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1.
PLoS One ; 9(1): e85613, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24465619

RESUMO

The ability to reconstitute a normal immune system with antiretroviral therapy in the setting of HIV infection remains uncertain. This study aimed to characterize quantitative and qualitative aspects of various T cell subpopulations that do not improve despite effective ART. CD4∶CD8 ratio was evaluated in HIV-infected subjects with viral loads >10,000 copies/µl ("non-controllers", n = 42), those with undetectable viral loads on ART ("ART-suppressed", n = 53), and HIV-uninfected subjects (n = 22). In addition, T cell phenotype and function were examined in 25 non-controllers, 18 ART-suppressed, and 7 HIV-uninfected subjects. CD4∶CD8 ratio in non-controllers, ART-suppressed, and HIV-uninfected subjects was 0.25, 0.48, and 1.95 respectively (P<0.0001 for all comparisons). The increased ratio in ART-suppressed compared to non-controllers was driven by an increase of CD4+ T cells, with no change in the expanded CD8+ T cell population. Expansion of differentiated (CD28-CD27-CD45RA+/-CCR7-) T cell subpopulations persisted despite ART and minimal changes were noted in naïve T cell frequencies over time. Increased number of CD8+CD28- T cells and increased CD8+ CMV-specific T cell responses were associated with a decreased CD4∶CD8 ratio. Measures of T cell function demonstrated persistence of high frequencies of CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ. Lastly, though all CD8+ subpopulations demonstrated significantly lower Ki67 expression in ART-suppressed subjects, CD4+ T cell subpopulations did not consistently show this decrease, thus demonstrating different proliferative responses in the setting of T cell depletion. In summary, this study demonstrated that CD4∶CD8 ratios remained significantly decreased and naïve T cell numbers were slow to increase despite long-term viral suppression on ART. In addition, there is a evidence of differential regulation of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations, suggesting independent homeostatic regulation of the two compartments.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/patologia , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/virologia , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos
2.
J Gen Virol ; 86(Pt 12): 3375-3384, 2005 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16298985

RESUMO

In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells results in an increase in viral load in macaques chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac239deltanef). Here, the cellular and humoral immune responses associated with this transient period of enhanced viraemia in macaques infected with SIVmac239deltanef were characterized. Fourteen days after in vivo CD8+ T-cell depletion, two of six macaques experienced a 1-2 log10 increase in anti-gp130 and p27 antibody titres and a three- to fivefold increase in gamma interferon-ecreting SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Three other macaques had modest or no increase in anti-gp130 antibodies and significantly lower titres of anti-p27 antibodies, with minimal induction of functional CD8+ T cells. Four of the five CD8-depleted macaques experienced an increase in neutralizing antibody titres to SIVmac239. Induction of SIV-specific immune responses was associated with increases in CD8+ T-cell proliferation and fluctuations in the levels of signal-joint T-cell receptor excision circles in peripheral blood cells. Five months after CD8+ T-cell depletion, only the two high-responding macaques were protected from intravenous challenge with pathogenic SIV, whilst the remaining animals were unable to control replication of the challenge virus. Together, these findings suggest that a transient period of enhanced antigenaemia during chronic SIV infection may serve to augment virus-specific immunity in some, but not all, macaques. These findings have relevance for induction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific immune responses during prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination and for immunological evaluation of structured treatment interruptions in patients chronically infected with HIV-1.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Produtos do Gene env/imunologia , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Depleção Linfocítica , Macaca mulatta , Testes de Neutralização , RNA Viral/sangue , Viremia/imunologia
3.
J Virol ; 79(22): 14169-78, 2005 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16254352

RESUMO

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-mediated immune response may be beneficial or harmful, depending on the balance between expansion of HIV-specific T cells and the level of generalized immune activation. The current study utilizes multicolor cytokine flow cytometry to study HIV-specific T cells and T-cell activation in 179 chronically infected individuals at various stages of HIV disease, including those with low-level viremia in the absence of therapy ("controllers"), low-level drug-resistant viremia in the presence of therapy (partial controllers on antiretroviral therapy [PCAT]), and high-level viremia ("noncontrollers"). Compared to noncontrollers, controllers exhibited higher frequencies of HIV-specific interleukin-2-positive gamma interferon-positive (IL-2(+) IFN-gamma(+)) CD4(+) T cells. The presence of HIV-specific CD4(+) IL-2(+) T cells was associated with low levels of proliferating T cells within the less-differentiated T-cell subpopulations (defined by CD45RA, CCR7, CD27, and CD28). Despite prior history of progressive disease, PCAT patients exhibited many immunologic characteristics seen in controllers, including high frequencies of IL-2(+) IFN-gamma(+) CD4(+) T cells. Measures of immune activation were lower in all CD8(+) T-cell subsets in controllers and PCAT compared to noncontrollers. Thus, control of HIV replication is associated with high levels of HIV-specific IL-2(+) and IFN-gamma(+) CD4(+) T cells and low levels of T-cell activation. This immunologic state is one where the host responds to HIV by expanding but not exhausting HIV-specific T cells while maintaining a relatively quiescent immune system. Despite a history of advanced HIV disease, a subset of individuals with multidrug-resistant HIV exhibit an immunologic profile comparable to that of controllers, suggesting that functional immunity can be reconstituted with partially suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-2/imunologia , Cinética , Ativação Linfocitária , Fenótipo , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Carga Viral
4.
Blood ; 104(12): 3672-8, 2004 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15308569

RESUMO

The antiviral response of CD8 T cells involves the differentiation of naive T cells into distinct types of effector and memory cells, which may be distinguished by the level of CD7 expression. We have investigated CD8 T cells in adults and children infected with HIV-1 to determine the disease relevance of cell subsets defined by CD7. CD8 T cells from patients infected with HIV-1 displayed profound down-modulation of CD7 expression as compared with healthy subjects, with expansion of both CD7(low) and CD7(negative) effector subsets. Loss of CD7(high) cells correlated directly with HIV-1 load and was particularly pronounced in patients with rapid disease progression. CD8 T cells specific for HIV-1, as well as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were predominantly found in the CD7(low) effector cell subset. Furthermore, recovery of CD4 counts on antiretroviral therapy was associated with reversion of the skewed CD7 profile in CD8 T cells. Thus, effector CD8 T-cell subsets distinguished by lowered CD7 expression expand in a manner that correlates with the magnitude of HIV-1, EBV, and CMV antigenic challenge and contract in response to successful antiretroviral treatment. The results are discussed in relation to the dual roles of CD7 as a receptor of both costimulation and cell death.


Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/farmacologia , Antígenos CD7/análise , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Adulto , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Proliferação de Células , Progressão da Doença , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/virologia , Carga Viral
5.
J Virol ; 78(17): 9164-73, 2004 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15308712

RESUMO

In this report, we present evidence that R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in primary CD4+ T cells than X4 HIV-1. By comparing CD3/CD28-costimulated CD4+ T-cell cultures infected by several X4 and R5 HIV-1 strains, we determined that R5-infected CD4+ T cells produce more virus over time than X4-infected CD4+ T cells. In the first comparison, we found that more cells were infected by the X4-tropic strain LAI than by the R5-tropic strain JR-CSF and yet that higher levels of viral production were detected in the R5-infected cultures. The differential viral production was partially due to the severe cytopathic effects of the X4 virus. We also compared cultures infected with the isogenic HIV-1 strains NL4-3 (X4) and 49.5 (R5). We found that fewer cells were infected by the R5 strain, and yet similar levels of viral production were detected in both infected cultures. Cell death played less of a role in the differential viral production of these strains, as the cell viability remained comparable in both X4- and R5-infected cultures over time. The final comparison involved the primary R5-tropic isolate KP1 and the primary dual-tropic isolate KP2. Although both strains infected similar numbers of cells and induced comparable levels of cytopathicity, viral production was considerably higher in the R5-infected culture. In summary, these data demonstrate that R5 HIV-1 has an increased capacity to replicate in costimulated CD4+ T cells compared to X4 HIV-1.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/fisiologia , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Antígenos CD28/metabolismo , Complexo CD3/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Morte Celular , Divisão Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Receptores CCR4 , Receptores CCR5/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo
6.
J Virol ; 78(8): 3930-40, 2004 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15047809

RESUMO

Previous studies have shown that vaccination and boosting of rhesus macaques with attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors encoding Env and Gag proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) hybrid viruses protect rhesus macaques from AIDS after challenge with the highly pathogenic SHIV 89.6P (23). In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of a single prime-boost protocol consisting of VSV vectors expressing SHIV Env, Gag, and Pol proteins to that of a protocol consisting of a VSV vector prime followed with a single boost with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the same SHIV proteins. After challenge with SHIV 89.6P, MVA-boosted animals controlled peak challenge viral loads to less than 2 x 10(6) copies/ml (a level significantly lower than that seen with VSV-boosted animals and lower than those reported for other vaccine studies employing the same challenge). MVA-boosted animals have shown excellent preservation of CD4(+) T cells, while two of four VSV-boosted animals have shown significant loss of CD4(+) T cells. The improved protection in MVA-boosted animals correlates with trends toward stronger prechallenge CD8(+)-T-cell responses to SHIV antigens and stronger postchallenge SHIV-neutralizing antibody production.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , DNA Recombinante/genética , Vetores Genéticos , HIV/genética , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/biossíntese , Imunização Secundária , Macaca mulatta , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/genética , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/imunologia
7.
J Virol ; 78(5): 2454-9, 2004 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14963140

RESUMO

Regulatory T (T(R)) cells maintain tolerance to self-antigens and control immune responses to alloantigens after organ transplantation. Here, we show that CD4(+) CD25(+) human T(R) cells suppress virus-specific T-cell responses. Depletion of T(R) cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhances T-cell responses to cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus antigens. We propose that chronic viral infections lead to induction of suppressive T(R) cells that inhibit the antiviral immune response.


Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , HIV/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interferon gama/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Superantígenos/imunologia
8.
J Immunol ; 170(5): 2349-55, 2003 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12594257

RESUMO

The adaptive immune response of human CD8 T cells to invading pathogens involves the differentiation of naive cells into memory and effector cells. However, the lineage relationship between memory and effector cells and the differentiation of CD8 T cells into distinct subsets of effector cell subpopulations are subjects of considerable debate. CD7 identifies three populations of CD8 T cells: CD7 high (CD7(high)), low (CD7(low)), and negative (CD7(neg)) that translate into subsets with distinct functional properties. The CD7(high) subset contains naive and memory cells and the CD7(low) and CD7(neg) subsets contain effector cells. The effector cells can functionally be divided into cytokine-secreting effector CD8 T cells and lytic effector CD8 T cells. These data provide a model of human CD8 T cell differentiation in which specialized distinct subpopulations can be identified by expression of CD7.


Assuntos
Antígenos CD7/análise , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Antígenos CD7/biossíntese , Biomarcadores/análise , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/química , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Divisão Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/análise , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Imunofenotipagem , Interfase/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/química , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo
9.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 18(14): 1081-8, 2002 Sep 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12396459

RESUMO

Despite repeated high-risk exposure to infectious HIV-1, some individuals remain HIV-1 seronegative and apparently uninfected. The use of nonhuman primate model systems to study SIVmac transmission may help to elucidate the factors responsible for protection in exposed, seronegative (ESN) humans. In an earlier vaccination study, three control rhesus macaques that were exposed to three sequential intravaginal challenges with pathogenic SIVmac251 failed to show evidence of infection after 5 years of observation. 51Cr release assay results suggested that these animals had low-level cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to SIVmac proteins. We hypothesized that these responses might be an important component of protection from mucosal challenge. We performed an additional intravaginal challenge of all three macaques and monitored SIV-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood, using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. After the fourth challenge, one animal became infected; this animal did not mount a strong SIV-specific T cell response. Two other macaques remained uninfected as determined by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) coculture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and branched DNA (bDNA) analysis of peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, but demonstrated boosting of SIV-specific T cell responses after challenge. These results support a protective role for SIVmac-specific T cells in repeatedly exposed, persistently seronegative rhesus macaques.


Assuntos
Soronegatividade para HIV/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/patogenicidade , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Vagina/virologia , Animais , DNA Viral/análise , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia
10.
J Immunol ; 169(2): 802-8, 2002 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12097383

RESUMO

cAMP inhibits biochemical events leading to T cell activation by triggering of an inhibitory protein kinase A (PKA)-C-terminal Src kinase pathway assembled in lipid rafts. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of PKA type I by Sp-8-bromo-cAMPS (a cAMP agonist) has profound inhibitory effects on Ag-specific immune responses in peripheral effector T cells. Activation of PKA type I inhibits both cytokine production and proliferative responses in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The observed effects of cAMP appeared to occur endogenously in T cells and were not dependent on APC. The inhibition of responses was not due to apoptosis of specific T cells and was reversible by a PKA type I-selective cAMP antagonist. This supports the notion of PKA type I as a key enzyme in the negative regulation of immune responses and a potential target for inhibiting autoreactive T cells.


Assuntos
Antígenos de Bactérias/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , GMP Cíclico/análogos & derivados , Citocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Citocinas/biossíntese , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Enterotoxinas/fisiologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/fisiologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas pp60(c-src) , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/enzimologia , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Apoptose/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/enzimologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/enzimologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , AMP Cíclico/agonistas , AMP Cíclico/análogos & derivados , AMP Cíclico/biossíntese , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Proteína Quinase Tipo II Dependente de AMP Cíclico , GMP Cíclico/farmacologia , Dinoprostona/farmacologia , Enterotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Enterotoxinas/imunologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/antagonistas & inibidores , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Tionucleotídeos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese
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