Sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en el ámbito cardiovascular: factores de riesgo, no enfermedades / No disponible

Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y en concreto la hipertensión arterial, hiperlipidemia y diabetes, representan una parte muy importante en relación con el emergente problema del sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en atención primaria de salud. Las razones que apoyan esta amenaza son diversas. A su elevada prevalencia y a que la intervención sobre ellos no se va a ver reflejada de forma directa en el estado de salud, se suma que los criterios diagnósticos e indicaciones de tratamiento farmacológico no se basan en evidencias sólidas. Estas recomendaciones se han visto además modificadas en los últimos años en virtud de consensos profesionales, con grandes posibilidades de sobretratamiento y riesgo de efectos indeseables para la salud. Por ello es imprescindible evaluar adecuadamente los criterios diagnósticos, informar de las dudas existentes e insistir en la importancia de las modificaciones de los hábitos saludables como la dieta y el ejercicio físico, así como reflexionar activamente sobre las ventajas e inconvenientes del tratamiento farmacológico

Cardiovascular risk factors, specifically arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, represent a very important part in relation to the emerging problem of overdiagnosis and overtreatment in primary health care. The reasons that support this threat are diverse. Given its high prevalence and the fact that the intervention on them is not going to be reflected directly in the state of health, it is added that the diagnostic criteria and indications for pharmacological treatment are not based on solid evidence. These recommendations have also been modified in recent years by virtue of professional consensus, with great potential for overtreatment and risk of undesirable effects on health. Therefore, it is essential to adequately evaluate the diagnostic criteria, inform of existing doubts and insist on the importance of changes in healthy habits such as diet and physical exercise, as well as actively reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacological treatment

Sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en el ámbito cardiovascular: factores de riesgo, no enfermedades.

Cardiovascular risk factors, specifically arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, represent a very important part in relation to the emerging problem of overdiagnosis and overtreatment in primary health care. The reasons that support this threat are diverse. Given its high prevalence and the fact that the intervention on them is not going to be reflected directly in the state of health, it is added that the diagnostic criteria and indications for pharmacological treatment are not based on solid evidence. These recommendations have also been modified in recent years by virtue of professional consensus, with great potential for overtreatment and risk of undesirable effects on health. Therefore, it is essential to adequately evaluate the diagnostic criteria, inform of existing doubts and insist on the importance of changes in healthy habits such as diet and physical exercise, as well as actively reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacological treatment.

Expected outcomes of sport practice for inmates: a comparison of perceptions of inmates and staff / Resultados esperados de la práctica del deporte entre los reclusos: comparación de las percepciones de presos y personal de prisiones / Resultados esperados da prática esportiva entre os reclusos: comparaçao das percepçoes de presos e pessoal (funcionários) das prisoes

In our society there is a version of sports that is 'invisible'. It is not competitive, it generates no new records and provides no victories. It consists of the unrecognized sporting experiences of certain social minorities. One of these minorities is the prison population. Some research has examined the effects that the practice of sports can have in prisons. This article analyzes these effects based on the results of a qualitative study carried out in Andalusia in Spain. It focuses on the role of sports in the social rehabilitation of the prison population, emphasizing its potential in generating positive attitudes and behaviors that are helpful in reintegration. It also reveals that the role sports has in social rehabilitation is only effective if sports programs in prisons have sound pedagogical practices behind them (AU)

En nuestra sociedad existe una versión del deporte 'invisible'. No se trata de deporte competitivo, no bate marcas, no proporciona victorias. Consiste en una experiencia desamparada para algunos colectivos sociales minoritarios. Uno de estos colectivos es la población reclusa. Algunas investigaciones han examinado los efectos positivos de la práctica deportiva en las cárceles. Este artículo analiza esa relación a partir de los resultados de una investigación cualitativa realizada en el Estado de Andalucía, en España. Se centra en el papel del deporte en la rehabilitación social de la población reclusa. Señala su potencial en la provisión de actitudes y comportamientos positivos para la integración. Igualmente, revela que el papel del deporte en la rehabilitación social sólo es efectivo si existen estrategias pedagógicas que sustenten los programas deportivos en las cárceles (AU)

Em nossa sociedade existe uma versão invisível de esporte. Não se trata de esporte competitivo, não bate recordes, não proporciona vitórias. Consiste numa experiência desamparada para alguns coletivos minoritários. Um desses coletivos é a população em regime de reclusão. Algumas investigações tem examinado os efeitos positivos das práticas esportivas nos cárceres. Este artigo analisa essa relação a partir dos resultados de uma investigação qualitativa realizada no Estado da Andaluzia, Espanha, e se centra no papel do esporte na reabilitação social da população reclusa. Assinala seu potencial na provisão de atitudes e comportamentos positivos à integração. Igualmente, revela que o papel do esporte na reabilitação social so é efetivo se existem estratégias pedagógicas que sustentem os programas esportivos nos presídios (AU)

Influence of gender and genetic variability on plasma angiotensin peptides.

INTRODUCTION: We analysed the influence of three polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (I/D from angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], M235T from angiotensinogen gene [ATG] and A1166C from AT1 receptors) on plasma levels of angiotensin I (Ang I), angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of a homogeneous group of 93 healthy subjects (43 men and 50 women, mean age: 20.67+/-2.75 years). The mean blood pressure (BP) was 126+/-7/76+/-5 (SD) mmHg and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.4+/-2.5 kg/m2. Angiotensin peptides were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantified by radio immuno assay (RIA). Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme analysis. RESULTS: Mean peptide levels were 92.48+/-102.12 pg/ml for Ang I, 22.35+/-10 pg/ml for Ang II, and 31.65+/-27.46 pg/ml for Ang-(1-7). Men had significantly higher levels of Ang-(1-7) (37.76+/-36.47 pg/ml) than women (26.04+/-13.98 pg/ml) (p<0.05). Among genotypes of each polymorphism, men with the T allele showed higher Ang- (1-7) levels compared with those with the MM genotype (p<0.05). Genotype analysis in women showed that higher Ang I levels were related with the DD genotype. When both genders were compared according to genotype, higher values of Ang-(1-7) levels and its molar ratios were found in men, and there was significantly greater Ang I levels in DD genotypes in women than men (136.72+/-112.43 vs . 65.36+/-46.83 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Significant correlations were found between Ang I and Ang II as well as between Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in the different study group distributions. No correlation was found between levels of Ang I and Ang-(1-7). Certain genotypes exert an influence on angiotensin peptide plasma levels which can only be seen when the population is divided according to gender.