esa senal ai paso. Pasados 2 meses, se realizó Ia misma operación en el otro miembro, resultando en Ia ausencia de Iassefiaíes de Ia hiperflexion. Mientras tanto Ia regresión en estos casos ocurrir naturalmente, Ia cirugía puede adelantar una mejora dei animal, que en este caso fue de 2 meses.

Miotenectomia do extensor digital lateral no tratamento de harpejamento bilateral em equino: relato de caso / Digital lateral myotenectomy for the treatment of bilateral stringhalt in a horse: case report / Sección del tendón en el extensor lateral del dígito como tratamiento del arpeo bilateral en un equino: relato de caso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a resposta clínica de um equino com harpejamento bilateral após o procedimento de miotenectomia do extensor digital lateral. Foi atendido no HCV-URCAMP de Bagé-RS, um equino apresentando hiperflexão involuntária bilateral do tarso de início súbito. O caso foi diagnosticado como harpejamento do tipo australiano, devido à ausência de lesões ortopédicas e a presença de H. radicata no exame do ambiente. Por não apresentar resposta às condutas de manejo e terapia medicamentosa, foi realizada a miotenectomia do extensor digital lateral. O grau de harpejamento foi reduzido de 5 para 2 no membro operado, não sendo percebido ao passo. Sendo assim, após 2 meses foi realizada a mesma cirurgia no outro membro, o que resultou na ausência dos sinais clínicos. Apesar da regressão nestes casos ser geralmente espontânea, a cirurgia pode precipitar a melhora clínica, que neste caso foi de 2 meses. (AU)

The aim of this paper was to report the clinical response of a horse with bilateral stringhalt afierthe digital lateral myotenectomy procedure. Was assisted in the Veterinary Hospital ofthe URCAMP University, in Bagé city, Brazil, a horse presenting involuntary bilateral hyperflexion of the tarsus, with sudden onset.The case was diagnosed as Australian stringhalt, due to the absent of orthopedic lesions and the presenceof H. radicata plant, in the environment exam. By not show positive response to the change in managementor drug therapy, was choosed the surgical procedure of digital lateral myotenectomy, as treatment option.The stringhalt grade was reduced from 5 to 2 in the operated limb, no more seen in the walk. Thus, twomonths afier, the same surgery was performed in the other hind limb, what resulted in the absent of theclinical signs. Beside the regression in these cases commonly occurs spontaneously, the surgery mayanticipate the clinical improvement, which in this case was in two months.(AU)

Ese trabajo tuvo por objetivo relatar la resposta clinica de un equino con arpeo bilateral,después de haberse realizado sección dei tendón dei extensor lateral dei dígito. Fue atendido no HCV -URCAMP de Bagé, RS - Brasil, un equino con hiperflexion involuntaria bilateral dei tarso con inicio muyrápido. EI caso se diagnosticó como arpeo dei tipo australiano, debido a ausencia de lesiones ortopédicas y por encontrarse Ia H. radicata en el examen dei ambiente. Por no tener respuesta a Ias disposiciones demanejo o terapias medicamentosas, se realizó Ia sección dei tendón dei extensor lateral de dígito. EI gradode Ia hiperflexion hubo reducción de 5 hasta 2 en el miembro cirujado, sin notarse más esa senal ai paso. Pasados 2 meses, se realizó Ia misma operación en el otro miembro, resultando en Ia ausencia de Iassefiaíes de Ia hiperflexion. Mientras tanto Ia regresión en estos casos ocurrir naturalmente, Ia cirugía puede adelantar una mejora dei animal, que en este caso fue de 2 meses. (AU)