Cochlear glial cells mediate glutamate uptake through a sodium-independent transporter.

Since glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cochlea, the mechanisms for the removal of glutamate from the synaptic and extrasynaptic spaces are critical for maintaining normal function of this region. Glial cells of inner ear are crucial for regulation of synaptic transmission throughout since it closely interacts with neurons along the entire auditory pathway, however little is known about the activity and expression of glutamate transporters in the cochlea. In this study, using primary cochlear glial cells cultures obtained from newborn Balb/C mice, we determined the activity of a sodium-dependent and sodium-independent glutamate uptake mechanisms by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The sodium-independent glutamate transport has a prominent contribution in cochlear glial cells which is similar to what has been demonstrated in other sensory organs, but it is not found in tissues less susceptible to continuous glutamate-mediated injuries. Our results showed that xCG- system is expressed in CGCs and is the main responsible for sodium-independent glutamate uptake. The identification and characterization of the xCG- transporter in the cochlea suggests a possible role of this transporter in the control of extracellular glutamate concentrations and regulation of redox state, that may aid in the preservation of auditory function.

Putative Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Prevents Brain Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Aggressive-Like Behavior in Zebrafish.

Background: Aggression is a set of complex behaviors commonly described in different neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia, autistim spectrum disorder, and anxiety. Previous studies have described that some changes in the redox status of the brain are closely associated with aggressive behavior in different species. In addition, the endocannabinoid system acts as a neuromodulator of the central nervous system, however, its participation in aggressive behavior needs to be elucidated. Danio rerio (zebrafish) is an important model in the study of aggression, in this context, the present study investigated whether the activation of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1r) alters the cerebral redox state and aggressive behavior in zebrafish. Materials and Methods: We performed pharmacological manipulations with the CB1r agonist (ACEA) and antagonist (AM-251) to assess the role of this receptor in aggressive behavior. Individuals were isolated in pairs, without physical contact for 24 h, treated with the drugs of interest, and after 30 minutes of pharmacokinetics, the fights were filmed for 30 min, and the individuals were identified as dominant or subordinate. Results: A consistent decrease in the strike and bite aggressive behavior was observed in the group treated with the ACEA agonist compared with that in the control and AM-251 groups. When evaluating the cerebral redox state, we observed that treatment with the ACEA agonist reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased the levels of sulfhydryl groups compared with those in the control group. These results indicate that the activation of CB1r by the ACEA agonist inhibited aggressiveness and attenuated the levels of oxidative stress in both subjects (dominant or subordinate) in the treated group. Conclusion: Thus, we suggest that zebrafish is an alternative model to study common aggressive behavior disorders among species and that CB1r represent a potential target for the development of treatments for aggressive disorders.

High performance liquid chromatography-based method to analyze activity of GABA transporters in central nervous system.

The GATs are the membrane proteins responsible for the uptake of GABA in the central nervous system. Alterations in GAT activity are implicated in several neurological diseases, including retinopathies. The present study describes an alternative method to determine GAT activity in tissue preparations of the central nervous system, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The GABA concentration in the medium was determined using the o-phthaldehyde (OPA)-derivation protocol validated by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA). The GAT activity in the retinal preparations was determined through the evaluation of the GABA uptake, which was measured by assessing the difference between the initial and final concentrations of GABA in the incubation medium. The evaluation of the GAT kinetics returned values of Km = 382.5 ± 32.2 µM and Vmax = 34 nmol/mg of protein. The data also demonstrated that the GABA uptake was predominantly Na+- and temperature-dependent, and was also inhibited by incubation with nipecotic acid, a substrate of GABA transporters. Taken together, these findings confirm that our approach provided a specific measure of GAT activity in retinal tissue. The data presented here thus validate, for the first time, an alternative, simple and sensitive method for the evaluation of GAT activity using high performance chromatography on preparations of the central nervous system.

A enfermagem na assistência às mulheres em situação de perda fetal e aborto: revisão integrativa / Nursing care for women with fetal loss and abortion: integrative review / Cuidados de enfermería a mujeres en situación de pérdida fetal y aborto: revisión integradora

Objetivo: Analisar a inserção da enfermagem na assistência às mulheres em situação de perda fetal e aborto nos diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura publicada entre 2015 e 2020 por meio de busca nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, BVS, Embase e Web of Science e com descritores estabelecidos pelos MeSH e DeCS. Resultados: Foram selecionados 13 artigos de origem nacional (15,3%) e internacional (84,7%) nos idiomas português e inglês. Os principais resultados reportam que o cuidado integral e humanizado em situações de perda fetal envolve as seguintes etapas: o acolhimento; as orientações; e o esclarecimento de possíveis dúvidas. Afirma-se que o impacto emocional decorrente da perda afeta a mãe, familiares e o profissional de enfermagem. Conclusão: A revisão evidencia que a prática assistencial da enfermagem em situações de perda fetal e aborto representa uma experiência complexa, contudo, gratificante por oportunizar um espaço de humanização do cuidado com ênfase no sofrimento psíquico da mulher e companheiro. Apontam-se como eixos fortalecedores da qualidade desta assistência a capacitação profissional, o desenvolvimento de estudos e diretrizes sobre a prática assistencial.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the insertion of nursing in the assistance to women in situations of fetal loss and abortion in the different levels of health care. Método: Integrative review of literature published between 2015 and 2020 by searching Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, BVS, Embase and Web of Science databases and with descriptors established by MeSH and DeCS. Resultados: Thirteen articles were selected from national (15.3%) and international (84.7%) origins in Portuguese and English. The main results reported that integral and humanized care in situations of fetal loss involves the following stages: welcoming, guidance, and clarification of possible doubts. It is stated that the emotional impact resulting from the loss affects the mother, family members and the nursing professional. Conclusion: The review shows that the practice of nursing care in situations of fetal loss and abortion represents a complex experience, however, rewarding for providing an opportunity for humanization of care with emphasis on the psychological suffering of the woman and her companion. Professional training, the development of studies and guidelines on care practice are pointed out as strengthening axes for the quality of this assistance. Descriptors: Fetal Death; Abortion; Women´s Health; Obstetric Nursing; Nursing Care.(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la inserción de la enfermería en la asistencia a las mujeres en situación de pérdida fetal y aborto en los diferentes niveles de atención sanitaria. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura publicada entre 2015 y 2020 mediante búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, BVS, Embase y Web of Science y con los descriptores establecidos por MeSH y DeCS. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 13 artículos de origen nacional (15,3%) e internacional (84,7%) en portugués e inglés. Los principales resultados indican que el cuidado integral y humanizado en las situaciones de pérdida fetal incluye las siguientes etapas: el acolchado, las orientaciones y la aclaración de las posibles dudas. Se afirma que el impacto emocional resultante de la pérdida afecta a la madre, a los familiares y a los profesionales de la enfermería. Conclusión: La revisión evidencia que la práctica asistencial de la enfermería en situaciones de perdición fetal y aborto representa una experiencia compleja, sin embargo, gratificante por oportunizar un espacio de humanización del cuidado con énfasis en el sufrimiento psíquico de la mujer y el acompañante. La formación profesional, el desarrollo de estudios y directrices sobre la práctica asistencial se señalan como ejes de refuerzo para la calidad de esta asistencia.(AU)

The Magnetic Properties of Fe/Cu Multilayered Nanowires: The Role of the Number of Fe Layers and Their Thickness.

Multi-segmented bilayered Fe/Cu nanowires have been fabricated through the electrodeposition in porous anodic alumina membranes. We have assessed, with the support of micromagnetic simulations, the dependence of fabricated nanostructures' magnetic properties either on the number of Fe/Cu bilayers or on the length of the magnetic layers, by fixing both the nonmagnetic segment length and the wire diameter. The magnetic reversal, in the segmented Fe nanowires (NWs) with a 300 nm length, occurs through the nucleation and propagation of a vortex domain wall (V-DW) from the extremities of each segment. By increasing the number of bilayers, the coercive field progressively increases due to the small magnetostatic coupling between Fe segments, but the coercivity found in an Fe continuous nanowire is not reached, since the interactions between layers is limited by the Cu separation. On the other hand, Fe segments 30 nm in length have exhibited a vortex configuration, with around 60% of the magnetization pointing parallel to the wires' long axis, which is equivalent to an isolated Fe nanodisc. By increasing the Fe segment length, a magnetic reversal occurred through the nucleation and propagation of a V-DW from the extremities of each segment, similar to what happens in a long cylindrical Fe nanowire. The particular case of the Fe/Cu bilayered nanowires with Fe segments 20 nm in length revealed a magnetization oriented in opposite directions, forming a synthetic antiferromagnetic system with coercivity and remanence values close to zero.

Astrocyte reactivity in spinal cord and functional impairment after tendon injury in rats.

Astrocyte reactivity in the spinal cord may occur after peripheral neural damage. However, there is no data to report such reactivity after Achilles tendon injury. We investigate whether changes occur in the spinal cord, mechanical sensitivity and gait in two phases of repair after Achilles tendon injury. Wistar rats were divided into groups: control (CTRL, without rupture), 2 days post-injury (RUP2) and 21 days post-injury (RUP21). Functional and mechanical sensitivity tests were performed at 2 and 21 days post-injury (dpi). The spinal cords were processed, cryosectioned and activated astrocytes were immunostained by GFAP at 21 dpi. Astrocyte reactivity was observed in the L5 segment of the spinal cord with predominance in the white matter regions and decrease in the mechanical threshold of the ipsilateral paw only in RUP2. However, there was gait impairment in both RUP2 and RUP21. We conclude that during the acute phase of Achilles tendon repairment, there was astrocyte reactivity in the spinal cord and impairment of mechanical sensitivity and gait, whereas in the chronic phase only gait remains compromised.

Caracterização ao nascimento e nutricional dos prematuros em unidade intensiva de um hospital público / Characterization at birth and nutritional of premature newborns in the intensive unit of a public hospital

A prematuridade está associada à mortalidade infantil, um problema de saúde pública global. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o perfil ao nascimento e nutricional de prematuros em unidade intensiva, de hospital público, Paraná. Estudo prospectivo, quantitativo, realizado de janeiro a abril de 2020. Total de 16 internações, prevalência do sexo masculino (56,3%) e, nascimentos cirúrgicos (62,5%). Metade dos recém-nascidos eram prematuros extremos, muito prematuros e, extremo baixo peso; todos, com diagnóstico CID-10 de desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido; Apgar ≥7 no 5º minuto (75,0%); ocorreu um óbito. Nutrição parenteral e/ou enteral até 72 horas de vida ocorrida para 13 recém-nascidos prematuros (81,3%); 14 prematuros extremos com nutrição parenteral até o terceiro dia (87,5%); e, todos os muito prematuros (n=8) com nutrição enteral. O (re)conhecimento do cenário propicia a qualificação da atenção às gestantes e aos recém-nascidos, quanto ao planejamento do cuidado seguro e, ao estado nutricional, repercutindo na sobrevida. (AU)

Prematurity is associated to child mortality, a public health problem. The aim of this study was to characterize the birth and nutritional profile of preterm infants in an intensive care unit at a public hospital. Prospective, quantitative study, carried out from January to April 2020. Total of 16 hospitalizations with male prevalence (56.3%) and surgical births (62.5%). Half of the newborns were extremely premature, very premature, and extremely low birth weight. All of newborns with a diagnosis of respiratory distress of the newborn and Apgar score ≥7 in the 5th minute (75.0%). During the data collection, there was a death. Parenteral and/or enteral nutrition up to 72 hours of life occurred for 13 premature newborns (81.3%) 14 extremely preterm infants with parenteral nutrition until the third day of life (87.5%) and all very premature (n = 8) with enteral nutrition. The recognition of the scenario provides the qualification of care to pregnant women and newborns, regarding the planning of safe care and nutritional status affecting survival. (AU)

Physiotherapeutic evaluation and intervention proposal on a patient with post-chikungunya chronic arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Chikungunya fever is an arboviral disease characterized by a high morbidity rate related to intense and persistent arthralgia, causing a decrease in both quality of life (QoL) and productivity. This study aimed to report functional evaluation and multimodal physiotherapeutic intervention on a patient with post-chikungunya chronic arthritis (PCCA). CASE PRESENTATION: Woman, 47 years old, resident of the municipality of Belém, state of Pará, northern Brazil, with clinical diagnosis of chikungunya fever marked by fever, swelling, pain in the joints of the hands and feet, and headache. The physiotherapeutic treatment started three months after the diagnosis and consisted of 24 sessions composed of electrotherapy, thermotherapy, and kinesiotherapy resources. The patient progressed from an initial status of intense pain in several joints to low pain in a single joint and showed improvement in all domains of QoL, mainly in limitations by physical and emotional aspects and functional capacity. CONCLUSIONS: This case report details a proposal of multimodal physiotherapeutic intervention for a patient with functional impairments due to PCCA, suggesting that the use of physiotherapeutic resources may help this process and bring some assistance to those affected by the disease.

Custos das intervenções para diagnóstico e tratamento de anomalias congénitas: revisão de escopo

RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear as evidências disponíveis sobre os custos relativos às intervenções para diagnóstico e/ou tratamento de recém-nascidos, crianças e adolescentes com anomalias congênitas, nos diferentes níveis e cenários de atenção à saúde. Material e Método: Revisão de escopo desenvolvida conforme as diretrizes do Instituto Joanna Briggs®. A busca compreendeu as bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE e Cinahl. Os estudos foram incluídos conforme os seguintes critérios de elegibilidade: publicação científica que abordaram a análise de custo com pacientes menores de 19 anos, no idioma inglês, espanhol e português. Não foi definida delimitação no período de tempo das publicações científicas. Resultados: Identificados 365 documentos, os quais foram lidos na íntegra e, selecionados 29 para a amostra final. Predomínio dos estudos realizados com menores de um ano, sobre intervenções para tratamentos relativos às anomalias congênitas do sistema cardiovascular e respiratório, no nível terciário de atenção a saúde. Dentre as intervenções houve destaque para a triagem neonatal e a oximetria de pulso, tratamentos cirúrgicos e medicamentosos. Conclusão: Percebeu-se que as pesquisas com as anomalias congênitas estão associadas ao diagnóstico precoce e às novas possibilidades de tratamentos e quê, os estudos de economia em saúde são escassos em países em desenvolvimento. Esta revisão contribui com a exploração da literatura para orientação de novos estudos com maior apronfundamento, que repercutam na discussão e, na (re)formulação de políticas públicas preventivas da mortalidade fetal, infantil e materna, com foco na triagem neonatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To map the existing literature about the costs of diagnostic or treatment interventions of newborns, children and adolescents with congenital anomalies, at different levels and health care scenarios. Material and Method: Scoping review developed according to the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search focused on the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE and Cinahl databases. The studies were selected according to the following eligibility criteria: scientific publication addressing cost analysis with patients under 19 years old; in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The period of publication was not delimited. Results: 365 documents were identified, revised and ultimately 29 were selected for the final sample. The was a predominance of studies carried out with children under one year old, on interventions for treatment related to congenital anomalies of the cardiovascular and respiratory system, at the tertiary level of health care. Among the interventions, neonatal screening and pulse oximetry, surgical and medication treatments were highlighted. Conclusion: This review shows that research on congenital anomalies is associated with early diagnosis and new treatment possibilities, and that studies on health economics are still scarce in Brazil. This review can contribute to examine the literature and guide new studies with greater depth, reflecting on the discussion and formulation of public policies that prevent maternal, child and fetal mortality, with a focus on neonatal screening.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Mapear la evidencia disponible sobre los costos de las intervenciones de diagnóstico o tratamiento para recién nacidos, niños y adolescentes con anomalías congénitas, en diferentes niveles y contextos de atención médica. Material y Método: Revisión de Alcance desarrollada de acuerdo con las directrices del Instituto Joanna Briggs®. La investigación incluyó las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE y Cinahl. Los estudios se incluyeron de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios de elegibilidad: publicación científica con pacientes menores de 19 años, en idioma inglés, español y portugués, que abordara el análisis de costos. No se definió delimitación del período de publicacion. Resultados: Se identificaron 365 documentos, se leyeron en su totalidad y se seleccionaron 29 para la muestra final. Predominaron estudios realizados con niños menores de un año de edad, referidas a intervenciones de tratamiento, en el nivel terciario de atención de salud, relacionados con anomalías congénitas del sistema cardiovascular y respiratorio. Entre las intervenciones, se destacaron el triage neonatal y la oximetría de pulso, los tratamientos quirúrgicos y de medicamentos. Conclusión: Se observó que la investigación de anomalías congénitas se asocia con un diagnóstico precoz y nuevas posibilidades de tratamiento. Los estudios sobre economía de la salud aún son escasos en Brasil. La revisión puede contribuir a examinar la literatura y guiar nuevos estudios en mayor profundidad, reflexionando sobre la discusión y formulación de políticas públicas para prevenir la mortalidad materna, infantil y fetal.

Caracterização de pacientes com sequelas após infecção pelo vírus chikungunya de acordo com a CIF / Characterization of patients with sequelae after chikungunya virus infection according to the ICF

Objetivo: caracterizar segundo a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), as sequelas apresentadas por pacientes após infecção pelo vírus chikungunya (CHIKV). Metodologia: estudo transversal e descritivo, realizado com 34 participantes, com diagnóstico sorológico e/ou clínico de infecção pelo CHIKV. As variáveis foram coletadas por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) e Medical Research Council (MRC), e relacionadas com os domínios da CIF para então classificá-las. Os dados foram tabulados em planilha Microsoft Excel 2013 com estatística descritiva calculada pelo programa GraphPad Prism 6. Os resultados foram apresentados como média e desvio padrão ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. Resultados: os resultados obtidos com a EVA foram caracterizados como moderada a grave deficiência, no SF-36 os domínios variaram de moderada a completa deficiência e no MRC todos os movimentos analisados corresponderam a ligeira deficiência. Conclusão: foi possível caracterizar alterações osteomioarticulares e a funcionalidade dos pacientes infectados pelo CHIKV e classificá-los dentro do contexto da CIF, garantindo uma padronização para a descrição dos componentes relacionados à saúde desses pacientes.

Objective: This study aimed to characterize the sequelae presented by patients after chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methodology: Was made a descriptive cross-sectional study with 34 subjects with a serological and / or clinical diagnosis of CHIKV infection. The data were collected using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) and Medical Research Council (MRC), and were related and classified by the ICF domains. Data were arranged in Microsoft Excel 2013 and descriptive statistics was performed. Results were presented as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Results: VAS values were characterized from moderate to severe deficiency, SF-36 results showed the domains ranged from moderate to complete deficiency and in MRC data all movements analyzed were mild deficient. Conclusion: It was possible to characterize osteomioarticular changes and the functionality of CHIKV infected patients and to classify them within the context of the ICF, ensuring standardization for the description of health-related components of these patients.

Melatonin Prevents Brain Damage and Neurocognitive Impairment Induced by Plasmodium Berghei ANKA Infection in Murine Model of Cerebral Malaria.

Cerebral malaria is characterized by permanent cognitive impairments in Plasmodium-infected children. Antimalarial therapies show little effectiveness to avoid neurological deficits and brain tissue alterations elicited by severe malaria. Melatonin is a well-recognized endogenous hormone involved in the control of brain functions and maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. The current study has evaluated the effect of melatonin on the histological alterations, blood-brain barrier leakage, and neurocognitive impairments in mice developing cerebral malaria. Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain was used as cerebral malaria model. Melatonin treatment (5 and 10 mg/kg) was performed for four consecutive days after the infection, and data have shown an increased survival rate in infected mice treated with melatonin. It was also observed that melatonin treatment blocked brain edema and prevented the breakdown of blood-brain barrier induced by the Plasmodium infection. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that melatonin mitigates the histological alterations in Plasmodium-infected animals. Melatonin was also able to prevent motor and cognitive impairments in infected mice. Taken together, these results show for the first time that melatonin treatment prevents histological brain damages and neurocognitive alterations induced by cerebral malaria.

Acute Restraint Stress Evokes Anxiety-Like Behavior Mediated by Telencephalic Inactivation and GabAergic Dysfunction in Zebrafish Brains.

Acute stress is an important factor in the development of anxiety disorders. Zebrafish are an organism model widely used by studies that aim to describe the events in the brain that control stress-elicited anxiety. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the pattern of cell activation in the telencephalon of adult zebrafish and the role of the GABAergic system on the modulation of anxiety-like behavior evoked by acute restraint stress. Zebrafish that underwent acute restraint stress presented decreased expression of the c-fos protein in their telencephalon as well as a significant decrease in GABA release. The data also supports that decreased GABA levels in zebrafish brains have diminished the activation of GABAA receptors eliciting anxiety-like behavior. Taken together these findings have helped clarify a neurochemical pathway controlling anxiety-like behavior evoked by acute stress in zebrafish while also opening the possibility of new perspective opportunities to use zebrafish as an animal model to test anxyolitic drugs that target the GABAergic system.

Putative Activation of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors Prevents Anxiety-Like Behavior, Oxidative Stress, and GABA Decrease in the Brain of Zebrafish Submitted to Acute Restraint Stress.

Anxiety disorder is a well-recognized condition observed in subjects submitted to acute stress. Although the brain mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear, the available evidence indicates that oxidative stress and GABAergic dysfunction mediate the generation of stress-induced anxiety. Cannabinoids are known to be efficient modulators of behavior, given that the activation of the cannabinoid receptors type-1 (CB1 receptors) induces anxiolytic-like effects in animal models. In the present study, we aimed to describe the effects of the stimulation of the CB1 receptors on anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, and the GABA content of the brains of zebrafish submitted to acute restraint stress (ARS). The animals submitted to the ARS protocol presented evident anxiety-like behavior with increased lipid peroxidation in the brain tissue. The evaluation of the levels of GABA in the zebrafish telencephalon presented decreased levels of GABA in the ARS group in comparison with the control. Treatment with ACEA, a specific CB1 receptor agonist, prevented ARS-induced anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain. ACEA treatment also prevented a decrease in GABA in the telencephalon of the animals submitted to the ARS protocol. Overall, these preclinical data strongly suggest that the CB1 receptors represent a potential target for the development of the treatment of anxiety disorders elicited by acute stress.

Oxidative Stress Mediates Anxiety-Like Behavior Induced by High Caffeine Intake in Zebrafish: Protective Effect of Alpha-Tocopherol.

Anxiety is a common symptom associated with high caffeine intake. Although the neurochemical mechanisms of caffeine-induced anxiety remain unclear, there are some evidences suggesting participation of oxidative stress. Based on these evidences, the current study is aimed at evaluating the possible protective effect of alpha-tocopherol (TPH) against anxiety-like behavior induced by caffeine (CAF) in zebrafish. Adult animals were treated with CAF (100 mg/kg) or TPH (1 mg/kg)+CAF before behavioral and biochemical evaluations. Oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain was evaluated by a lipid peroxidation assay, and anxiety-like behavior was monitored using light/dark preference and novel tank diving test. Caffeine treatment evoked significant elevation of brain MDA levels in the zebrafish brain, and TPH treatment prevented this increase. Caffeine treatment also induced anxiety-like behavior, while this effect was not observed in the TPH+CAF group. Taken together, the current study suggests that TPH treatment is able to inhibit oxidative stress and anxiety-like behavior evoked by caffeine.

Riscos gestacionais e o nascimento prematuro: enfrentamento para a maternagem / Gestational risks and premature birth: coping for motherhood

Objetivo: compreender a vivência para a maternagem após o parto prematuro. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, descritivo, com 12 participantes, em hospital universitário por meio do questionário sociocultural de Madeleine Leininger, da técnica da narrativa de vida e instrumento para obter informações dos prontuários das entrevistadas e de seus recém-nascidos. Baseou-se a análise na Etnoenfermagem. Apresentaram-se os resultados também em forma de figura. Resultados: informa-se que emergiram duas categorias analíticas: Os riscos gestacionais e o nascimento prematuro e O enfrentamento de maternar filho prematuro. Vivenciaramse, por todas as mulheres, enfrentamentos para a maternagem desde o período gestacional relacionado ao parto prematuro, até o momento da alta hospitalar. Conclusão: tornou-se a vivência da maternagem de mães com filhos prematuros um enfrentamento desde o momento do parto antecipado, que ocorreu relacionado aos riscos gestacionais biológicos e também associado às características individuais e condições sociodemográficas desfavoráveis. Intui-se, com esta pesquisa, contribuir para que o período de adaptação, tanto da mãe que se torna cuidadora primária, quanto do recém-nascido, que passa a pertencer a um ambiente familiar, seja articulado desde o período de internação.(AU)

Objective: to understand the experience of motherhood after preterm delivery. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study with 12 participants, out in a university hospital through Madeleine Leininger's sociocultural questionnaire, the life narrative technique and the instrument to obtain information from the interviewed women's records and their newborns. The analysis was based on the Ethnographic survey. The results were also presented in figure form. Results: two analytical categories emerged: Gestational risks and premature birth and The confrontation of maternal premature infant. All women experienced confrontations for motherhood from the gestational period related to preterm birth to the time of hospital discharge. Conclusion: the experience of mothering of mothers with preterm infants became a confrontation from the moment of early delivery, which occurred related to biological gestational risks and also associated with individual characteristics and unfavorable sociodemographic conditions. The aim of this research is to contribute to the fact that the period of adaptation, both of the mother who becomes the primary caregiver and of the newborn, who belongs to a family environment, is articulated from the period of hospitalization.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender la vivencia para la maternidad después del parto prematuro. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con 12 participantes, en un hospital universitario a través del cuestionario sociocultural de Madeleine Leininger, de la técnica de la narrativa de vida e instrumento para obtener informaciones de los prontuarios de las entrevistadas y de sus recién nacidos. Se basó el análisis en la Etnoenfermería. Se presentaron los resultados también en forma de figura. Resultados: se informa que emergieron dos categorías analíticas: Los riesgos gestacionales y el nacimiento prematuro y el enfrentamiento de los cuidados maternos al hijo prematuro. Se han vivido, por todas las mujeres, enfrentamientos para la maternidad desde el período gestacional relacionado al parto prematuro, hasta el momento del alta hospitalaria. Conclusión: se hizo la vivencia de la maternidad de madres con hijos prematuros un enfrentamiento desde el momento del parto anticipado, que ocurrió relacionado a los riesgos gestacionales biológicos y también asociado a las características individuales y condiciones sociodemográficas desfavorables. En el caso de la madre que se vuelve cuidadora primaria, el recién nacido, que pasa a pertenecer a un ambiente familiar, se articula desde el período de internación.(AU)

Adenosine A1 receptors modulate the Na+-Hypertonicity induced glutamate release in hypothalamic glial cells.

Glutamate release in response to a hypertonic stimulus is a well described phenomenon in the hypothalamus. Evidence suggests that hypothalamic glial cells release glutamate into the extracellular environment in hypertonic conditions. In the current study, we described autocrine regulation of adenosine on glutamate release induced by Na+hypertonicity in hypothalamic glial cell cultures. We showed that glial cells cultured from the cerebral cortex did not release glutamate or adenosine under hypertonic conditions. The findings suggest that the hypothalamus has specialized glial cells, which are responsive to osmotic variations. Stimulation or inhibition of adenosine A1 receptors modulates extracellular glutamate levels in hypothalamic glial cell cultures under hypertonic stimulation. Our results extend previous observations regarding the role of glial cells in the control of hypothalamic physiology. They further demonstrate for the first time that hypothalamic glial cells regulate Na+-hypertonicity-induced glutamate release by activation of adenosine A1 receptors via adenosine release.

Ascorbic acid prevents chloroquine-induced toxicity in inner glial cells.

Ototoxicity is a collateral effect of prolonged treatment with chloroquine which is a widely utilized as an anti-lupus and anti-malarial drug. Glial cells of inner ear are responsible for maintenance of neuronal cells homeostasis in auditory system. In the current study we have evaluated chloroquine-induced toxicity and protective effect of ascorbic acid treatment on Schwann glial cell cultures of inner ear. Glial cells were cultured from organ of Corti of mice cochlear structure. Purity of Schwann glial cell was confirmed by S100 protein staining. Cell viability was evaluated in control and cultures treated with different concentrations of chloroquine. Glutamate uptake and ROS production were measured by HPLC and DCFH-DA probe fluorescence, respectively. Results have shown that chloroquine treatment evoked concentration and time -dependent toxicity (LC50 = 70 µM) as well as significant decrease on glutamate uptake and high production of ROS in glial cell cultures. Co-treatment with ascorbic acid has prevented both chloroquine-induced ROS production and chloroquine toxicity on glial cell cultures. This pre-clinical study is the first one to demonstrate chloroquine-induced ROS production by glial cells of inner ear as well as the protective effect exerted by ascorbic acid on these cells.

Hipodermóclise para tratamentos não convencionais em pediatria: revisão integrativa / Hipodermoclisis para tratamientos no convencionales en pediatría: revisión integrativa / Hypodermoclysis for unconventional pediatric treatments: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o uso da hipodermóclise em tratamentos pediátricos não convencionais. Método: revisão integrativa, com período amostral de 2010 a 2018, em cinco bases de dados. Dois revisores independentes procederam à seleção dos artigos. Após foi realizada avaliação pelo nível de evidência, segundo Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados: foram selecionados seis artigos internacionais, com evidência de nível 1 e 3. As doenças e situações não-convencionais para o tratamento via hipodermóclise foram: artrite idiopática juvenil poliarticular; prevenção de hiponatremia na restrição de fluidos; sedação em tratamento odontológico; desordens reumáticas; antibioticoterapia e hipertensão arterial pulmonar refratária. Conclusão: o procedimento constitui-se como opcional efetivo e seguro para administração de medicamentos em crianças, justificada devido à minimização da intensidade da dor e proteção do estresse da criança, família e equipe de enfermagem. Contudo, são necessárias mais pesquisas para fundamentá-lo cientificamente, e para implementação na prática profissional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el uso de la hipodermoclisis en tratamientos pediátricos no convencionales. Método: Revisión integrativa, con período muestral de 2010 a 2018, en cinco bases de datos. Dos revisores independientes se ocuparon de seleccionar los artículos. Luego se realizó una evaluación por nivel de evidencia, según Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados seis artículos internacionales, con evidencia de nivel 1 y 3. Las enfermedades y situaciones no convencionales para tratamiento vía hipodermoclisis fueron: artritis idiopática juvenil poliarticular; prevención de hiponatremia en la restricción de fluidos; sedación en tratamiento odontológico; desórdenes reumáticos; antibioticoterapia e hipertensión pulmonar refractaria. Conclusión: El procedimiento se constituye como opción efectiva y segura para la administración de medicamentos en niños, justificada por la mínima intensidad de dolor y por proteger al niño, la familia y al equipo de enfermería del estrés. Sin embargo, serán necesarias más investigaciones para fundamentarlo científicamente, e implementarlo en la práctica profesional.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the use of hypodermoclysis in unconventional pediatric treatments. Method: an integrative review, with sampling period from 2010 to 2018, in five databases. Two independent reviewers selected the articles. Next, an evaluation of the level of evidence wasperformed, according to the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results: Six international articles were selected, with levels of evidence 1 and 3. The unconventional diseases and situations for treatment via hypodermoclysis were: polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis; prevention of hyponatremia during fluid restriction; sedation in dental treatment; rheumatic disorders; antibiotic therapy and refractory pulmonary arterial hypertension. Conclusion: the procedure is an effective and safe option for the administration of medications in children, justified due to the minimization of pain intensity and the protection of the child, familyand nursing staff from stress. However, more research is needed to substantiate it scientifically, and for its implementation in the professional practice.

Constraint-induced movement therapy in a patient with ataxia after cerebellar tumor resection / Terapia por contensão induzida em paciente com ataxia após ressecção tumoral cerebelar / Terapia por contención inducida en paciente con ataxia tras la resección tumoral cerebelar

Abstract Introduction: Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a very modern method used in rehabilitation to treat individuals with functional impairment of the upper limbs. Objective: To apply the CIMT method and evaluate its effects in a patient with ataxia after removal of a cerebellar tumor. Method: This is a longitudinal interventional study of the case report type. The participant complained of tremors and difficulty writing and typing with the right hand as a result of the cerebellar tumor's removal. She was subjected to CIMT daily in three-hour sessions for 10 days. The participant was evaluated with the Motor Activity Log (MAL) and the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Results: There was an improvement in the quantity, quality, speed, accuracy and strength with which the participant performed the tasks according to the MAL and WMFT scales. Improvement in writing was also identified and the report of better use of the member for daily tasks demonstrated the patient's satisfaction after the end of therapy. Conclusion: This case report demonstrated the benefits of the application of the CIMT method in a patient with ataxia as a consequence of a rare cerebellar tumor, improving task execution time, strength and functional improvement of the affected upper limb.

Resumo Introdução: A terapia por contensão induzida (TCI) é um método atual de reabilitação com intuito de tratar indivíduos com perdas funcionais nos membros superiores. Objetivo: Aplicar o método TCI e avaliar seus efeitos em uma paciente com ataxia após a remoção de tumor cerebelar. Método: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal de caráter intervencionista do tipo relato de caso. A participante queixava-se de tremor e dificuldade de escrever e digitar com a mão direita em consequência da retirada de um tumor cerebelar. Foi tratada segundo método de TCI por três horas diárias durante 10 dias e avaliada pela Motor Activity Log (MAL) e Wolf Motor Activity Test (WMFT). Resultados: Houve melhora na quantidade, qualidade, velocidade, exatidão e força com que a participante executava as tarefas de acordo com as escalas MAL e WMFT. A melhora na escrita também foi identificada e o relato de melhor uso do membro para tarefas cotidianas demostrou satisfação da paciente após o final da terapia. Conclusão: Esse relato de caso demostrou os benefícios da aplicação do método TCI em uma paciente com ataxia como sequela de um tumor cerebelar raro, o que proporcionou melhora no tempo de execução de tarefas força e ganho funcional no membro afetado.

Resumen Introducción: La terapia por contención inducida (TCI) es un método actual de rehabilitación com el propósito de tratar individuos con pérdidas funcionales en los miembros superiores. Objetivo: Aplicar el método TCI y evaluar sus efectos en una paciente con ataxia después de la remoción del tumor cerebeloso. Método: Se trata de una investigación longitudinal de carácter intervencionista del tipo informe de caso. Una participante se quejaba de temblor y dificultad para escribir con la mano derecha, como consecuencia de la remoción de un tumor cerebeloso. Se la trató según el método de terapia inducida por tres horas diarias durante 10 días e, después de la evaluación del registro de actividades motoras Motor Activity Log (MAL) y Wolf Motor Activity Test (WMFT). Resultados: Se ha mejorado la cantidad, calidad, velocidad, exactitud y en la fuerza con que la participante desarrollaba sus tareas de acuerdo con las escalas MAL y WMFT. También se identificó una mejora en la escritura, además del relato de mejor uso del miembro para tareas de la vida cotidiana, lo que demuestra la satisfacción de la paciente después del fin de la terapia. Conclusión: Este relato de caso demuestra los beneficios de la aplicación del método TCI en una paciente con ataxia como secuela de un tumor cerebeloso raro, lo que proporcionó una mejora en el tiempo de ejecución de tareas, fuerza y proporciono provechos funcionales en el miembro afectado.