Riesgo cardiovascular en la población anciana española. Escala de riesgo EPICARDIAN / Cardiovascular risk in the elderly population of Spain. The EPICARDIAN risk score

Antecedentes y objetivos: La estimación del riesgo cardiovascular en personas mayores de 70 años es problemática. La mayoría de las escalas se han creado basándose en cohortes de personas de mediana edad, con una representación insuficiente de los adultos de más edad. El poder predictivo de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos disminuye con la edad. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar una escala específica para estimar el riesgo cardiovascular de la población anciana española. Métodos: Este estudio se realizó en una cohorte poblacional establecida en 1995. Marco: 3 zonas geográficas de España (Madrid, Ávila y Lugo). Participantes: 3.729 personas mayores de 64 años sin enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) al inicio del seguimiento. Mediciones: se investigaron anualmente las sospechas de ECV mortal y no mortal (cardiopatía coronaria e ictus) y se confirmaron usando los criterios del proyecto MONICA de la OMS. Se siguió a todos los participantes hasta que apareció el primer episodio de ECV, hasta su muerte o hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Resultados: La edad fue el factor predictivo más potente de ECV a los 10 años en ambos sexos. Las variables asociadas con ECV en los varones fueron el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial (HR: 1,35; IC 95%: 1,067-1,710), la diabetes (HR: 1,359; IC 95%: 0,997-1,852) y el tabaquismo (HR: 1,207; IC 95%: 0,945-1,541), y en las mujeres, el tabaquismo (HR: 1,881; IC 95%: 1,356-2,609) y la diabetes (HR: 1,285; IC 95%: 0,967-1,707). El colesterol total no aumentó el riesgo de ECV ni en varones ni en mujeres. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de colesterol total>200mg/dL se asociaron inversamente al riesgo de ECV a los 10 años, tanto en varones como en mujeres. conclusiones: La ECV total a los 10 años aumenta significativamente en los varones españoles de edad avanzada con la edad, la diabetes y el tratamiento antihipertensivo, y en las mujeres con la diabetes y el tabaquismo (AU)

Background and objectives: Cardiovascular risk estimation in people over 70 years of age is problematic. Most scores have been created based on cohorts of middle-aged people, with an underrepresentation of older adults. The predictive power of classical cardiovascular risk factors declines with age. The aim of this work is to develop a specific score for estimating cardiovascular risk among the elderly population in Spain. Methods: This work is a population-based cohort established in 1995. Setting: 3 geographical areas of Spain (Madrid, Ávila, and Lugo). Participants: 3,729 people older than 64 years with no cardiovascular diseases (CVD) at baseline. Measurements: suspected fatal and nonfatal CVD (both coronary heart disease and stroke) were investigated annually and confirmed using the WHO-MONICA criteria. All participants were followed-up on until occurrence of a first CVD event, until death, or until December 31, 2015. Results: Age was the strongest predictor of CVD at 10 years in both men and women. In men, variables associated with CVD were high blood pressure treatment (HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.067-1.710), diabetes (HR: 1.359; 95% CI: 0.997-1.852), and smoking (HR: 1.207; 95% CI: 0.945-1.541) and in women, the variables were smoking (HR: 1.881; 95% CI: 1.356-2.609) and diabetes (HR: 1.285; 95% CI: 0.967-1.707). Total cholesterol did not increase the risk of CVD in men or women. However, total cholesterol levels>200mg/dL were inversely associated with 10-year risk of CVD in men and women. Conclusions: In elderly Spanish men, total CVD at 10 years is significantly increased by age, diabetes, and antihypertensive treatment and in elderly Spanish women by diabetes and smoking. Total cholesterol levels did not increase the risk of CVD, particularly in males (AU)

Cardiovascular risk in the elderly population of Spain. The EPICARDIAN risk score.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular risk estimation in people over 70 years of age is problematic. Most scores have been created based on cohorts of middle-aged people, with an underrepresentation of older adults. The predictive power of classical cardiovascular risk factors declines with age. The aim of this work is to develop a specific score for estimating cardiovascular risk among the elderly population in Spain. METHODS: This work is a population-based cohort established in 1995. SETTING: Three geographical areas of Spain (Madrid, Ávila, and Lugo). PARTICIPANTS: 3,729 people older than 64 years with no cardiovascular diseases (CVD) at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Suspected fatal and nonfatal CVD (both coronary heart disease and stroke) were investigated annually and confirmed using the WHO-MONICA criteria. All participants were followed-up on until occurrence of a first CVD event, until death, or until December 31, 2015. RESULTS: Age was the strongest predictor of CVD at 10 years in both men and women. In men, variables associated with CVD were high blood pressure treatment (HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.067-1.710), diabetes (HR: 1.359; 95% CI: 0.997-1.852), and smoking (HR: 1.207; 95% CI: 0.945-1.541) and in women, the variables were smoking (HR: 1.881; 95% CI: 1.356-2.609) and diabetes (HR: 1.285; 95% CI: 0.967-1.707). Total cholesterol did not increase the risk of CVD in men or women. However, total cholesterol levels >200 mg/dL were inversely associated with 10-year risk of CVD in men and women. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly Spanish men, total CVD at 10 years is significantly increased by age, diabetes, and antihypertensive treatment and in elderly Spanish women by diabetes and smoking. Total cholesterol levels did not increase the risk of CVD, particularly in males.

Evaluation of palliative therapy, alone or in combination with toceranib phosphate, in dogs diagnosed with metastatic or recurrent beta-cell neoplasia.

AIMS: To compare survival in dogs with recurrent or metastatic insulinomas that were treated with palliative therapy, alone or in combination with toceranib phosphate and to assess tolerability of the combined therapy in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dogs diagnosed with insulinoma were retrospectively identified in the records of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Complutense (Madrid, Spain). Diagnosis of insulinoma was based on clinical signs of hypoglycaemia, concentrations in serum of glucose <3.3 mmol/L and insulin >10 µIU/mL and presence of a pancreatic mass on diagnostic imaging. Dogs were treated surgically or medically, according to clinical stage established by imaging techniques, and monitored with blood and urine analyses monthly and abdominal ultrasonography every 3 months until death. Dogs that presented with metastatic disease at diagnosis or with recurrent hypoglycaemia after surgery were treated, according to the owner's decision, with one of two treatment protocols: palliative therapy alone (control group, n=7: diet, prednisone, famotidine or omeprazole, ±octreotide) or palliative therapy in combination with toceranib (treatment group, n=5; median dose of toceranib 2.52 mg/kg). Overall survival time (OST) and adverse events were compared between the two treatment groups. RESULTS: The OST was longer in the treatment group (median 399, min 125, max 476 days) compared to the control group (median 67, min 23, max 387 days; p=0.042). Dogs in the treatment group had a higher incidence of grade 1-2 gastrointestinal toxicity (diarrhoea) than dogs in the control group (p=0.010). In all cases, gastrointestinal toxicity was solved by temporarily discontinuing toceranib. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of toceranib combined with palliative treatment in dogs with suspect metastatic or recurrent insulinomas increased survival time and was adequate tolerated.

mTOR-driven glycolysis governs induction of innate immune responses by bronchial epithelial cells exposed to the bacterial component flagellin.

Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells play an essential role during bacterial infections of the airways by sensing pathogens and orchestrating protective immune responses. We here sought to determine which metabolic pathways are utilized by HBE cells to mount innate immune responses upon exposure to a relevant bacterial agonist. Stimulation of HBE cells by the bacterial component flagellin triggered activation of the mTOR pathway resulting in an increased glycolytic flux that sustained the secretory activity of immune mediators by HBE cells. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin impeded glycolysis and limited flagellin-induced secretion of immune mediators. The role of the mTOR pathway was recapitulated in vivo in a mouse model of flagellin-triggered lung innate immune responses. These data demonstrate that metabolic reprogramming via the mTOR pathway modulates activation of the respiratory epithelium, identifying mTOR as a potential therapeutic target to modulate mucosal immunity in the context of bacterial infections.

Papel de la impresión 3D para la protección de los profesionales del área quirúrgica y críticos en la pandemia de COVID-19 / Role of 3D printing for the protection of surgical and critical care professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 se produce una reducción del material para la protección de los profesionales. La impresión 3D ofrece la posibilidad de compensar la escasez de algunos de los suministros. El objetivo es describir el papel de la impresión 3D en un servicio de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19, con énfasis en proceso para desarrollar un producto final listo para ser implementado en el entorno clínico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se formó un grupo de trabajo entre la administración sanitaria, clínicos y otras instituciones público-privadas de Cantabria coordinado en el Hospital virtual Valdecilla. El proceso incluyó la recepción de las propuestas de impresión, el conocimiento de los recursos de impresión en la región, la selección de los dispositivos, la creación de un equipo para cada proyecto, diseño de prototipos, evaluación y rediseño, fabricación montaje y distribución. RESULTADOS: Se producen 1) dispositivos que ayudan a prevenir el contagio de los profesionales: pantallas de protección facial (2.400 unidades), accesorios personalizados para fotóforos (20 unidades) y horquillas salvaorejas para mascarillas (1.200 unidades); 2) productos relacionados con la ventilación de pacientes infectados: conectores de sistemas de ventilación no invasiva entre tubuladura y mascarilla; y 3) hisopos oro y nasofaríngeos (7.500 unidades) para la identificación de portadoras del coronavirus con el objetivo de diseñar protocolos de actuación en las área clínicas. CONCLUSIONES: La impresión 3D es un recurso válido para la producción de material de protección de los profesionales cuyo suministro está reducido durante una pandemia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is a shortage of supplies for the protection of professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3D printing offers the possibility to compensate for the production of some of the equipment needed. The objective is to describe the role of 3D printing in a health service during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on the process to develop a final product ready to be implemented in the clinical environment. METHODS: A working group was formed between the healthcare administration, clinicians and other public and private institutions in Cantabria, Spain coordinated by the Valdecilla Virtual Hospital. The process included receiving the printing proposals, learning about the printing resources in the region, selecting the devices, creating a team for each project, prototyping, evaluation and redesign, manufacturing, assembly and distribution. RESULTS: The following supplies are produced: 1) devices that help protect providers: face protection screens (2,400 units), personalized accessories for photophores (20 units) and ear-protection forks for face-masks (1,200 units); 2) products related to the ventilation of infected patients: connectors for non-invasive ventilation systems; and 3) oral and nasopharyngeal swabs (7,500 units) for the identification of coronavirus carriers with the aim of designing action protocols in clinical areas. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing is a valid resource for the production of protective material for professionals whose supply is reduced during a pandemic

Role of 3D printing for the protection of surgical and critical care professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic. / Papel de la impresión 3D para la protección de los profesionales del área quirúrgica y críticos en la pandemia de COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is a shortage of supplies for the protection of professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3D printing offers the possibility to compensate for the production of some of the equipment needed. The objective is to describe the role of 3D printing in a health service during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on the process to develop a final product ready to be implemented in the clinical environment. METHODS: A working group was formed between the healthcare administration, clinicians and other public and private institutions in Cantabria, Spain coordinated by the Valdecilla Virtual Hospital. The process included receiving the printing proposals, learning about the printing resources in the region, selecting the devices, creating a team for each project, prototyping, evaluation and redesign, manufacturing, assembly and distribution. RESULTS: The following supplies are produced: 1) devices that help protect providers: face protection screens (2,400 units), personalized accessories for photophores (20 units) and ear-protection forks for face-masks (1,200 units); 2) products related to the ventilation of infected patients: connectors for non-invasive ventilation systems; and 3) oral and nasopharyngeal swabs (7,500 units) for the identification of coronavirus carriers with the aim of designing action protocols in clinical areas. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing is a valid resource for the production of protective material for professionals whose supply is reduced during a pandemic.

Una herramienta para apoyar el trabajo de los equipos quirúrgicos y afrontar la COVID-19 / A tool to support the work of surgical teams and face the COVID-19 pandemic

No disponible

[Simulation as a tool to facilitate change in healthcare organisations]. / La simulación como herramienta para facilitar el cambio en las organizaciones sanitarias.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of simulation as a tool to support the strategic management of change in the Cantabrian Regional Health Service in Spain. METHODS: A working group was created to: 1) define the strategic areas of innovation and change; 2) establish criteria for the selection of proposals that can be addressed with simulation; 3) analyse and select the proposals; 4) design and implement the simulation programs, and 5) evaluate results. RESULTS: The constantly changing needs of the regional health system enabled 6 strategic areas to be identified during 2017-208: 1) efficient use of resources; 2) implementation of health plans of interest in the community; 3) patient safety improvement; 4) management of health personnel; 5) development of new professional skills, and 6) selection and implementation of new technology. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical simulation is a useful tool to promote innovation strategies in healthcare, facilitating the adaptation of professionals and patients to change.

Impacto de la inercia terapéutica y del grado de adherencia al tratamiento en los objetivos de control en personas con diabetes / The impact of therapeutic inertia and the degree of the medication adherence on the control goals for patients with diabetes

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la baja adherencia terapéutica (AT) y la inercia terapéutica de los profesionales (IT) sobre el mal control glucémico y de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en personas con DM2. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en atención primaria. Se incluyeron 320 personas con DM2. Se valoró si cumplían los objetivos de control (HbA1c≤7%, PA≤130/80mmHg, LDL≤100mg/dl). Se consideró falta de AT la retirada de farmacia <80% de las recetas prescritas e IT la no modificación del tratamiento en personas mal controladas. Resultados: Presentaron buen control de HbA1c, PA y cLDL el 62,5, el 40,9 y el 35,9%, respectivamente. Las personas mal controladas presentaron cifras de AT menores y la IT no se relacionó con la AT. En sujetos mal controlados para HbA1c, presentaban IT el 25,8%, el 24,8% mala AT y el 11,9% estaban afectados por ambos comportamientos. Para cLDL, el 3,6% presentaban mala AT, el 70,4% IT y el 16,0% mala AT e IT (p<0,001). Respecto a la PA, el 3,5% tenían mala AT, el 54,6% IT y el 21,5% presentaban mala AT e IT (p<0,01). Conclusiones: La falta de AT y la IT han estado implicadas en un porcentaje elevado de personas con DM2 mal controladas. La IT ha resultado de gran relevancia en el presente estudio

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse both the impact of low therapeutic adherence (TA) and therapeutic inertia (TI) on poor blood glucose control and on risk factors for heart disease in patients with DM2. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Primary Halth Care centre. A total of 320 patients with DM2 were included and an assessment was made of control goals (HbA1c≤7%, blood pressure ≤130/80mmHg, and LDL-cholesterol≤100mg/dl). A pharmacy retrieval <80% was considered as a lack of TA and the non-modification of treatment in badly controlled patient as TI. Results: The percentage of patients with good control of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol was 62.5%, 40.9%, and 35.9%, respectively. Lower figures of TA were present in poorly controlled patients, and TI was not found to be related to TA. In the patients with poor HbA1c control, 25.8% had TI, 24.8% poor TA, and 11.9% had both of them. As regards LDL-cholesterol, 3.6% presented poor TA, 70.4% showed TI, and 16% with poor TA and TI (P<.001). As for blood pressure, 3.5% of patients had poor TA, 54.6% had TI, and 21.5% of them had poor TA as well as TI (P<.01). Conclusions: Lack of therapeutic adherence and therapeutic inertia were found in a high percentage of poorly-controlled DM2 patients with bad control. Therapeutic inertia was found to be of great relevance in this study

[The impact of therapeutic inertia and the degree of the medication adherence on the control goals for patients with diabetes]. / Impacto de la inercia terapéutica y del grado de adherencia al tratamiento en los objetivos de control en personas con diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyse both the impact of low therapeutic adherence (TA) and therapeutic inertia (TI) on poor blood glucose control and on risk factors for heart disease in patients with DM2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Primary Halth Care centre. A total of 320 patients with DM2 were included and an assessment was made of control goals (HbA1c≤7%, blood pressure ≤130/80mmHg, and LDL-cholesterol≤100mg/dl). A pharmacy retrieval <80% was considered as a lack of TA and the non-modification of treatment in badly controlled patient as TI. RESULTS: The percentage of patients with good control of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol was 62.5%, 40.9%, and 35.9%, respectively. Lower figures of TA were present in poorly controlled patients, and TI was not found to be related to TA. In the patients with poor HbA1c control, 25.8% had TI, 24.8% poor TA, and 11.9% had both of them. As regards LDL-cholesterol, 3.6% presented poor TA, 70.4% showed TI, and 16% with poor TA and TI (P<.001). As for blood pressure, 3.5% of patients had poor TA, 54.6% had TI, and 21.5% of them had poor TA as well as TI (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of therapeutic adherence and therapeutic inertia were found in a high percentage of poorly-controlled DM2 patients with bad control. Therapeutic inertia was found to be of great relevance in this study.

Innovando en procesos asistenciales y seguridad del paciente mediante simulación clínica / Innovation in healthcare processes and patient safety using clinical simulation

Objetivo. En las organizaciones sanitarias muchas ideas excelentes no siempre se han llevado a la práctica o adoptado de modo generalizado. Dos elementos han condicionado este resultado: pensar que el cambio se consigue fundamentalmente acumulando conocimiento y creer que la difusión del mismo es el pilar de la transformación. Se describe y evalúa el programa de gestión del cambio del Servicio Cántabro de Salud basado en entrenamiento de equipos interprofesionales mediante simulación clínica. Material y métodos. El Comité de Coordinación y Desarrollo de Formación Continuada analizó las necesidades de aprendizaje propuestas por las unidades clínicas y las gerencias. Se seleccionaron aquellas competencias susceptibles de ser entrenadas mediante simulación. En las actividades se incluyó al equipo clínico completo de cada unidad. Para el diseño docente se utilizaron técnicas de aprendizaje experiencial basadas en simulación y debriefing. Los resultados se evaluaron siguiendo el modelo de Kirkpatrick. Resultados. Los objetivos de cambio incluyeron mejorar el rendimiento de los equipos clínicos en enfermedades con elevada prevalencia e índice de complicaciones; promover la reorganización de procesos asistenciales para hacerlos más eficientes manteniendo la seguridad, y facilitar la implementación de nuevas técnicas complejas con alto riesgo de complicaciones. Treinta unidades asistenciales realizaron 39programas de entrenamiento en los 3 hospitales de la red y atención primaria durante 2013-14. Participaron 1.559profesionales sanitarios incluyendo auxiliares, enfermeras y médicos. Conclusiones. La simulación clínica es un método para el entrenamiento de profesionales sanitarios que promueve y facilita el cambio en los equipos, y la reorganización asistencial (AU)

Objective. Many excellent ideas are never implemented or generalised by healthcare organisations. There are two related paradigms: thinking that individuals primarily change through accumulating knowledge, and believing that the dissemination of that knowledge within the organisation is the key element to facilitate change. As an alternative, a description and evaluation of a simulation-based inter-professional team training program conducted in a Regional Health Service to promote and facilitate change is presented. Material and methods. The Department of Continuing Education completed the needs assessment using the proposals presented by clinical units and management. Skills and behaviors that could be learned using simulation were selected, and all personnel from the units participating were included. Experiential learning principles based on clinical simulation and debriefing, were used for the instructional design. The Kirkpatrick model was used to evaluate the program. Results. Objectives included: a) decision-making and teamwork skills training in high prevalence diseases with a high rate of preventable complications; b) care processes reorganisation to improve efficiency, while maintaining patient safety; and, c) implementation of new complex techniques with a long learning curve, and high preventable complications rate. Thirty clinical units organised 39 training programs in the 3 public hospitals, and primary care of the Regional Health Service during 2013-2014. Over 1,559 healthcare professionals participated, including nursing assistants, nurses and physicians. Conclusion. Simulation in healthcare to train inter-professional teams can promote and facilitate change in patient care, and organisational re-engineering (AU)

[Innovation in healthcare processes and patient safety using clinical simulation]. / Innovando en procesos asistenciales y seguridad del paciente mediante simulación clínica.

OBJECTIVE: Many excellent ideas are never implemented or generalised by healthcare organisations. There are two related paradigms: thinking that individuals primarily change through accumulating knowledge, and believing that the dissemination of that knowledge within the organisation is the key element to facilitate change. As an alternative, a description and evaluation of a simulation-based inter-professional team training program conducted in a Regional Health Service to promote and facilitate change is presented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Department of Continuing Education completed the needs assessment using the proposals presented by clinical units and management. Skills and behaviors that could be learned using simulation were selected, and all personnel from the units participating were included. Experiential learning principles based on clinical simulation and debriefing, were used for the instructional design. The Kirkpatrick model was used to evaluate the program. RESULTS: Objectives included: a) decision-making and teamwork skills training in high prevalence diseases with a high rate of preventable complications; b) care processes reorganisation to improve efficiency, while maintaining patient safety; and, c) implementation of new complex techniques with a long learning curve, and high preventable complications rate. Thirty clinical units organised 39 training programs in the 3 public hospitals, and primary care of the Regional Health Service during 2013-2014. Over 1,559 healthcare professionals participated, including nursing assistants, nurses and physicians. CONCLUSION: Simulation in healthcare to train inter-professional teams can promote and facilitate change in patient care, and organisational re-engineering.

Elective rotation in simulation-based medical education during anesthesia residency / Rotación electiva en educación médica basada en simulación clínica durante la residencia de anestesiología

No disponible

Utilización de la simulación clínica en un Máster Interuniversitario en Estudio y Tratamiento del Dolor / Use of simulation clinic in an Inter-University Master in study and treatment of pain

Objetivos: En los sistemas de formación tradicional el entrenamiento se realiza practicando directamente sobre los pacientes durante las rotaciones clínicas. Esta organización tiene como consecuencia que los contenidos docentes dependan de los diferentes lugares de rotación, el tiempo disponible para cada uno de ellos y de la casualidad de encontrar determinadas patologías. Además, la variabilidad de los clínicos puede dificultar la estandarización de contenidos. Nuestro objetivo es describir la experiencia con la integración de la simulación con otros métodos de formación en el marco del Máster Oficial Interuniversitario para el Estudio y Tratamiento del Dolor de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid y la Universidad de Cantabria, con enfoque interprofesional. Material y métodos: Se integró el aprendizaje online y las sesiones presenciales, con una práctica de 7 horas utilizando la simulación clínica. Se realizaron 4 escenarios con 6 casos clínicos con los objetivos de reconocer y comprender las principales entidades patológicas que cursan con dolor en la práctica clínica. Se utilizaron pacientes estandarizados y simuladores de paciente de alta fidelidad, dependiendo del escenario clínico. Resultados: Los participantes (5 fisioterapeutas, 1 psicólogo, 10 médicos y 9 enfermeras) consideraron la simulación como herramienta docente muy útil. Encontraron los escenarios realistas y útiles para entrenar el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico en pacientes con dolor. Además, fue una oportunidad para experimentar los efectos adversos de los analgésicos que son difíciles de observar durante las rotaciones clínicas, y para que, aquellos alumnos sin competencias profesionales para tratar pacientes, pudieran tomar decisiones clínicas en un ambiente realista y sin riesgo. Conclusiones: La integración de la simulación clínica dentro de un Máster para el Estudio y Tratamiento del Dolor es percibida de modo muy satisfactorio por los participantes. Proporciona oportunidades para integrar y aplicar de modo práctico los conocimientos adquiridos durante el curso, independientemente de la titulación de origen, de un modo que evoca la realidad y es seguro. Además, facilita la formación específica en la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo interprofesional, cuando se toman decisiones para diagnosticar y tratar pacientes con dolor. Es una alternativa a las actuaciones directas sobre los pacientes que están limitadas por el riesgo de comprometer su seguridad clínica (AU)

Objectives: To describe our experience integrating simulation based training in an Interuniversitary Master's degree in Pain Study and Management from the University Rey Juan Carlos of Madrid and University of Cantabria, Spain. Material and methods: After taking the online and on-site modules, students participated in 6 scenarios of simulated clinical immersion, in order to train patient management, clinical diagnosis, and patient safety competencies, in a realistic environment reproducing the actual clinical work. Results: Five physiotherapists, 1 psychologist, 10 medical doctors, and 9 nurses participated in the simulations during two consecutive editions of the Master. They found the scenarios very realistic and simulation a valuable teaching tool, reporting a global satisfaction of 4.5 over 5. It was also an opportunity to experiment adverse events of the analgesic that are uncommon to observe during clinical rotations. Conclusions: Participants were satisfied with the use of clinical simulation as part of the training program of an Interuniversitary Master in Pain Study and Management (AU)

La formación de expertos clínicos: la práctica reflexiva / The making of expert clinicians: Reflective practice

El debriefing es un proceso de reflexión riguroso que ayuda a los profesionales a reconocer y resolver los dilemas clínicos y de comportamiento puestos de relieve al cuidar de un paciente. Este enfoque facilita entender las razones para actuar como se hizo, revelando los mecanismos del pensamiento mediante los que se intenta explicar lo ocurrido (modelos mentales). Analiza el impacto de dichos modelos mentales en las acciones, para ver si es necesario mantenerlos o buscar otros nuevos que permitan obtener un mejor rendimiento en el futuro. El debriefing combina teoría y evidencia de la investigación en educación, en ciencias sociales y cognitivas, y en elementos de la experiencia de realizarlo y enseñar su uso a profesionales sanitarios para mejorar su rendimiento mediante «la práctica reflexiva»

Debriefing is a rigorous reflection process whichhelps trainees recognize and resolve clinical and behavioral dilemmas raised by a clinical case. This approach emphasizes eliciting trainees’assumptions about the situation and their reasons for performing as they did (mental models). It analyses their impact on actions, to understand if it is necessary to maintain them or construct new ones that may lead to better performance in the future. It blends evidence and theory from education research, the social and cognitive sciences, and experience drawn from conducting and teaching debriefing to clinicians worldwide, on how to improve professional effectiveness through "reflective practice" (AU)

The making of expert clinicians: reflective practice.

Debriefing is a rigorous reflection process which helps trainees recognize and resolve clinical and behavioral dilemmas raised by a clinical case. This approach emphasizes eliciting trainees'assumptions about the situation and their reasons for performing as they did (mental models). It analyses their impact on actions, to understand if it is necessary to maintain them or construct new ones that may lead to better performance in the future. It blends evidence and theory from education research, the social and cognitive sciences, and experience drawn from conducting and teaching debriefing to clinicians worldwide, on how to improve professional effectiveness through "reflective practice".