Statistical estimation of the efficiency of quantum state tomography protocols.

A novel operational method for estimating the efficiency of quantum state tomography protocols is suggested. It is based on a priori estimation of the quality of an arbitrary protocol by means of universal asymptotic fidelity distribution and condition number, which takes minimal value for better protocol. We prove the adequacy of the method both with numerical modeling and through the experimental realization of several practically important protocols of quantum state tomography.

Anisotropically and high entanglement of biphoton states generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion.

We show both theoretically and experimentally that biphoton wave packets generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be strongly anisotropic and highly entangled. The conditions under which these effects exist are found and discussed.

Realization of four-level qudits using biphotons.

The novel experimental realization of four-level optical quantum systems (ququarts) is presented. We exploit the polarization properties of the frequency nondegenerate biphoton field to obtain such systems. A simple method that does not rely on am interferometer is used to generate and measure the sequence of states that can be used in quantum key distribution protocol.

[Results and prospects of development of neuropharmacology in the department of pharmacology of the Acad. S. V. Anichkov Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences]. / Itogi i perspektivy razvitiia neirofarmakologii v otdele farmakologii im. akad. AMN SSSR S. B. Anichkova NII éksperimental'noi meditsiny AMN SSSR.

Basic strategic and tactical principles of neuropharmacological studies are outlined, whose aim is to find and explore new synthetic neuro-blocking agents and substances simulating the structure of natural metabolites. The basic research has resulted in the development of new highly effective drugs and experimentally substantiated recommendations for their clinical application. The conceptions of the action mechanism of adrenergic and cholinergic agents, stimulants of tissue energy exchange, which have been formulated in the department, suggested new approaches to the pharmacological treatment of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurogenic diseases of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems.

[Effect of a diet with an increased protein content on reparative processes in experimental ulcerous lesions of the gastric and duodenal mucosa]. / Vliianie diety s povyshennym soderzhaniem belka na reparativnye protsessy pri eksperimental'nykh iazvennykh porazheniiakh slizistoi obolochki zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

Experimental rats were subjected to an extreme action: 3-hour immobilization with simultaneous electrostimulation. A complete healing of erosion-ulcerous defects of the gastroduodenal mucosa was recorded in rats given diets with an increased (by 4 g) protein content (group I), on day 5. The mucosal affections in the rats receiving a standard ration still persisted. The content of creatine-phosphate in the gastric wall tissue, decreased under the extreme action, was rapidly recovered in group I rats, no changes in the proper fluorescence level of reduced NADH and flavoproteins were noted. In group II rats both parameters returned to normal only on day 5. Blood serum ceruloplasmin (CP) activity increased during first 3 days with a similar rate in both animal groups. However, in the following 2 days CP activity in group I rats became completely normal, while that in group II animals was still rising. The results of the study have shown that the diet with increased protein content stimulates epithelization of the gastroduodenal mucosa due to the improvement of the bioenergy processes in the gastroduodenal area, and to intensified adaptation potentialities of the body.

[Role of the nervous factor in the development of pathology of the internal organs as a result of exposing the body to extremely stressful treatment]. / Rol' nervnogo faktora v razvitii patologii vnutrennikh organov, vyzyvaemoi chrezvychainym vozdeistviem na organizm.

The paper compiles results of many years of studies performed at the Dept. of Pharmacology of the Inst. Exp. Med. of the USSR Acad. Med. Sci. and concerning neurotropic drugs for prophylaxis and pharmacological therapy of neurodystrophies underlying many a disease of internal organs. From the pharmacological standpoint, mechanisms of the neural control of trophic processes and formation of internal organs pathology are considered; significance of transmitter systems, mainly adrenergic for this control, is analysed; an important role of maintaining the tissue energy metabolism at a high level for augmentation of reparation processes, is proved; principles of prophylaxis and pharmacological therapy of internal organs diseases dependent on the neural factor, are revealed.

[Effects of lithium salts on experimental neurogenic lesions of the stomach and heart]. / Effekty solei litiia na éksperimental'nye neirogennye povrezhdeniia zheludka i serdtsa.

It has been demonstrated in experiments on noninbred rats that lithium chloride and lithium hydroxybutyrate exert a prophylactic therapeutic effect in respect to neurogenic gastric lesions and reduction in the content of creatine phosphate in gastric and cardiac tissues, induced by stressful exposures (3-hour immobilization and electric stimulation of hungry animals). The effects of lithium hydroxybutyrate were more demonstrable than those of lithium chloride.

[Use of neurotropic agents stimulating tissue trophic processes in treating ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa]. / Primenenie neirotropnykh sredstv, stimuliruiushchikh tkanevye troficheskie protsessy, pri lechenii iazvennykh porazhenii slizistoi obolochki zheludka.

The development of experimental neurogenic gastric ulcers was followed by a reduction in the noradrenaline and cAMP levels in the gastric tissue. The energy deficiency and upset nucleic metabolism were shown to underlie the structural lesions of the gastric mucosa. L-DOPA and etimizol stimulating the metabolic processes and the function of the sympathetic nervous system intensify the reparative processes during gastric ulceration.

[Mediator content of the rat brain in neurogenic gastric pathology]. / Soderzhanie nekotorykh mediatorov v golovnom mozge krys pri neirogennoi pathyologii zheludka.

A study was made of the content of some neurotransmitters in the rat brain during neurogenic gastric lesions induced by excessive irritation of the body. The 3-hour electric stimulation combined with immobilization of the animals and mechanical stimulation of the pyloroduodenal reflexogenic zone led to a noticeable reduction in the content of histamine, serotonin and GABA in the brain. It is suggested that histamine-, serotonin- and GABA-ergic systems are involved in the central mechanisms of the development of neurogenic gastric lesions.

[Clinico-pharmacological study of neurotropic agents in neurogenic diseases of the cardiovascular system and stomach]. / Kliniko-farmakologicheskoe izuchenie nekotorykh neirotropnykh sredstv pri neirogennykh zabolevaniiakh serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy i zheludka.

It has been established in experiments that as visceral pathology arising during excess exposures advances, the deficiency of energy resources develops in the tissues of damaged organs. Application of the agents that normalize the function of the sympathetic nervous system (L-DOPA) and stimulate energy formation processes (ethimizol) accelerated reparative processes in damaged stomach and myocardium. Application of L-DOPA and ethimizol to the treatment of peptic ulcer patients produced a good therapeutic effect--an increase in the creatine phosphate content in the gastric mucosa and removal of the niche symptom in 80% of cases.

[Dynamics of 1-minute superslow oscillations during the process of formation of a shortened reflex]. / Dinamika minutnykh sverkhmedlennykh kolebanii v protsesse formirovaniia ukorochennogo refleksa.

Formation of encephalogenic shortened reflex in rabbits induced specific local changes of amplitudes of the 1-min waves. Etimizol rapidly stabilized the level of the 1-min waves and fixed the reflex, keeping the local character of the response. Propylnorantiphein enhanced corticofugal projections to the thalamus. The shifts in the brain energy exchange (the creatin--phosphate, glycogen contents) coincided in time with the amplitude shifts of the 1-min waves and occurred within 20--30 min after administration of neurotropic drugs lasting 2--3 hrs. The etimizol recruited both alpha-and beta-adrenoreceptors whereas the propylnorantiphein involved mainly the alpha-adrenoreceptors. Etimizol, being an unspecific connector, enhanced consolidation of the shortened reflex increasing the local response to electric stimulation, whereas propylnorantiphein aided to spreading of the responses over to the thalamic nuclei.

[Effect of etimizol on the noradrenaline content and energy metabolism in the rat central nervous system and myocardium]. / Vliianie étimizola na soderzhanie noradrenalina i énergeticheskii obmen v tsentral'noi nervnoi sisteme i miokarde krys.

It was shown in experiments on rats that ethimizol (25 mg/kg) produces the decreasing of noradrenaline in the brain tissue 20 min after intraperitoneal injection. The noradrenaline content is restored in 3 hours. The changes in the balance of tissue noradrenaline were accompanied by phosphorylase activation, decline of the glycogen level and by increasing of glucose and creatine phosphate concentrations. Ethimizol in the same dose did not produce any influence on the tested metabolic parameters in the myocardium of normal rats.

[Peridural anesthesia during mitral commissurotomy on patients in the late stages of the disease]. / Peridural'naia anesteziia pri mitral'noi komissurotomii u bol'nykh v pozdnikh stadiiakh zabolevaniia.

Peridural anesthesia in T1--T6 regions was used together with general anesthesia in closed mitral commisurotomy in 40 patients with the disease in stages 4 and 5. The study was aimed at the evaluation of the effect of peridural anesthesia upon hemodynamics, gas exchange, adrenal cortex function, energy exchange in the myocardium and the evaluation of its expediency for these patients. The authors studied hemodynamic alterations (HR, AP, CVP, MV, CBV etc.), changes of acid-base equilibrium and in the blood gases, concentration of summary 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma and of creatinophosphate in the myocardium left auricle. On the grounds of these studies the authors have come to some practically important conlusions.

[Effect of electrostimulation of the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus on lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis]. / Vliianie élektrostimuliatsii supraopticheskoi oblasti gipotalamusa na lipidnyi obmen i razvitie ateroskleroza.

A three-week electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic supraoptic zone in rabbits which were on atherogenic diet for 3 to 8 weeks accelerated and intensified the development of hypercholesterolemia and lipidosis of the coronary arteries, as well as the metabolic changes in the myocardial tissue. The latter changes were expressed in the reduction of the tissue noradrenaline level, diminution of the creatine phosphate content, and an increase of inorganic phosphorus and lactic acid.

[Changes of various indicators of brain metabolism in excessive stimulation of the body and the effect of etimizol on these changes]. / Izmeneniia nekotorykh pokazatelei metabolizma golovnogo mozga pri chrezvychainom vozdeistvii na organizm i vliianie etimizola na eti izmeneneniia.

In case of an excessive irritation (a 3-hour electrical stimulation) of the organism there were observed marked changes in the brain metabolism in rats. These changes were expressed in the exhaustion of noradrenaline stores and disturbances of energy metabolism, leading to reduction of the creatinphosphate level. Preliminary (before the electrical stimulation) administration of ethimizol prevented deficiency of noradrenaline and creatinphosphate in the brain tissue of the animals subjected to the excessive irritation.