Social Determinants of Health, the Family, and Children's Personal Hygiene: A Comparative Study.

Habits of personal hygiene are mostly acquired during childhood, and are, therefore, influenced by one's family. Poor hygiene habits are a risk factor for preventable disease and social rejection. Social Determinants of Health (SDH) consist of contextual factors, structural mechanisms, and the individual's socioeconomic position, which, via intermediary determinants, result in inequities of health and well-being. Dysfunctional family situations may, therefore, be generated by an unequal distribution of factors determining SDH. Little attention has been paid to the influence of the family on personal hygiene and the perception of social rejection in children. We designed a study to examine differences in personal hygiene and in the perception of social rejection between children in reception centers and children living in a family setting. A validated questionnaire on children's personal hygiene habits was completed by 51 children in reception centers and 454 children in normal families. Hygiene habits were more deficient among the children in reception centers than among the other children in all dimensions studied. Deficient hygiene habits were observed in the offspring of families affected by the main features of social inequality, who were more likely to perceive social rejection for this reason and less likely to consider their family as the greatest influence on their personal hygiene practices.

La higiene corporal: una necesidad básica deslustrada en la Enfermería moderna / No disponible

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Evolución histórica de la higiene corporal: desde la edad antigua a las sociedades modernas actuales / Evolução histórica da higiene pessoal: desde os tempos antigos para as sociedades modernas actuáis / Historical evolution of body hygiene: from ancient to modern modern societies

El objetivo general del estudio es estudiar la evolución de la higiene corporal de forma holística desde la edad antigua a la actualidad. Como objetivos específicos nos planteamos: 1-describir las consecuencias para la salud de las tendencias en higiene corporal de las sociedades modernas; 2- describir el rol de la enfermería moderna en los cuidados higiénicos corporales. Metodología y fuentes: se realizó una revisión integradora en las bases de datos Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, y Lilacs y búsqueda inversa de documentación, obteniendo un total de 30 trabajos. Los hábitos cotidianos de higiene corporal han sufrido importantes variaciones a lo largo de la historia. En la antigua Grecia y Roma el baño adquiría expresión social y de ocio además de terapéutica, incluso su raíz etimológica deriva de la Diosa griega de la salud ‘Hygieia’. En la época medieval la higiene corporal sólo merecía una importancia estética relacionando la enfermedad con la pobredumbre del aire, al igual que en el renacimiento donde además surge la fantasmagoría en torno al baño. Con el siglo XIX y los avances en microbiología surge el movimiento higienista enriqueciendo además a la higiene como concepto. Actualmente las sociedades desarrolladas alcanzan elevados niveles de higiene corporal donde recientes investigaciones señalan que pueden ser contraproducentes para la salud, replanteándose cuáles son los mejores hábitos de higiene corporal basados en la evidencia científica (AU)

The general aim of inquiry is to study the evolution of corporal hygiene holistically from ancient times to the present. As specific aims we considered: 1-to describe the health consequences of trends in corporal hygiene of modern societies; 2- to describe the role of modern nursing in corporal hygiene care. Methodology and sources: an integrative review was conducted in Medline / Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs data and a documentation Reverse Search, obtaining a total of 30 jobs. Daily personal hygiene habits have changed considerably throughout history. In ancient Greece and Rome the bathroom acquired social expression and entertainment in addition to therapeutic, and its etymological root is derived from the Greek goddess of health ‘Hygieia’. In medieval times personal hygiene deserved only an aesthetic importance linking the disease with pobredumbre air, as in the Renaissance where the phantasmagoria around the bathroom also arises. In the nineteenth century, and advances in microbiology, the hygienist movement emerged also enriching hygiene as a concept. Currently developed societies achieve high levels of personal hygiene which recent research suggests that may be counterproductive to health, reconsidering what the best personal hygiene habits based on scientific evidence (AU)

O objetivo geral da pesquisa é estudar a evolução da higiene pessoal de forma holística desde os tempos antigos até o presente. Como objetivos específicos podemos definir: 1-descrever as consequências para a saúde de tendências da higiene pessoal das sociedades modernas; 2- descrever o papel da enfermagem moderna no cuidado de higiene corporal. Metodologia e as fontes: uma revisão integrativa em bases de dados Medline/ Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs foi realizada, e uma pesquisa inversa de documentação, obtendo um total de 30 postos de trabalho. Diários hábitos de higiene pessoal mudaram consideravelmente ao longo da história. Na Grécia e Roma antigas banheiro adquiriu expressão social e de entretenimento, além de terapêutica, e sua raiz etimológica é derivado da deusa grega da saúde ‘Hygieia’. Nos tempos medievais higiene pessoal merecia única uma importância estética que liga a doença com ar pobredumbre, como no Renascimento, onde a fantasmagoria em torno do banheiro também surge. No século XIX, e avanços em microbiologia, o movimento higienista surge também o enriquecimento de higiene como um conceito. Sociedades desenvolvidas atualmente alcançar altos níveis de higiene pessoal que pesquisas recentes sugerem que pode ser contraproducente para a saúde, reconsiderando o que os melhores hábitos de higiene pessoal, baseada em evidências científicas (AU)

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario sobre conocimientos y hábitos en higiene corporal infantil (HICORIN ®) / Development and validation of a questionnaire on knowledge and personal hygiene habits in childhood (HICORIN ®)

OBJETIVO: Diseñar y validar un cuestionario que valore integralmente los hábitos y conocimientos en higiene corporal en niños de 7 a 12 años en el entorno educativo y sociosanitario. DISEÑO: Estudio descriptivo transversal para la validación de un cuestionario. Emplazamiento: Un colegio de educación primaria y secundaria de un área urbana y un centro de protección de menores de la Región de Murcia, España. PARTICIPANTES: Ochenta y seis niños (80 de un colegio de educación primaria y secundaria; 6 de un centro de protección de menores) y 7 expertos. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Validación de contenido por expertos, pilotaje cognitivo, análisis de respuesta al ítem, evaluación de la fiabilidad mediante test-retest. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 20 artículos con instrumentos que incluían ítems relativos a la higiene corporal infantil. Se seleccionaron 34 ítems y se redactaron 48 nuevos. La validación de expertos redujo el cuestionario (HICORIN®) a 63 ítems, constituido por 7 dimensiones de la higiene corporal infantil (piel corporal, cabello, manos, bucodental, pies, oídos e higiene íntima). Tras el pilotaje cognitivo se adaptaron algunos términos para mejorar el grado de comprensión de los menores. Únicamente 2 ítems tienen porcentajes que superan el 10% de no respuesta. El test-retest mostró en el 84,1% de los ítems una fiabilidad entre moderada y muy buena. CONCLUSIONES: HICORIN® es un instrumento fiable y válido que valora integralmente los hábitos y conocimientos en higiene corporal en niños de 7 a 12 años. Es aplicable en ámbitos sociosanitario y educativo y para niños de diverso nivel socioeconómico

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a questionnaire on the integral assessment of the habits and knowledge in personal hygiene in children between 7 to 12 years old in the educational, social and health environment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study for the validation of a questionnaire. LOCATION: One primary and secondary school and one children's home in the Region of Murcia, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 86 children were included (80 from a primary and secondary school; 6 from a children's home), as well as 7 experts. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Content validation by experts; qualitative assessment; identify difficulties related to some questions, item response analysis, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: After the literature search, 20 tools that included items related to child body hygiene were obtained. The researchers selected 34 items and drafted 48 additional ones. After content validity by the experts, the questionnaire (HICORIN®) was reduced to 63 items, and consisted of 7 dimensions of child personal hygiene (skin, hair, hands, oral, feet, ears, and intimate hygiene). After with the children some terms were adapted to improve their understanding. Only two items had non-response rates that exceeded 10%. The test-retest showed that 84.1% of the items had between very good and moderate reliability. CONCLUSIONS: HICORIN® is a reliable and valid instrument that integrally assesses the habits and knowledge in personal hygiene in children between 7-12 years old. It is applicable in educative and social and health environments and in children from different socioeconomic levels

[Development and validation of a questionnaire on knowledge and personal hygiene habits in childhood (HICORIN®)]. / Diseño y validación de un cuestionario sobre conocimientos y hábitos en higiene corporal infantil (HICORIN®).

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a questionnaire on the integral assessment of the habits and knowledge in personal hygiene in children between 7 to 12 years old in the educational, social and health environment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study for the validation of a questionnaire. LOCATION: One primary and secondary school and one children's home in the Region of Murcia, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 86 children were included (80 from a primary and secondary school; 6 from a children's home), as well as 7 experts. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Content validation by experts; qualitative assessment; identify difficulties related to some questions, item response analysis, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: After the literature search, 20 tools that included items related to child body hygiene were obtained. The researchers selected 34 items and drafted 48 additional ones. After content validity by the experts, the questionnaire (HICORIN®) was reduced to 63 items, and consisted of 7 dimensions of child personal hygiene (skin, hair, hands, oral, feet, ears, and intimate hygiene). After with the children some terms were adapted to improve their understanding. Only two items had non-response rates that exceeded 10%. The test-retest showed that 84.1% of the items had between very good and moderate reliability. CONCLUSIONS: HICORIN® is a reliable and valid instrument that integrally assesses the habits and knowledge in personal hygiene in children between 7-12 years old. It is applicable in educative and social and health environments and in children from different socioeconomic levels.

Importante déficit de hábitos higiénicos en la población infantil / Poor hygiene in child populations

La higiene corporal supone uno de los pilares de la salud pública. No obstante, existe poco consenso o simplemente desconocimiento hacia las prácticas higiénicas cotidianas correctas. Los objetivos del estudio fueron describir los conocimientos y hábitos en la higiene cotidiana infantil de la boca, el cabello y las manos, detallados en la literatura científica internacional, y determinar las consecuencias socio sanitariasdel déficit higiénico en la población infantil. Se revisaron las bases de datos Medline/Pubmed, Scielo,Scopus y Lilacs desde enero de 1992 hasta mayo de 2012 en idiomas castellano e inglés. Se excluyeron aquellos artículos enfocados exclusivamente a la práctica clínico-asistencial, a recomendaciones técnicas o intervenciones educativas en higiene infantil cotidiana. Se hallaron 1 124 documentos, de los que fueron adecuados para su análisis 29 estudios. Se pone de manifiesto un déficit importante de hábitos higiénicos entre la población infantil, fomentados por la baja percepción social, los estigmas sociales y lapoca implicación de los profesionales de la salud en su educación e investigación. Entre las consecuencias de la inadecuada higiene infantil en estas áreas encontramos: sanitarias (numerosas enfermedades situadas entre las de mayor prevalencia en la infancia), rechazo social, psicológicas y escolares. Se debería generar mayor conocimiento científico en este ámbito y desarrollar estrategias educativas orientadas a la aplicación de las recomendaciones actuales y a la modificación conductual en aquellos casos de higiene infantil cotidiana deficitaria, fomentando, por tanto, hábitos higiénicos saludables en la infancia...