Global conservation prioritization areas in three dimensions of crocodilian diversity.

Crocodilians are a taxonomic group of large predators with important ecological and evolutionary benefits for ecosystem functioning in the face of global change. Anthropogenic actions affect negatively crocodilians' survival and more than half of the species are threatened with extinction worldwide. Here, we map and explore three dimensions of crocodilian diversity on a global scale. To highlight the ecological importance of crocodilians, we correlate the spatial distribution of species with the ecosystem services of nutrient retention in the world. We calculate the effectiveness of global protected networks in safeguarding crocodilian species and provide three prioritization models for conservation planning. Our results show the main hotspots of ecological and evolutionary values are in southern North, Central and South America, west-central Africa, northeastern India, and southeastern Asia. African species have the highest correlation to nutrient retention patterns. Twenty-five percent of the world's crocodilian species are not significantly represented in the existing protected area networks. The most alarming cases are reported in northeastern India, eastern China, and west-central Africa, which include threatened species with low or non-significant representation in the protected area networks. Our highest conservation prioritization model targets southern North America, east-central Central America, northern South America, west-central Africa, northeastern India, eastern China, southern Laos, Cambodia, and some points in southeastern Asia. Our research provides a global prioritization scheme to protect multiple dimensions of crocodilian diversity for achieving effective conservation outcomes.

Spatial relationships between fishes and amphibians: implications for conservation planning in a Neotropical Hotspot.

Species distribution patterns are widely used to guide conservation planning and are a central issue in ecology. The usefulness of spatial correlation analysis has been highlighted in several ecological applications so far. However, spatial assumptions in ecology are highly scale-dependent, in which geographical relationships between species diversity and distributions can have different conservation concerns. Here, an integrative landscape planning was designed to show the spatial distribution patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of amphibians and fishes, from multiple species traits regarding morphology, life history, and behavior. We used spatial, morphological, and ecological data of amphibians and fishes to calculate the functional diversity and the spatial correlation of species. Mapping results show that the higher taxonomic and functional diversity of fishes is concentrated in the West Atlantic Forest. Considering amphibians, are located in the East portion of the biome. The spatial correlation of species indicates the regions of the Serra do Mar and the extreme southern part of the Central Corridor as the main overlapped species distribution areas between both groups. New key conservation sites were reported within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot, revealing cross-taxon mismatches between terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. This study offers useful spatial information integrating suitable habitats of fishes and amphibians to complement existing and future research based on terrestrial and freshwater conservation. New priorities for biodiversity conservation in rich-species regions highlight the importance of spatial pattern analysis to support land-use planning in a macroecological context.

Public policy coverage and access to medicines in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Describe consumption patterns for monetary and non-monetary acquisition of medicines according to age and income groups, highlighting pharmaceuticals associated with health programs with specific access guarantees. METHODS: Descriptive observational study using microdata from the 2017-2018 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (Household Budget Survey, POF/IBGE). We initially reviewed programs/policies with specific guarantees of access to medicines in the SUS. Using the pharmaceutical product list of POF-4 (chart 29 of the questionnaire on individual expenditures), we selected the medicines related to these programs. We then described frequencies and percentages for not reporting medicine consumption and for reporting consumption (either through monetary or non-monetary acquisition) according to age and income groups. For medicines with distinctive access guarantees, we compared average monthly values of acquisitions and consumption patterns by age and income. RESULTS: 63% of those in the ≤ 2 minimum wage (MW) household income group did not report consuming medicines in the last month. Among those earning > 25 MW, 44.3% did not report consumption. Non-monetary acquisitions of medicines were mainly reported for the < 10 MW group and for the elderly and accounted for 20.5% of the total consumption of medicines (in value). For policies with specific access guarantees, non-monetary acquisitions reached 33.6% of total consumption. This percentage varied for the various selected medicines: vaccines, 83.3%; cancer drugs, 70.3%; diabetes, 47.9%; hypertension, 35.9%; asthma and bronchitis, 29.2%; eye problems, 14%; prostate and urinary tract, 10.7%; gynecological, 11.6%; and contraceptives, 9.7%. CONCLUSION: Shares for non-monetary acquisitions of medicines are still low but benefit mainly lower-income and older age groups. Policies and programs with specific access guarantees to medicines have increased access. Results suggest the need to strengthen and expand pharmaceutical care policies.

[Family expenditures on healthcare plans in Brazil and household budget commitment: an analysis of the Brazilian Household Budgets Survey (2017/2018)]. / Gastos das famílias com planos de saúde no Brasil e comprometimento da renda domiciliar: uma análise da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2017/2018).

According to studies using previous editions of the Household Budgets Survey (POF) in Brazil, paying for a healthcare plan increases the percentage of income spent on health and fails to reduce the probability of incurring excessive health expenditures. The study's objective was to describe relations between expenditures on healthcare plans, income, and age groups, highlighting the effect of having a plan on the probability of committing more than 40% of income on health-related expenditures. An analysis of the POF 2017/2018 determined the commitment of per capita household income for payers of plans by age group and type of plan and logistic regression for factors associated with committing more than 40% of income to health-related expenditures. In 12 months, 22.1 million Brazilians spent BRL 78.1 billion on private medical insurance. The share of income spent on individual plans increases consistently with age, from 4.5% of per capita household income (at < 19 years) to 10.6% of this income (at 79 years or older). The probability of committing more than 40% of income to health expenditures decreases with income, increases with age, and is higher for those paying for health plans. Spending on healthcare plans alone exceeds 40% of per capita household income for 5.6% of Brazilians 60 years or older who pay for individual plans and for 4% of those who pay for company plans. Persons in the oldest age groups and in the lowest income brackets show the highest likelihood of spending more than 40% of their income on healthcare. A revision of the plans' adjustment by age is an alternative for attempting to mitigate this problem.

Estudos com edições anteriores da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) indicam que, no Brasil, pagar um plano de saúde aumenta o percentual da renda gasto com saúde e não reduz a probabilidade de ter gastos excessivos com saúde. Descrevem-se relações entre gastos com planos de saúde, renda e faixas etárias, destacando o efeito de ter plano sobre a probabilidade de comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas relacionadas à saúde. Análise de microdados da POF 2017/2018 para determinar o comprometimento da renda domiciliar per capita dos pagantes de planos por faixa etária e por tipo de plano, e regressão logística para fatores associados a comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas de saúde. Em 12 meses, R$ 78,1 bilhões foram gastos com planos médicos por 22,1 milhões de pessoas. O comprometimento da renda com planos individuais aumenta consistentemente com a idade, passando de 4,5% da renda domiciliar per capita (< 19 anos) para 10,6% dessa renda (79 anos ou mais). A probabilidade de comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas de saúde diminui com a renda, cresce com a idade e é maior para quem paga plano de saúde. A despesa apenas com os planos supera 40% da renda domiciliar per capita para 5,6% das pessoas com 60 anos ou mais que pagam planos individuais e para 4% das que pagam planos empresariais. As pessoas nas faixas de idade mais altas e faixas de renda mais baixas são as com maior probabilidade de comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas de saúde. Rever as regras de reajuste por idade dos planos é uma alternativa para tentar mitigar esse problema.

Estudios con ediciones anteriores de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) indican que, en Brasil, pagar un plan de salud aumenta el porcentaje de la renta gastado con salud y no reduce la probabilidad de tener gastos excesivos con la salud. El objetivo fue describir las relaciones entre gastos con planes de salud, renta y franjas de edad, destacando el efecto de tener un plan sobre la probabilidad de comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos relacionados con la salud. Se realizó un análisis de microdatos de la POF 2017/2018 para determinar el comprometimiento de la renta domiciliaria per cápita de los pagadores de planes por franja etaria y por tipo de plan, así como una regresión logística para factores asociados con comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos de salud. En 12 meses, BRL 78,1 mil millones se gastaron con planes médicos por 22,1 millones de personas. El comprometimiento de la renta con planes individuales aumenta consistentemente con la edad, pasando de 4,5% de la renta domiciliaria per cápita (< 19 años) al 10,6% de esa renta (79 años o más). La probabilidad de comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos de salud disminuye con la renta, crece con la edad y es mayor para quien paga un plan de salud. El gasto solo con los planes supera un 40% de la renta domiciliaria per cápita para un 5,6% de las personas con 60 años o más que pagan planes individuales y para un 4% de los que pagan planes empresariales. Las personas en las franjas de edad más altas y franjas de renta más bajas son las que tienen mayor probabilidad de comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos de salud. Revisar las reglas de reajuste por edad de los planes es una alternativa para intentar mitigar ese problema.

Estimating the costs for implementing a maternity leave cash transfer program for women employed in the informal sector in Brazil and Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Maternity leave policies are designed to protect gender equality and the health of mothers in the workforce and their children. However, maternity leave schemes are often linked to jobs in the formal sector economy. In low- and middle-income countries a large share of women work in the informal sector, and are not eligible to such benefit. This is worrisome from a social justice and a policy perspective and suggests the need for intervening. Costing the implementation of potential interventions is needed for facilitating informed decisions by policy makers. METHODS: We developed and applied a costing methodology to assess the cost of a maternity leave cash transfer to be operated in the informal sector of the economy in Brazil and Ghana, two countries with very different employment structures and socioeconomic contexts. We conducted sensitivity analysis by modeling different numbers of weeks covered. RESULTS: In Brazil, the cost of the maternity cash transfer would be between 0.004% and 0.02% of the GDP, while in Ghana it would range between 0.076% and 0.28% of the GDP. The relative cost of rolling out a maternity intervention in Brazil is between 2.2 to 3.2 times the cost in Ghana depending on the benchmark used to assess the welfare measure. The differences in costs between countries was related to differences in labor market structure as well as demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show how a standard methodology that relies on routinely available information is feasible and could assist policymakers in estimating the costs of supporting a maternity cash transfer for women employed in the informal sector, such intervention is expected to contribute to social justice, gender equity, and health trajectories.

Gastos das famílias com planos de saúde no Brasil e comprometimento da renda domiciliar: uma análise da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2017/2018) / Family expenditures on healthcare plans in Brazil and household budget commitment: an analysis of the Brazilian Household Budgets Survey (2017/2018) / Gastos de las familias con planes de salud en Brasil y comprometimiento de la renta domiciliaria: un análisis de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (2017/2018)

Estudos com edições anteriores da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) indicam que, no Brasil, pagar um plano de saúde aumenta o percentual da renda gasto com saúde e não reduz a probabilidade de ter gastos excessivos com saúde. Descrevem-se relações entre gastos com planos de saúde, renda e faixas etárias, destacando o efeito de ter plano sobre a probabilidade de comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas relacionadas à saúde. Análise de microdados da POF 2017/2018 para determinar o comprometimento da renda domiciliar per capita dos pagantes de planos por faixa etária e por tipo de plano, e regressão logística para fatores associados a comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas de saúde. Em 12 meses, R$ 78,1 bilhões foram gastos com planos médicos por 22,1 milhões de pessoas. O comprometimento da renda com planos individuais aumenta consistentemente com a idade, passando de 4,5% da renda domiciliar per capita (< 19 anos) para 10,6% dessa renda (79 anos ou mais). A probabilidade de comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas de saúde diminui com a renda, cresce com a idade e é maior para quem paga plano de saúde. A despesa apenas com os planos supera 40% da renda domiciliar per capita para 5,6% das pessoas com 60 anos ou mais que pagam planos individuais e para 4% das que pagam planos empresariais. As pessoas nas faixas de idade mais altas e faixas de renda mais baixas são as com maior probabilidade de comprometer mais de 40% da renda com despesas de saúde. Rever as regras de reajuste por idade dos planos é uma alternativa para tentar mitigar esse problema.

According to studies using previous editions of the Household Budgets Survey (POF) in Brazil, paying for a healthcare plan increases the percentage of income spent on health and fails to reduce the probability of incurring excessive health expenditures. The study's objective was to describe relations between expenditures on healthcare plans, income, and age groups, highlighting the effect of having a plan on the probability of committing more than 40% of income on health-related expenditures. An analysis of the POF 2017/2018 determined the commitment of per capita household income for payers of plans by age group and type of plan and logistic regression for factors associated with committing more than 40% of income to health-related expenditures. In 12 months, 22.1 million Brazilians spent BRL 78.1 billion on private medical insurance. The share of income spent on individual plans increases consistently with age, from 4.5% of per capita household income (at < 19 years) to 10.6% of this income (at 79 years or older). The probability of committing more than 40% of income to health expenditures decreases with income, increases with age, and is higher for those paying for health plans. Spending on healthcare plans alone exceeds 40% of per capita household income for 5.6% of Brazilians 60 years or older who pay for individual plans and for 4% of those who pay for company plans. Persons in the oldest age groups and in the lowest income brackets show the highest likelihood of spending more than 40% of their income on healthcare. A revision of the plans' adjustment by age is an alternative for attempting to mitigate this problem.

Estudios con ediciones anteriores de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) indican que, en Brasil, pagar un plan de salud aumenta el porcentaje de la renta gastado con salud y no reduce la probabilidad de tener gastos excesivos con la salud. El objetivo fue describir las relaciones entre gastos con planes de salud, renta y franjas de edad, destacando el efecto de tener un plan sobre la probabilidad de comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos relacionados con la salud. Se realizó un análisis de microdatos de la POF 2017/2018 para determinar el comprometimiento de la renta domiciliaria per cápita de los pagadores de planes por franja etaria y por tipo de plan, así como una regresión logística para factores asociados con comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos de salud. En 12 meses, BRL 78,1 mil millones se gastaron con planes médicos por 22,1 millones de personas. El comprometimiento de la renta con planes individuales aumenta consistentemente con la edad, pasando de 4,5% de la renta domiciliaria per cápita (< 19 años) al 10,6% de esa renta (79 años o más). La probabilidad de comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos de salud disminuye con la renta, crece con la edad y es mayor para quien paga un plan de salud. El gasto solo con los planes supera un 40% de la renta domiciliaria per cápita para un 5,6% de las personas con 60 años o más que pagan planes individuales y para un 4% de los que pagan planes empresariales. Las personas en las franjas de edad más altas y franjas de renta más bajas son las que tienen mayor probabilidad de comprometer más de un 40% de la renta con gastos de salud. Revisar las reglas de reajuste por edad de los planes es una alternativa para intentar mitigar ese problema.

Public policy coverage and access to medicines in Brazil / Cobertura de políticas públicas e acesso a medicamentos no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe consumption patterns for monetary and non-monetary acquisition of medicines according to age and income groups, highlighting pharmaceuticals associated with health programs with specific access guarantees. METHODS Descriptive observational study using microdata from the 2017-2018 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (Household Budget Survey, POF/IBGE). We initially reviewed programs/policies with specific guarantees of access to medicines in the SUS. Using the pharmaceutical product list of POF-4 (chart 29 of the questionnaire on individual expenditures), we selected the medicines related to these programs. We then described frequencies and percentages for not reporting medicine consumption and for reporting consumption (either through monetary or non-monetary acquisition) according to age and income groups. For medicines with distinctive access guarantees, we compared average monthly values of acquisitions and consumption patterns by age and income. RESULTS 63% of those in the ≤ 2 minimum wage (MW) household income group did not report consuming medicines in the last month. Among those earning > 25 MW, 44.3% did not report consumption. Non-monetary acquisitions of medicines were mainly reported for the < 10 MW group and for the elderly and accounted for 20.5% of the total consumption of medicines (in value). For policies with specific access guarantees, non-monetary acquisitions reached 33.6% of total consumption. This percentage varied for the various selected medicines: vaccines, 83.3%; cancer drugs, 70.3%; diabetes, 47.9%; hypertension, 35.9%; asthma and bronchitis, 29.2%; eye problems, 14%; prostate and urinary tract, 10.7%; gynecological, 11.6%; and contraceptives, 9.7%. CONCLUSION Shares for non-monetary acquisitions of medicines are still low but benefit mainly lower-income and older age groups. Policies and programs with specific access guarantees to medicines have increased access. Results suggest the need to strengthen and expand pharmaceutical care policies.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever padrões de consumo de medicamentos com e sem desembolso direto de recursos, segundo faixas de idade e de renda, destacando os fármacos associados a programas de saúde com garantias específicas de acesso. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo observacional usando microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF/IBGE) 2017-2018. Inicialmente, foram definidas as garantias específicas de acesso a medicamentos do SUS pela sistematização de programas/políticas com essa previsão. A partir dos medicamentos do quadro 29 do questionário de despesas individuais (POF-4), foram selecionados tipos de medicamentos associados a essas garantias. Foram descritas as frequências e os percentuais de pessoas sem consumo e com consumo (aquisição com e sem desembolso direto de recursos), segundo faixas de idade e de renda. Para medicamentos vinculados a garantias específicas, comparou-se valores médios mensais de aquisições e padrões de consumo por faixa etária e renda. RESULTADOS Entre as pessoas com renda domiciliar até dois salários mínimos, 63% não declararam consumo de medicamentos no mês. Entre as acima de 25 salários mínimos, foram 44,3%. Aquisições sem desembolso direto foram feitas principalmente por pessoas na faixa com até 10 salários mínimos e entre os mais idosos. O consumo sem desembolso direto representou 20,5% do consumo total de medicamentos (em valor). Para políticas com garantias específicas de acesso, o consumo sem desembolso foi de 33,6% com variações desse percentual entre os medicamentos selecionados no estudo: vacinas, 83,3%; medicamentos para câncer, 70,3%; diabetes, 47,9%; hipertensão, 35,9%; asma e bronquite, 29,2%; problemas oftalmológicos, 14%; medicamentos para próstata e vias urinárias, 10,7%; para problemas ginecológicos, 11,6%; e anticoncepcionais, 9,7%. CONCLUSÃO O consumo sem desembolso ainda é baixo, mas beneficia principalmente pessoas de menor renda e idosos. Políticas e programas com garantias específicas de acesso a medicamentos têm aumentado esse acesso. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de fortalecer e ampliar as políticas de assistência farmacêutica.

A New Association Scheme for Handling Node Mobility in Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Networks.

Node mobility in multi-hop communication environments is an important feature of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based monitoring systems. It allows nodes to have freedom of movement, without being restricted to a single-hop communication range. In IEEE 802.15.4 WSNs, nodes are only able to transfer data messages after completing a connection with a coordinator through an association mechanism. Within this context, a handover procedure needs to be executed by a mobile node whenever there is a disconnection from a coordinator and the establishment of a connection to another one. Many applications, such as those found in health monitoring systems, strongly need support for node mobility without loss of data during the handover. However, it has been observed that the time required to execute the handover procedure is one of the main reasons why IEEE 802.15.4 cannot fully support mobility. This paper proposes an improvement to this procedure using a set of combined strategies, such as anticipation of both the handover mechanism and the scan phase enhancement. Simulations show that it is possible to reduce latency during the association and re-association processes, making it feasible to develop WSN-based distributed monitoring systems with mobile nodes and stringent time constraints.

Dynamic Reconfiguration of Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Networks to Handle Communication Overloads in Disaster-Related Situations.

The development of flexible and efficient communication mechanisms is of paramount importance within the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. IoT has been used for industrial, commercial, and residential applications, and the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard is one of the most suitable protocols for this purpose. This protocol is now frequently used to implement large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In industrial settings, it is becoming increasingly common to deploy cluster-tree WSNs, a complex IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee-based peer-to-peer network topology, to monitor and control critical processes such as those related to oil or gas, mining, or certain specific chemicals. The remote monitoring of critical events for hazards or disaster detection in large areas is a challenging issue, since the occurrence of events in the monitored environment may severely stress the regular operation of the network. This paper proposes the Dynamic REconfiguration mechanism of cluster-Tree WSNs (DyRET), which is able to dynamically reconfigure large-scale IEEE 802.15.4 cluster-tree WSNs, and to assign communication resources to the overloaded branches of the tree based on the accumulated network load generated by each of the sensor nodes. A complete simulation assessment demonstrates the proposed mechanism's efficiency, and the results show that it can guarantee the required quality of service level for the dynamic reconfiguration of cluster-tree networks.

Hoxd10 Is Required Systemically for Secretory Activation in Lactation and Interacts Genetically with Hoxd9.

Targeted disruption of the murine Hoxd10 gene (ΔHoxd10) leads to a high frequency of localized (gland-to-gland or regionally within a gland) lactation impairment in homozygous mutant mice as a single gene mutation. The effect of Hoxd10 disruption was enhanced by simultaneous disruption of Hoxd9 (ΔHoxd9/d10), a mutation shown previously to have no effect on mammary function as a single gene alteration. Mammary glands of homozygous ΔHoxd10 and ΔHoxd9/d10 females were indistinguishable from those of wild type littermate and age-matched control mice in late pregnancy. However, in lactation, 47% of homozygous ΔHoxd10 females, and 100% of homozygous ΔHoxd9/d10 females, showed localized or complete failure of two or more glands to undergo lactation-associated morphological changes and to secrete milk. Affected regions of ΔHoxd10 and ΔHoxd9/d10 mutants showed reduced prolactin receptor expression, reduced signal transducer and activator transcription protein 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation, reduced expression of downstream milk proteins, mislocalized glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), increased STAT3 expression and phosphorylation, recruitment of leukocytes, altered cell cycle status, and increased apoptosis relative to unaffected regions and wild type control glands. Despite these local effects on alveolar function, transplantation results and hormone analysis indicate that Hoxd10 primarily has systemic functions that confer attenuated STAT5 phosphorylation on both wild type and ΔHoxd10 transplants when placed in ΔHoxd10 hosts, thereby exacerbating an underlying propensity for lactation failure in C57Bl/6 mice.

Functional traits explain amphibian distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

AIM: Species distributions are one of the most important ways to understand how communities interact through macroecological relationships. The functional abilities of a species, such as its plasticity in various environments, can determine its distribution, species richness and beta diversity patterns. In this study, we evaluate how functional traits influence the distribution of amphibians, and hypothesize which functional traits explain the current pattern of amphibian species composition. LOCATION: Atlantic Forest, Brazil. TAXON: Amphibia (Anura and Gymnophiona). METHODS: Using potential distributions of Brazilian amphibians from Atlantic Forest based on their functional traits, we analysed the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on species richness, endemism (with permutation multivariate analysis) and beta diversity components (i.e. total, turnover and nestedness dissimilarities). RESULTS: Environmental variables explained 59.5% of species richness, whereas functional traits explained 15.8% of species distribution (geographical species range) for Anuran and 88.8% for Gymnophiona. Body size had the strongest correlation with species distribution. Results showed that species with medium to large body size, and species that are adapted to living in open areas tended to disperse from west to east direction. Current forest changes directly affected beta diversity patterns (i.e. most species adapted to novel environments increase their ranges). Beta diversity partitioning between humid and dry forests showed decreased nestedness and increased turnover by increasing altitude in the south-eastern region of the Atlantic Forest. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that functional traits directly influence the ability of the species to disperse. With the alterations of the natural environment, species more apt to these alterations have dispersed or increased their distribution, which consequently changes community structure. As a result, there are nested species distribution patterns and homogenization of amphibian species composition throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Searching for Networks: Ecological Connectivity for Amphibians Under Climate Change.

Ecological connectivity depends on key elements within the landscape, which can support ecological fluxes, species richness and long-term viability of a biological community. Landscape planning requires clear aims and quantitative approaches to identify which key elements can reinforce the spatial coherence of protected areas design. We aim to explore the probability of the ecological connectivity of forest remnants and amphibian species distributions for current and future climate scenarios across the Central Corridor of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Integrating amphibian conservation, climate change and ecological corridors, we design a landscape ranking based on graph and circuit theories. To identify the sensitivity of connected areas to climate-dependent changes, we use the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate by means of simulations for 2080-2100, representing a moderated emission scenario within an optimistic context. Our findings indicate that more than 70% of forest connectivity loss by climate change may drastically reduce amphibian dispersal in this region. We show that high amphibian turnover rates tend to be greater in the north-eastern edges of the corridor across ensembles of forecasts. Our spatial analysis reveals a general pattern of low-conductance areas in landscape surface, yet with some well-connected patches suggesting potential ecological corridors. Atlantic Forest reserves are expected to be less effective in a near future. For improved conservation outcomes, we recommend some landscape paths with low resistance values across space and time. We highlight the importance of maintaining forest remnants in the southern Bahia region by drafting a blueprint for functional biodiversity corridors.

Influence of microhabitat on the richness of anuran species: a case study of different landscapes in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil.

Environmental heterogeneity is a factor which can help explain the higher local species richness. The objective of this study was to test if richness and composition of anurans species are related to available microhabitats and landscape type of sampled sites. We assume that a higher number of microhabitats increase environmental heterogeneity and this, in turn, affects species richness of amphibians. We performed the study in the Mesophytic Semideciduous Forest, a vegetation type within Atlantic Forest Domain. Between October 2010 and February 2011, we sampled 23 water bodies located in the agricultural, forest, and urban landscapes. The species richness was determined using survey at breeding sites methodology, and the availability of microhabitats was estimated visually. Thirty-four anuran species belonging to 12 families were recorded. The species richness in water bodies ranged from two to 13 species. The highest species richness was recorded in environments with a higher number of microhabitats, while the species composition in water bodies was partially grouped according to the predominant landscape type that is agricultural, forest, forest edge or urban. Our results suggest that species use specific environments (e.g. landscapes, habitat and microhabitat) for their reproductive activities.

Climate change will decrease the range size of snake species under negligible protection in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot.

Reptiles are highly susceptible to climate change, responding negatively to thermal and rainfall alterations mainly in relation to their reproductive processes. Based on that, we evaluated the effects of climate change on climatically suitable areas for the occurrence of snakes in the Atlantic Forest hotspot, considering the responses of distinct reproductive groups (oviparous and viviparous). We assessed the species richness and turnover patterns affected by climate change and projected the threat status of each snake species at the end of the century. We also evaluated the effectiveness of the protected areas in safeguarding the species by estimating the mean percentage overlap between snake species distribution and protected areas (PAs) network and by assessing whether such areas will gain or lose species under climate change. Our results showed greater species richness in the eastern-central portion of the Atlantic Forest at present. In general, we evidenced a drastic range contraction of the snake species under climate change. Temporal turnover tends to be high in the western and north-eastern edges of the biome, particularly for oviparous species. Our predictions indicate that 73.6% of oviparous species and 67.6% of viviparous species could lose at least half of their original range by 2080. We also found that existing protected areas of the Atlantic Forest Hotspot have a very limited capacity to safeguard snakes at the current time, maintaining the precarious protection in the future, with the majority of them predicted to lose species at the end of this century. Although oviparous and viviparous snakes have been designated to be dramatically impacted, our study suggests a greater fragility of the former in the face of climate change. We advocated that the creation of new protected areas and/or the redesign of the existing network to harbour regions that maximize the snake species occupancy in the face of future warming scenarios are crucial measures for the conservation of this group.

Photoactivated resveratrol against Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice.

BACKGROUND: Among the pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of bacterial diseases in the world. In this context, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) appears as a promising tool by means of microbial inactivation with the use of light. aPDT is applied in treatments involving photosensitizers capable of generating oxygen free radicals. Thus, this work proposes the use of resveratrol as a photosensitizer. METHODS: In vitro tests were performed to determine the antibacterial activity of photoactivated resveratrol with blue LED light, as well as uric acid experiments for verification of singlet oxygen formation. Possible resveratrol structural changes were evaluated by HPLC. In the in vivo assays, the air pouch model was performed in mice for antimicrobial activity and cytokine production. RESULTS: The photoactivated resveratrol exhibited an increase in its antibacterial action and it is possibly brought about by the singlet oxygen formation. In the air pouch model, TNF-α and IL-17A cytokines were produced, diminishing the bacterial load, and consequently, reducing inflammation after 24 h of infection. Cellular number decrease in the inflammatory environment was associated with resolution of inflammation along with greater IL-10 production. CONCLUSION: It is the first time that resveratrol has been associated with aPDT. It was demonstrated in this work that resveratrol activated by blue LED light can be a promising photosensitizer. This compound, after the light stimulus, produces singlet oxygen, in addition to having effects on the immune system triggering TNF-α and IL-17A production, aiding in the clearance of several bacteria, including S. aureus.

An Optimized Relay Selection Technique to Improve the Communication Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are enabler technologies for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. WSNs provide an adequate infrastructure for the last-link communication with smart objects. Nevertheless, the wireless communication medium being inherently unreliable, there is the need to increase its communication reliability. Techniques based on the use of cooperative communication concepts are one of the ways to achieve this target. Within cooperative communication techniques, nodes selected as relays transmit not only their own data, but also cooperate by retransmitting data from other nodes. A fundamental step to improve the communication reliability of WSNs is related to the use of efficient relay selection techniques. This paper proposes a relay selection technique based on multiple criteria to select the smallest number of relay nodes and, at the same time, to ensure an adequate operation of the network. Additionally, two relay updating schemes are also investigated, defining periodic and adaptive updating policies. The simulation results show that both proposed schemes, named Periodic Relay Selection and Adaptive Relay Selection, significantly improve the communication reliability of the network, when compared to other state-of-the-art relay selection schemes.

Diversity of miniaturized frogs of the genus Adelophryne (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae): A new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeast Brazil.

The number of species of frogs in the South American genus Adelophryne has increased in recent years, and it has become apparent that this group contains a substantial amount of undescribed diversity. Currently the genus contains nine described species and five candidate species. Here we describe the tenth species of the genus Adelophryne from the municipality of Igrapiúna, southern Bahia state, Brazil. The new species is characterized by its small body size, indistinct tympanum, and two phalanges in the finger IV. The species of the genus are distributed in three groups, Northern Amazonia Clade, Northern Atlantic Forest Clade and Southern Atlantic Forest Clade. The new species is phylogenetically related to species of the Northern Atlantic Forest Clade of Adelophryne and restricted to forested habitat, as typical for other Adelophryne. The species is restricted to the pristine forests in the type locality, and we consider its conservation status as Near Threatened. New morphological and molecular data of other Adelophryne species are presented, extending the distribution of Adelophryne sp. 2, Adelophryne sp. 4, Adelophryne mucronata and Adelophryne glandulata. However, a more comprehensive revision of the diversity and phylogenetic position of most Adelophryne species is needed, and the evolutionary relationships of A. meridionalis and A. pachydactyla remain unknown.

Gestão territorial e cidades na Amazônia: municípios e seus planos diretores

O presente artigo apresenta, inicialmente, uma visão geral sobre o processo de urbanização da Amazônia. Em seguida, trata do papel essencial do plano diretor, principal instrumento municipal de planejamento urbano e territorial, na estruturação de estratégias de desenvolvimento local, a serem expressas no macrozoneamento e levando em conta a diversidade socioambiental da região.

Depression and adherence to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive men in São Paulo, the largest city in South America: Social and psychological implications

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and adherence to antiretroviral treatment in two groups of individuals: men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW). METHODS: Two hundred and sixteen participants (MSM=116; MSW=100) who visited the Clinics Hospital of the School of the Medicine of the University of São Paulo completed two independent surveys (the BECK Depression Inventory and an adherence self-declared questionnaire) to evaluate their depression status and adherence to antiretroviral treatment, respectively. RESULTS: The study highlighted a positive relationship between depression and low adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in these patients regardless of age and sexual orientation. In addition, MSM subjects were two times more prone than MSW subjects to develop depression symptoms. White or mixed race men showed 7.6 times greater adherence to treatment than black men. The probability of complete adherence to treatment was 3.8 times higher in non-depressed subjects than in depressed subjects regardless of their ethnicity. The chance of developing depression was 4.17 times higher for an individual with non-adherent behavior than for an adherent individual. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with low adherence rates have proportionally higher depression rates. Depressed men tend to show less adherence to treatment. Black but not mixed race or white men show less adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and have a greater chance of developing depression, which directly interferes with adherence. The chances of developing depression are four times greater for a patient with non-adherent behavior than for a patient with adherent behavior.

Cost-effective conservation of amphibian ecology and evolution.

Habitat loss is the most important threat to species survival, and the efficient selection of priority areas is fundamental for good systematic conservation planning. Using amphibians as a conservation target, we designed an innovative assessment strategy, showing that prioritization models focused on functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity can include cost-effectiveness-based assessments of land values. We report new key conservation sites within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hot spot, revealing a congruence of ecological and evolutionary patterns. We suggest payment for ecosystem services through environmental set-asides on private land, establishing potential trade-offs for ecological and evolutionary processes. Our findings introduce additional effective area-based conservation parameters that set new priorities for biodiversity assessment in the Atlantic Forest, validating the usefulness of a novel approach to cost-effectiveness-based assessments of conservation value for other species-rich regions.