Chronic auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients: MR analysis of the coincidence between functional and morphologic abnormalities.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate if functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging abnormalities associated with auditory emotional stimuli coexist with focal brain reductions in schizophrenic patients with chronic auditory hallucinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained and all participants gave written informed consent. Twenty-one right-handed male patients with schizophrenia and persistent hallucinations (started to hear hallucinations at a mean age of 23 years +/- 10, with 15 years +/- 8 of mean illness duration) and 10 healthy paired participants (same ethnic group [white], age, and education level [secondary school]) were studied. Functional echo-planar T2*-weighted (after both emotional and neutral auditory stimulation) and morphometric three-dimensional gradient-recalled echo T1-weighted MR images were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2) software. Brain activation images were extracted by subtracting those with emotional from nonemotional words. Anatomic differences were explored by optimized voxel-based morphometry. The functional and morphometric MR images were overlaid to depict voxels statistically reported by both techniques. A coincidence map was generated by multiplying the emotional subtracted functional MR and volume decrement morphometric maps. Statistical analysis used the general linear model, Student t tests, random effects analyses, and analysis of covariance with a correction for multiple comparisons following the false discovery rate method. RESULTS: Large coinciding brain clusters (P < .005) were found in the left and right middle temporal and superior temporal gyri. Smaller coinciding clusters were found in the left posterior and right anterior cingular gyri, left inferior frontal gyrus, and middle occipital gyrus. CONCLUSION: The middle and superior temporal and the cingular gyri are closely related to the abnormal neural network involved in the auditory emotional dysfunction seen in schizophrenic patients.

Surcando el espacio-k para mejorar la imagen por resonancia magnética / Exploring k-space for improved MR imaging

Lo que marca la diferencia entre la resonancia magnética (RM) y otras modalidades de imagen médica es que el usuario tiene completo control sobre la forma de adquirir los datos y cómo éstos pueden manipularse para mostrar la imagen final. El radiólogo puede modificar la resolución, el tamaño del campo de visión, el contraste, la velocidad de la adquisición, la influencia de los artefactos y tantos otros muchos parámetros que contribuyen a formar la imagen final. El artífice de este control se conoce como espacio-k, y no es más que la matriz de datos sin procesar obtenida a la salida del equipo de RM antes de la aplicación de la transformada de Fourier, la cual proveerá de la imagen final reconstruida. Este control que proporciona el espacio-k forzará la necesidad por parte del usuario de comprender los conceptos y los mecanismos ligados a éste. Sólo de esta forma le podrá sacar el máximo rendimiento a la resolución espacial, resolución temporal y calidad final de la imagen. El principal problema radica en que el espacio-k es un concepto abstracto. Aunque su contenido se puede visualizar, sus datos tienen poco sentido y no poseen una relación aparente con la imagen de RM. Por otra parte, la construcción matemática que lo describe con detalle es sofisticada y complicada y no da a entender, de una forma intuitiva, de lo que se trata. Este artículo analizará este concepto poco conocido, aunque ampliamente utilizado en RM (AU)

Noquist: reduced field-of-view imaging by direct Fourier inversion.

A novel technique called "Noquist" is introduced for the acceleration of dynamic cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). With the use of this technique, a more sparsely sampled dynamic image sequence is reconstructed correctly, without Nyquist foldover artifact. Unlike most other reduced field-of-view (rFOV) methods, Noquist does not rely on data substitution or temporal interpolation to reconstruct the dynamic image sequence. The proposed method reduces acquisition time in dynamic MRI scans by eliminating the data redundancy associated with static regions in the dynamic scene. A reduction of imaging time is achieved by a fraction asymptotically equal to the static fraction of the FOV, by omitting acquisition of an appropriate subset of phase-encoding views from a conventional equidistant Cartesian acquisition grid. The theory behind this method is presented along with sample reconstructions from real and simulated data. Noquist is compared with conventional cine imaging by retrospective selection of a reduced data set from a full-grid conventional image sequence. In addition, a comparison is presented, using real and simulated data, of our technique with an existing rFOV technique that uses temporal interpolation. The experimental results confirm the theory, and demonstrate that Noquist reduces scan time for cine MRI while fully preserving both spatial and temporal resolution, but at the cost of a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).