RESUMO
The Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area of the Brazilian state of Maranhão encompasses a biologically rich region that includes the basins of four principal rivers, the Mearim, Pericumã, Pindaré, and Turiaçu, which form a complex of wetlands. The present study provides a comprehensive inventory of the fish fauna of the rivers that drain the Baixada Maranhense based on the identification of voucher specimens that were deposited in a scientific collection. Expeditions were conducted between 2014 and 2020. The inventory identified a total of 100 fish species representing 79 genera, 34 families, and 11 orders, which are found in both freshwater and estuarine environments. Six (Potamotrygon orbignyi, Leporinus piau, Moenkhausia loweae, Serrasalmus spilopleura, Pachypops fourcroi and Peckoltia greedoi) of the 100 taxa identified here are considered to be new records for one or more of the basins surveyed during this study, based on the existing data, while four - Colossoma macropomum, Megaleporinus macrocephalus, Cichla sp. and Cichla kelberi - are not native. The most speciose orders were the Siluriformes and Characiformes, while the most diverse families were the Loricariidae, Characidae, Auchenipteridae, Cichlidae, and Serrasalmidae. These data are consistent with the findings of most of the previous studies of freshwater ecosystems in the Neotropical region, in particular those of the rivers of Maranhão. The results of the present study represent an important advance in the understanding of the diversity of the fish fauna of the Mearim, Pericumã, Pindaré, and Turiaçu rivers, which are still poorly studied, and have likely had their diversity underestimated up to now.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Characidae , Caraciformes , Ciclídeos , Humanos , Animais , Brasil , Ecossistema , RiosRESUMO
The "piaussu", Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.
Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes/anatomia & histologia , Peixes/genéticaRESUMO
Abstract The piaussu, Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.
Resumo Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.
RESUMO
The "piaussu", Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.
Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Rios , Caraciformes/genética , Paraguai , Uruguai , BrasilRESUMO
The "piaussu", Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.
Assuntos
Caraciformes , Rios , Animais , Brasil , Caraciformes/genética , Humanos , Paraguai , UruguaiRESUMO
Recurrent vaginal candidiasis is a worldwide problem affecting millions of women. Candida albicans is a potent allergen in some situations and it has been suggested that local hypersensitivity to this yeast can be a factor in the prolongation of the disease. A small number of studies show some benefits of allergen immunotherapy in these patients. We evaluated the efficacy of C. albicans allergen immunotherapy in women with immediate skin test positive for this fungus. We conducted a prospective cohort study of women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis referred by gynecologists to an allergist. All patients had established positive C. albicans in vaginal cultures and were unresponsive to other modes of treatment. None had diabetes or AIDS. In their allergy evaluation, they had an immediate (prick or intradermal) skin test positive to C. albicans. These women were offered the option of C. albicans allergen immunotherapy for a period of 24 months. The efficacy of therapy was evaluated by comparison of the mean incidence of episodes per year before and after immunotherapy Over a period of 33 months, 34 women were enrolled (mean age 33.5 years; range 18-57). They were treated with weekly injections of C. albicans allergenic extract over a mean (+/- SD) period of 17.4+/-7.2 months (4-24 months). Twenty-two of the women had improvement in symptoms. There were complete responses, i.e., absence of acute episodes for 2 years, in nine patients (26%) and partial responses, i.e., decrease in the number and intensity of episodes, in 13 patients (38%). Overall there was a 64% improvement in these patients (95% CI: 46.5-79.9). Eleven patients showed no improvement and one worsened. The effects were evident after 2-12 months of therapy (mean 3.5 months). The mean incidence of episodes of vaginitis per year decreased from a mean (+/- SD) of 8.5+/-2.6 to 3.6+/-4.3 (p = 0.000). The study also showed that the majority of patients were atopic (70%), had allergic rhinitis (67%) and familial history of allergy (70%). Our results suggest that in a subgroup of patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis, C. albicans allergen immunotherapy lowers the number and intensity of episodes.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Candida albicans/imunologia , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva , Testes CutâneosRESUMO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: The reader of this review will learn about the different clinical forms of allergic vulvovaginitis. This specific and important chapter has not been previously summarized and described in the medical literature. Vaginal mucosa is also able to show an allergic response similarly to the nose, eyes, lungs, and skin. Physicians should be familiarized with this kind of manifestation in order to make the proper diagnosis and evaluation of this entity. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE searches were undertaken since 1966 for citations of any kind of allergic vulvovaginitis. Relevant reviews and articles identified in this process were surveyed for additional and earlier citations. Textbooks of medicine, gynecology, dermatology, and infectious diseases have also been consulted. Old medical textbooks and journals of allergy and internal medicine were recovered from the Division of History of the Medicine of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal Medical College), Belo Horizonte, Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: A great variety of allergens are able to provoke allergic reactions in the female genital tract. The immunology of the vagina, the influence of hormones, menstrual cycle, and psychologic factors are also highlighted in this review. A possibility of vaginal hyperreactivity is proposed in this text. Adequate management provides important relief of symptoms in the majority of cases.
Assuntos
Vulvovaginite/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/terapia , Vagina/imunologia , Vulvovaginite/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In a recent series of studies, it has been shown that hypersensitivity is an important factor in recurrent vaginal candidiasis and several referring gynecologists have been asking for our support in the evaluation of women with regard to the possibility of local vaginal hypersensitivity. This study was instituted because, since the first anamnesis, a high incidence of perennial allergic rhinitis, as well as family allergies have been observed in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between recurrent vaginal candidiasis and perennial allergic rhinitis, and to explore the allergic characteristics of the patients and of the disease. METHODS: For 28 months, we have prospectively studied 95 patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis referred by gynecologists to a private allergy practice. All of them were unresponsive to all other modalities of therapy, and had no diabetes or immunodeficiency diseases. As a control group, we studied 100 women, who came to the allergy office for other reasons, and had no recurrent vaginal candidiasis. All of these 195 women were submitted to a standard allergy medical history, a complete physical examination, and immediate skin tests with a standard battery of inhalant allergens and Candida albicans. The incidence of allergic diseases in the two groups was compared. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis also had allergic rhinitis (71%), while in the control group the incidence of this pathology was 42%. The difference was considered statistically significant, according to the software Epi info (P < .0001). The study (1) did not show an association between recurrent vaginal candidiasis and asthma and (2) indicated that patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis have a high incidence of skin tests positive to inhalant allergens (50%), to Candida albicans (55%), and a high incidence of family history of allergies (73%). In control women, the incidence of skin test positive to inhalant allergens was 72% and to Candida albicans, 10%. There was a family history of allergies in 61% of women. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that recurrent vaginal candidiasis is statistically associated with perennial allergic rhinitis and that many of these women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis tend to be atopic.
