Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de cabras lactantes alimentadas com dietas contendo glicerina bruta oriunda da produção de biodiesel proveniente de óleo de fritura / Hematological and biochemical parameters of lactating goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production from waste frying oil

Objetivou-se analisar os efeitos da inclusão da glicerina bruta (GB), oriunda da produção de biodiesel proveniente de óleos residuais de fritura, sobre o consumo, e os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em cabras em lactação. Oito cabras com 42,06±3,5kg de peso corporal foram utilizadas, recebendo dietas contendo 0, 7, 14 e 21% de GB com base na MS total da dieta. O experimento foi conduzido em quadrado latino duplo 4×4, com duração de 80 dias, sendo quatro períodos de 20 dias, dos quais 15 para a adaptação e cinco para a coleta de dados. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas pela punção da veia jugular. Os consumos de MS, proteína bruta e matéria mineral decresceram linearmente, enquanto o de extrato etéreo aumentou quadraticamente. As concentrações do hematócrito, hemoglobina, hemácias e fósforo reduziram linearmente. Tendência quadrática foi observada para as concentrações séricas de cálcio. Não foram verificados efeitos para as concentrações de magnésio, glicose, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, proteínas plasmáticas totais, albumina, globulinas, ureia, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase e fosfatase alcalina. Conclui-se que a GB pode ser utilizada em até 7% da MS total da dieta, sem promover problemas metabólicos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) from biodiesel production from waste frying oils on nutrients intake, hematological and biochemical parameters in lactating goats. Eight goats with 42.06±3.5kg of body weight were used, receiving diets containing 0, 7, 14 and 21% of CG based on total dietary DM. The experiment was carried out in a 4×4 double Latin square, with a duration of 80 days, four periods of 20 days, of which 15 days were for adaptation and five days for data collection. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the jugular vein. Dry matter, crude protein, and mineral matter intakes decreased linearly, while intake of ether extract increased quadratically. The concentrations of hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and phosphorus reduced linearly. A quadratic tendency for serum calcium concentrations was observed. No effects were observed for concentrations of magnesium, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total plasmatic protein, albumin, globulins, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. It can be concluded that CG can be used in up to 7% of total dietary DM without promoting metabolic problems.(AU)

Production, composition, fatty acid profile and sensory analysis of goat milk in goats fed buriti oil.

This study evaluated the effects of replacing ground corn with buriti oil ( L.) on feed intake and digestibility and on the production, composition, fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of goat milk. A double Latin square (4 × 4) was used; eight goats were distributed in a completely randomized design. The square comprised four periods and four buriti oil concentration (0.00; 1.50; 3.00 and 4.50% of total DM) replacing corn. Intakes of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, non-fibrous carboydrates (NFC) and TDN were not affected by the replacement of corn with oil in the diet. However, lipids intake was increased ( < 0.01) by 100% in the diet of goats with 4.50% oil inclusion, as total DM. DM and CP digestibility were similar between the buriti oil concentrations. However, lipid digestibility increased linearly ( = 0.01) and may have contributed to a quadratic reduction in NDF digestibility ( = 0.01) and a linear reduction of NFC ( = 0.04) with buriti oil content in the goat feed. Goat milk production, corrected production and chemical composition were not influenced by the concentration of buriti oil replacement; however, milk fat concentration ( = 0.04) and feed efficiency ( < 0.01) increased linearly with the amount of buriti oil in the diet. There was a linear reduction on hypercholesterolemic SFA such as C12:0 ( < 0.01) and C14:0 ( < 0.01) as well as the atherogenic index (AI; < 0.01) with buriti oil inclusion in goat's diet. In contrast, the fatty acids C18:0 ( < 0.01) and C18:1 9 ( < 0.01) increased linearly in the milk of goats that were fed with buriti oil. However, CLA ( < 0.01) varied quadratically; the maximum production of 0.62 g/100 g of fat was observed when using 1.50% buriti oil. The sensory characteristics of the milk were not changed ( > 0.05) by the replacement of corn with buriti oil in the goats' diet. It is recommended to replace corn with buriti oil in goat feed by up to 4.5% of total DM, resulting in improved feed efficiency and milk fat without affecting production; this recommendation satisfies the minimum requirements of the industry and preserves the organoleptic characteristics of the milk and its acceptability for human consumption. In addition, buriti oil replacing ground corn by up to 4.5% DM in the diet of lactating goats decrease medium-chain SFA which are hypercholesterolemic and increase the concentrations of the C18:19, CLA and DFA in goat milk fat, helping to protect against cardiovascular disease.

Galanin subtype 1 and subtype 2 receptors mediate opposite anxiety-like effects in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus.

About 40% of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons co-express serotonin (5-HT) and galanin. Serotonergic pathways from the DRN to the amygdala facilitate learned anxiety, while those from the DRN to the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (DPAG) impair innate anxiety. Previously, we showed that galanin infusion in the DRN of rats induces anxiolytic effect by impairing inhibitory avoidance without changing escape behaviour in the elevated T-maze (ETM). Here, we evaluated: (1) which galanin receptors would be involved in the anxiolytic effect of galanin in the DRN of rats tested in the ETM; (2) the effects of galanin intra-DRN on panic-like behaviours evoked by electrical stimulation of the DPAG. The activation of DRN GAL1 receptors by M617 (1.0 and 3.0nmol) facilitated inhibitory avoidance, whereas the activation of GAL2 receptors by AR-M1896 (3.0nmol) impaired the inhibitory avoidance in the ETM, suggesting an anxiogenic and an anxiolytic-like effect respectively. Both agonists did not change escape behaviour in the ETM or locomotor activity in the open field. The anxiolytic effect of AR-M1896 was attenuated by the prior administration of WAY100635 (0.18nmol), a 5-HT1A antagonist. Galanin (0.3nmol) administered in the DRN increased discreetly flight behaviours induced by electrical stimulation of the DPAG, suggesting a panicolytic effect. Together, our results showed that galanin mediates opposite anxiety responses in the DRN by activation of GAL1 and GAL2 receptors. The anxiolytic effect induced by activation of Gal2 receptors may depend on serotonergic tone. Finally, the role of galanin in panic related behaviours remains uncertain.

Quantum dot dipole orientation and excitation efficiency of micropillar modes.

The relative intensity of photonic modes in microcavity pillars with embedded self-assembled quantum dots is shown to be a sensitive function of quantum dot dipole orientation and position. This is deduced from a comparison of experiment and calculated intensities of light emission for many nominally identical pillars. We are able to obtain the overall degree of in-plane polarization of the quantum dot ensemble and also to obtain information on the degree of polarization along the growth axis.