Uncovering COVID-19 infection determinants in Portugal: towards an evidence-based spatial susceptibility index to support epidemiological containment policies.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 caused the largest pandemic of the twenty-first century forcing the adoption of containment policies all over the world. Many studies on COVID-19 health determinants have been conducted, mainly using multivariate methods and geographic information systems (GIS), but few attempted to demonstrate how knowing social, economic, mobility, behavioural, and other spatial determinants and their effects can help to contain the disease. For example, in mainland Portugal, non-pharmacological interventions (NPI) were primarily dependent on epidemiological indicators and ignored the spatial variation of susceptibility to infection. METHODS: We present a data-driven GIS-multicriteria analysis to derive a spatial-based susceptibility index to COVID-19 infection in Portugal. The cumulative incidence over 14 days was used in a stepwise multiple linear regression as the target variable along potential determinants at the municipal scale. To infer the existence of thresholds in the relationships between determinants and incidence the most relevant factors were examined using a bivariate Bayesian change point analysis. The susceptibility index was mapped based on these thresholds using a weighted linear combination. RESULTS: Regression results support that COVID-19 spread in mainland Portugal had strong associations with factors related to socio-territorial specificities, namely sociodemographic, economic and mobility. Change point analysis revealed evidence of nonlinearity, and the susceptibility classes reflect spatial dependency. The spatial index of susceptibility to infection explains with accuracy previous and posterior infections. Assessing the NPI levels in relation to the susceptibility map points towards a disagreement between the severity of restrictions and the actual propensity for transmission, highlighting the need for more tailored interventions. CONCLUSIONS: This article argues that NPI to contain COVID-19 spread should consider the spatial variation of the susceptibility to infection. The findings highlight the importance of customising interventions to specific geographical contexts due to the uneven distribution of COVID-19 infection determinants. The methodology has the potential for replication at other geographical scales and regions to better understand the role of health determinants in explaining spatiotemporal patterns of diseases and promoting evidence-based public health policies.

Cities and neuroscience research: A systematic literature review.

Background: Cities are becoming the socio-economic hubs for most of the world's population. Understanding how our surroundings can mentally affect everyday life has become crucial to integrate environmental sustainability into urban development. The present review aims to explore the empirical studies investigating neural mechanisms underlying cognitive and emotional processes elicited by the exposure to different urban built and natural spaces. It also tries to identify new research questions and to leverage neurourbanism as a framework to achieve healthier and sustainable cities. Methods: By following the PRISMA framework, we conducted a structured search on PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Only articles related to how urban environment-built or natural-affects brain activity through objective measurement (with either imaging or electrophysiological techniques) were considered. Further inclusion criteria were studies on human adult populations, peer-reviewed, and in English language. Results: Sixty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. They were qualitatively assessed and analyzed to determine the main findings and emerging concepts. Overall, the results suggest that urban built exposure (when compared to natural spaces) elicit activations in brain regions or networks strongly related to perceptual, attentional, and (spatial) cognitive demands. The city's-built environment also triggers neural circuits linked to stress and negative affect. Convergence of these findings was observed across neuroscience techniques, and for both laboratory and real-life settings. Additionally, evidence also showed associations between neural social stress processing with urban upbringing or current city living-suggesting a mechanistic link to certain mood and anxiety disorders. Finally, environmental diversity was found to be critical for positive affect and individual well-being. Conclusion: Contemporary human-environment interactions and planetary challenges imply greater understanding of the neurological underpinnings on how the urban space affects cognition and emotion. This review provides scientific evidence that could be applied for policy making on improved urban mental health. Several studies showed that high-quality green or blue spaces, and bio-diverse urban areas, are important allies for positive neural, cognitive, and emotional processes. Nonetheless, the spatial perception in social contexts (e.g., city overcrowding) deserves further attention by urban planners and scientists. The implications of these observations for some theories in environmental psychology and research are discussed. Future work should take advantage of technological advancements to better characterize behavior, brain physiology, and environmental factors and apply them to the remaining complexity of contemporary cities.

Uterine Artery Laceration after Vacuum Delivery.

Post-partum hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and it's etiology needs to be identified in order for adequate treatment to be provided. We report a case of a post-partum hemorrhage in a multiparous woman treated with selective coil packing embolization after identification of laceration of the right uterine artery's ascending branch. The patient was admitted to an intensive care unit in hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation and underwent total hysterectomy due to infectious complications.

A hemorragia pós-parto é uma das principais causas de mortalidade materna e a sua etiologia deve ser identificada para um tratamento adequado. Descrevemos um caso de hemorragia pós parto numa multípara tratada com embolização selectiva após identificação de uma laceração total do ramo ascendente da artéria uterina direita. A puérpera foi admitida na unidade de cuidados intensivos em choque hipovolémico hemorrágico e coagulação intravascular disseminada que culminou numa histerectomia abdominal por complicações infeciosas.

Massive Pulmonary Thrombosis Following Haemoptysis in Type IV Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome / Trombosis pulmonar masiva tras hemoptisis en el Síndrome de Ehlers–Danlos tipo IV

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Follow-up after radiological intervention in oncology: ECIO-ESOI evidence and consensus-based recommendations for clinical practice.

Interventional radiology plays an important and increasing role in cancer treatment. Follow-up is important to be able to assess treatment success and detect locoregional and distant recurrence and recommendations for follow-up are needed. At ECIO 2018, a joint ECIO-ESOI session was organized to establish follow-up recommendations for oncologic intervention in liver, renal, and lung cancer. Treatments included thermal ablation, TACE, and TARE. In total five topics were evaluated: ablation in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), TARE in CRLM, TACE and TARE in HCC, ablation in renal cancer, and ablation in lung cancer. Evaluated modalities were FDG-PET-CT, CT, MRI, and (contrast-enhanced) ultrasound. Prior to the session, five experts were selected and performed a systematic review and presented statements, which were voted on in a telephone conference prior to the meeting by all panelists. These statements were presented and discussed at the ECIO-ESOI session at ECIO 2018. This paper presents the recommendations that followed from these initiatives. Based on expert opinions and the available evidence, follow-up schedules were proposed for liver cancer, renal cancer, and lung cancer. FDG-PET-CT, CT, and MRI are the recommended modalities, but one should beware of false-positive signs of residual tumor or recurrence due to inflammation early after the intervention. There is a need for prospective preferably multicenter studies to validate new techniques and new response criteria. This paper presents recommendations that can be used in clinical practice to perform the follow-up of patients with liver, lung, and renal cancer who were treated with interventional locoregional therapies.

Smart and Regenerative Urban Growth: A Literature Network Analysis.

"Smart city", "sustainable city", "ubiquitous city", "smart sustainable city", "eco-city", "regenerative city" are fuzzy concepts; they are established to mitigate the negative impact on urban growth while achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability. This study presents the result of the literature network analysis exploring the state of the art in the concepts of smart and regenerative urban growth under urban metabolism framework. Heat-maps of impact citations, cutting-edge research on the topic, tip-top ideas, concepts, and theories are highlighted and revealed through VOSviewer bibliometrics based on a selection of 1686 documents acquired from Web of Science, for a timespan between 2010 and 2019. This study discloses that urban growth is a complex phenomenon that covers social, economic, and environmental aspects, and the overlaps between them, leading to a diverse range of concepts on urban development. In regards to our concepts of interest, smart, and regenerative urban growth, we see that there is an absence of conceptual contiguity since both concepts have been approached on an individual basis. This fact unveils the need to adopt a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach to urban planning and design, integrating these concepts to improve the quality of life and public health in urban areas.

Preprocedural MRI and MRA in planning fibroid embolization.

This pictorial review aims to discuss and illustrate the up-to-date use of preprocedural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in selecting patients and planning uterine artery embolization (UAE). The merits of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in demonstrating the pelvic vasculature to guide UAE are highlighted. MRI features of fibroids and their main differential diagnoses are presented. Fibroid characteristics, such as location, size, and enhancement, which may impact patient selection and outcome, are presented based on recent literature. Pelvic arterial anatomy relevant to UAE, including vascular variants are illustrated, with conventional angiography and MRA imaging correlation. MRA preprocedural determination of the optimal projection angles for uterine artery catheterization is straightforward and constitutes an important strategy to minimize ionizing radiation exposure during UAE. A reporting template for MRI/MRA preassessement of UAE for fibroid treatment is provided.

Massive hemoptysis as an unusual complication of right heart catheterization: Successful treatment with percutaneous stent.

The authors present a case report of successful treatment of pulmonary artery perforation by endovascular stent graft implantation.

Thermal vasodilation using a portable infrared thermal blanket in decompensated heart failure.

Adjunctive and non-pharmacological therapies, such as heat, for the treatment of heart failure patients have been proposed. Positive results have been obtained in clinically stable patients, but no studies of the use of thermal therapy in patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF) have been reported. An open randomized clinical trial was designed in patients with DHF and controls. We studied 38 patients with a mean age of 56.9 years. A total of 86.8% were men, and 71% had nonischemic myocardiopathy. All participants were using dobutamine, and the median brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level was 1396 pg/mL. An infrared thermal blanket heated the patients, who were divided into 2 groups: group T (thermal therapy) and group C (control). Group T underwent vasodilation using the thermal blanket at 50°C for 40 minutes in addition to drug treatment. The cardiac index increased by 24.1% (P = 0.009), and systemic vascular resistance decreased by 16.0% in group T (P < 0.024) after thermal therapy. Heat as a vasodilator increased the cardiac index and lowered systemic vascular resistance in DHF patients. These data suggest thermal therapy as a therapeutic approach for the adjuvant treatment of DHF patients.

Relação entre depressão, nível de BNP e comprometimento ventricular na insuficiência cardíaca / Relationship between depression, BNP levels and ventricular impairment in heart failure / Relación entre depresión, nivel de bnp y compromiso ventricular en la insuficiencia cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: A depressão é uma comorbidade frequente na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas os mecanismos relacionados a pior evolução de pacientes deprimidos com IC ainda não estão esclarecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da depressão grave na evolução dos pacientes com IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes com IC avançada e FE < 40,0 por cento, hospitalizados para compensação cardíaca. Os pacientes, após história e exame físico, foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais, incluindo a dosagem de BNP. Após o diagnóstico de depressão, aplicou-se a escala de Hamilton-D. Depressão grave foi definida por escore igual ou maior que 18. As variáveis clínico-laboratoriais, segundo a presença ou não de depressão grave, foram analisadas pela regressão logística. A curva ROC definiu o ponto de corte para o BNP. RESULTADOS: Depressão grave ou muito grave foi identificada em 24 (55,8 por cento) pacientes. Os pacientes deprimidos graves não diferiram dos não deprimidos quanto à idade, sexo e função renal, mas apresentaram menor comprometimento cardíaco (FE 23,4 ± 7,2 por cento vs 19,5 ± 5,2 por cento; p = 0,046) e valores mais elevados do BNP (2.582,8 ± 1.596,6 pg/ml vs 1.206,6 ± 587,0 pg/ml; p < 0,001). Entretanto, os pacientes com BNP maior que 1.100 pg/ml tiveram 12,0 (odds ratio [IC 95 por cento] = 2,61 - 55,26) vezes mais chance de desenvolverem quadros de depressão grave. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com depressão grave apresentaram maior grau de estimulação neuro-hormonal, apesar do grau de disfunção ventricular ser menor. As alterações fisiopatológicas relacionadas à depressão, aumentando a estimulação neuro-hormonal e as citocinas, provavelmente contribuíram para essa maior manifestação clínica, mesmo em presença de menor dano cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF); however, the mechanisms related to a poorer outcome of depressed patients with HF remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of severe depression in the outcome of patients with decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 43 patients with advanced HF, EF < 40.0 percent, and hospitalized for cardiac compensation were consecutively studied. After history taking and physical examination, the patients underwent laboratory tests including BNP determination. After the diagnosis of depression was made, the Hamilton-D scale was applied. Severe depression was defined by a score equal to or greater than 18. The clinical and laboratory variables according to the presence or absence of severe depression were analyzed using logistic regression. The ROC curve defined the cut-off point for BNP. RESULTS: Severe or very severe depression was identified in 24 (55.8 percent) patients. Severely depressed patients did not differ from non-depressed patients as regards age, gender and renal function, but showed less cardiac impairment (EF 23.4 ± 7.2 percent vs 19.5 ± 5.2 percent; p = 0.046) and higher BNP levels (2,582.8 ± 1,596.6 pg/ml vs 1,206.6 ± 587.0 pg/ml; p < 0.001). However, patients with BNP levels higher than 1,100 pg/ml had a 12.0-fold higher chance (odds ratio [95 percent CI] = 2.61 - 55.26) of developing severe depression. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe depression showed a higher degree of neurohormonal stimulation despite their lower degree of ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiological changes related to depression, leading to increased neurohormonal stimulation and cytokines, probably contributed to this more intense clinical manifestation even in the presence of less cardiac damage.

FUNDAMENTO: La depresión es una comorbilidad frecuente en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), pero los mecanismos relacionados a peor evolución de pacientes deprimidos con IC aun no están aclarados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el papel de la depresión grave en la evolución de los pacientes con IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes con IC avanzada y FE < 40,0 por ciento, hospitalizados para compensación cardíaca. Los pacientes, después de historia y examen físico, fueron sometidos a exámenes de laboratorio, incluyendo el dosaje de BNP. Después del diagnóstico de depresión, se aplicó la escala de Hamilton-D. Depresión grave fue definida por escore igual o mayor que 18. Las variables clínicas-de laboratorio, según la presencia o no de depresión grave, fueron analizadas por la regresión logística. La curva ROC definió el punto de corte para el BNP. RESULTADOS: Depresión grave o muy grave fue identificada en 24 (55,8 por ciento) pacientes. Los pacientes deprimidos graves no difirieron de los no deprimidos en cuanto a la edad, sexo y función renal, pero presentaron menor compromiso cardíaco (FE 23,4 ± 7,2 por ciento vs. 19,5 ± 5,2 por ciento; p = 0,046) y valores más elevados del BNP (2.582,8 ± 1.596,6 pg/ml vs. 1.206,6 ± 587,0 pg/ml; p < 0,001). Mientras tanto, los pacientes con BNP mayor que 1.100 pg/ml tuvieron 12,0 (odds ratio [IC 95 por ciento] = 2,61 - 55,26) veces más chance de desarrollar cuadros de depresión grave. CONCLUSÍON: Los pacientes con depresión grave presentaron mayor grado de estimulación neurohormonal, a pesar del grado de disfunción ventricular ser menor. Las alteraciones fisiopatológicas relacionadas a la depresión, aumentando la estimulación neurohormonal y las citocinas, probablemente contribuyeron a esa mayor manifestación clínica, aun en presencia de menor daño cardíaco.

É necessário suspender o betabloqueador na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada com baixo débito? / Is it necessary to suspend betablockers in decompensated heart failure with low output? / ¿Es necesario suspender el betabloqueante en la insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada con bajo débito?

FUNDAMENTO: Há evidências de que a suspensão do betabloqueador (BB) na descompensação cardíaca pode aumentar mortalidade. A dobutamina (dobuta) é o inotrópico mais utilizado na descompensação, no entanto, BB e dobuta atuam no mesmo receptor com ações antagônicas, e o uso concomitante dos dois fármacos poderia dificultar a compensação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a manutenção do BB associado à dobuta dificulta a compensação cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudados 44 pacientes com FEVE < 45 por cento e necessidade de inotrópico. Divididos em três grupos de acordo com o uso de BB. Grupo A (n=8): os que não usavam BB na admissão; Grupo B (n=25): os que usavam BB, porém foi suspenso para iniciar a dobuta; Grupo C (n=11): os que usaram BB concomitante à dobuta. Para comparação dos grupos, foram utilizados os testes t de Student, exato de Fisher e qui-quadrado. Considerado significante p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: FEVE média de 23,8 ± 6,6 por cento. O tempo médio do uso de dobuta foi semelhante nos três grupos (p=0,35), e o uso concomitante da dobuta com o BB não aumentou o tempo de internação (com BB 20,36 ± 11,04 dias vs sem BB 28,37 ± 12,76 dias, p=NS). Na alta, a dose do BB foi superior nos pacientes em que a medicação não foi suspensa (35,8 ± 16,8 mg/dia vs 23,0 ± 16,7 mg/dia, p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: A manutenção do BB associado à dobuta não aumentou o tempo de internação e não foi acompanhada de pior evolução. Os pacientes que não suspenderam o BB tiveram alta com doses mais elevadas do medicamento.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that the suspension of betablockers (BB) in decompensated heart failure may increase mortality. Dobutamine (dobuta) is the most commonly used inotrope in decompensation, however, BB and dobuta act with the same receptor with antagonist actions, and concurrent use of both drugs could hinder compensation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the maintenance of BB associated with dobuta difficults cardiac compensation. METHODS: We studied 44 patients with LVEF < 45 percent and the need for inotropics. Divided into three groups according to the use of BB. Group A (n=8): those who were not using BB at baseline; Group B (n=25): those who used BB, but was suspended to start dobuta; Group C (n = 11): those who used BB concomitant to dobuta. To compare groups, we used the Student t, Fisher exact and chi-square tests. Considered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean LVEF 23.8 ± 6.6 percent. The average use of dobuta use was similar in all groups (p = 0.35), and concomitant use of dobutamine with BB did not increase the length of stay (BB 20.36 ± 11.04 days vs without BB 28.37 ± 12.76 days, p = NS). In the high dose, BB was higher in patients whose medication was not suspended (35.8 ± 16.8 mg/day vs 23.0 ± 16.7 mg/day, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Maintaining BB associated with dobutamine did not increase the length of hospitalization and was not associated with the worst outcome. Patients who did not suspend BB were discharged with higher doses of the drug.

FUNDAMENTO: Hay evidencias de que la suspensión del betabloqueante (BB) en la descompensación cardíaca puede aumentar la mortalidad. La dobutamina (dobuta) es el inotrópico más utilizado en la descompensación, mientras tanto, BB y dobuta actúan en el mismo receptor con acciones antagónicas, y el uso concomitante de los dos fármacos podría dificultar la compensación. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la manutención del BB asociado a la dobuta dificulta la compensación cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudiados 44 pacientes con FEVI < 45 por ciento y necesidad de inotrópico. Divididos en tres grupos de acuerdo con el uso de BB. Grupo A (n=8): los que no usaban BB en la admisión; Grupo B (n=25): los que usaban BB, sin embargo fue suspendido para iniciar la dobuta; Grupo C (n=11): los que usaron BB concomitantemente a la dobuta. Para comparación de los grupos, fueron utilizados los test t de Student, exacto de Fisher y qui-cuadrado. Considerado significante P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: FEVI media de 23,8±6,6 por ciento. El tiempo medio de uso de dobuta fue semejante en los tres grupos (p=0,35), y el uso concomitante de la dobuta con el BB no aumentó el tiempo de internación (con BB 20,36 ± 11,04 días vs sin BB 28,37 ± 12,76 días, p=NS). En el alta, la dosis del BB fue superior en los pacientes en que la medicación no fue suspendida (35,8 ± 16,8 mg/día vs 23,0 ± 16,7 mg/día, p=0,004). CONCLUSIÓN: La manutención del BB asociado a la dobuta no aumentó el tiempo de internación y no fue acompañada de peor evolución. Los pacientes que no suspendieron el BB tuvieron alta con dosis más elevadas del medicamento.

Cardiomiopatia chagásica: prognóstico no perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C / Chagas cardiomyopathy: prognosis in clinical and hemodynamic profile C / Cardiomiopatía chagásica: pronóstico en el perfil clínico-hemodinámico C

FUNDAMENTO: Os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) que são internados apresentando má perfusão e congestão (perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C) constituem o grupo que evolui com pior prognóstico na IC descompensada. Entretanto, há pouca informação na literatura se a etiologia da cardiopatia influencia na evolução dos pacientes na fase avançada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução dos pacientes que se internaram com perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C e verificar o papel da etiologia nesta fase. MÉTODOS: Um estudo de coorte foi realizado incluindo pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) < 45,0 por cento, classe funcional IV e internação hospitalar apresentando perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C. O grupo foi dividido em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica (Ch) e não chagásica (NCh). Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes t de Student, exato de Fisher, qui-quadrado e o programa SPSS. O significante de p < 0,05 foi considerado. RESULTADOS: Cem pacientes, com idade média de 57,6 ± 15,1 anos e FEVE média de 23,8 ± 8,5 por cento, foram incluídos. Dentre os pacientes estudados, 33,0 por cento eram chagásicos e, na comparação com os NCh, apresentaram menor pressão arterial sistólica (Ch 89,3 ± 17,1 mmHg versus NCh 98,8 ± 21,7 mmHg; p = 0,03) e menor idade média - Ch 52,9 ± 14,5 anos versus NCh 59,8 ± 14,9 anos; p = 0,03). Durante o acompanhamento de 25 meses, a mortalidade foi de 66,7 por cento nos Ch e de 37,3 por cento nos NCh (p = 0,019). A etiologia chagásica foi um marcador independente de mau prognóstico na análise multivariada com razão de risco de 2,75 (IC 95,0 por cento; 1,35 - 5,63). CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes com IC avançada, a etiologia chagásica é um importante preditor de pior prognóstico.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure (HF) who are admitted showing poor perfusion and congestion (clinical-hemodynamic profile C) are the group that evolves with the worst prognosis in decompensated heart failure. However, there is little information in literature on the etiology of cardiopathy influences the outcome of patients in advanced stage. OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of patients admitted with clinical and hemodynamic profile C and verify the role of the etiology in this phase. METHODS: A cohort study was performed including patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) < 45.0 percent, functional class IV and hospitalization presenting clinical-hemodynamic profile C. The group was divided into patients with chagasic (Ch) and non chagasic (NCh) cardiomyopathy. Statistical analysis used Student t test, Fisher exact test, chi-square and SPSS tests. The significance of p < 0.05 was considered. RESULTS: One hundred patients, with mean age 57.6 ± 15.1 years and mean LVEF of 23.8 ± 8.5 percent, were included. Among the patients studied, 33.0 percent were chagasic and, in comparison with NCh, had lower systolic blood pressure (Ch 89.3 ± 17.1 mmHg versus NCh 98.8 ± 21.7 mmHg, p = 0.03 ) and lowest average age - Ch 52.9 ± 14.5 years versus NCh 59.8 ± 14.9 years, p = 0.03). During follow-up of 25 months, mortality was 66.7 percent for Ch and 37.3 percent in NCh (p = 0.019). The Chagas disease etiology was an independent marker of poor prognosis in multivariate analysis with risk ratio of 2.75 (HF 95.0 percent, from 1.35 to 5.63). CONCLUSION: In patients with advanced HF, Chagas disease is an important predictor of the worst prognosis.

FUNDAMENTO: Los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) que son internados presentando mala perfusión y congestión (perfil clínico-hemodinámico C) constituyen el grupo que evoluciona con peor pronóstico en la IC descompensada. Mientras tanto, hay poca información en la literatura sobre si la etiología de la cardiopatía influencia en la evolución de los pacientes en la fase avanzada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evolución de los pacientes que se internaron con perfil clínico-hemodinámico C y verificar el papel de la etiología en esta fase. MÉTODOS: Un estudio de cohorte fue realizado incluyendo pacientes con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) < 45,0 por ciento, clase funcional IV e internación hospitalaria presentando perfil clínico-hemodinámico C. El grupo fue dividido en pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatía chagásica (Ch) y no chagásica (NCh). Para análisis estadístico fueron utilizados los test t de Student, exacto de Fisher, qui-cuadrado y el programa SPSS. El significante de p < 0,05 fue considerado. RESULTADOS: Cien pacientes, con edad media de 57,6 ± 15,1 años y FEVI media de 23,8 ± 8,5 por ciento, fueron incluidos. Entre los pacientes estudiados, 33,0 por ciento eran chagásicos y, en la comparación con los NCh, presentaron menor presión arterial sistólica (Ch 89,3 ± 17,1 mmHg versus NCh 98,8 ± 21,7 mmHg; p = 0,03) y menor edad media - Ch 52,9 ± 14,5 años versus NCh 59,8 ± 14,9 años; p = 0,03). Durante el control de 25 meses, la mortalidad fue de 66,7 por ciento en los Ch y de 37,3 por ciento en los NCh (p = 0,019). La etiología chagásica fue un marcador independiente de mal pronóstico en el análisis multivariado con razón de riesgo de 2,75 (IC 95,0 por ciento; 1,35 - 5,63). CONCLUSIÓN: En los pacientes con IC avanzada, la etiología chagásica es un importante predictor de peor pronóstico.

Relationship between depression, BNP levels and ventricular impairment in heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF); however, the mechanisms related to a poorer outcome of depressed patients with HF remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of severe depression in the outcome of patients with decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 43 patients with advanced HF, EF < 40.0%, and hospitalized for cardiac compensation were consecutively studied. After history taking and physical examination, the patients underwent laboratory tests including BNP determination. After the diagnosis of depression was made, the Hamilton-D scale was applied. Severe depression was defined by a score equal to or greater than 18. The clinical and laboratory variables according to the presence or absence of severe depression were analyzed using logistic regression. The ROC curve defined the cut-off point for BNP. RESULTS: Severe or very severe depression was identified in 24 (55.8%) patients. Severely depressed patients did not differ from non-depressed patients as regards age, gender and renal function, but showed less cardiac impairment (EF 23.4 ± 7.2% vs 19.5 ± 5.2%; p = 0.046) and higher BNP levels (2,582.8 ± 1,596.6 pg/ml vs 1,206.6 ± 587.0 pg/ml; p < 0.001). However, patients with BNP levels higher than 1,100 pg/ml had a 12.0-fold higher chance (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.61 - 55.26) of developing severe depression. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe depression showed a higher degree of neurohormonal stimulation despite their lower degree of ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiological changes related to depression, leading to increased neurohormonal stimulation and cytokines, probably contributed to this more intense clinical manifestation even in the presence of less cardiac damage.

[Chagas cardiomyopathy: prognosis in clinical and hemodynamic profile C]. / Cardiomiopatia chagásica: prognóstico no perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C.

BACKGROUND: patients with heart failure (HF) who are admitted showing poor perfusion and congestion (clinical-hemodynamic profile C) are the group that evolves with the worst prognosis in decompensated heart failure. However, there is little information in literature on the etiology of cardiopathy influences the outcome of patients in advanced stage. OBJECTIVE: to assess the outcome of patients admitted with clinical and hemodynamic profile C and verify the role of the etiology in this phase. METHODS: a cohort study was performed including patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) < 45.0%, functional class IV and hospitalization presenting clinical-hemodynamic profile C. The group was divided into patients with chagasic (Ch) and non chagasic (NCh) cardiomyopathy. Statistical analysis used Student t test, Fisher exact test, chi-square and SPSS tests. The significance of p < 0.05 was considered. RESULTS: one hundred patients, with mean age 57.6 ± 15.1 years and mean LVEF of 23.8 ± 8.5%, were included. Among the patients studied, 33.0% were chagasic and, in comparison with NCh, had lower systolic blood pressure (Ch 89.3 ± 17.1 mmHg versus NCh 98.8 ± 21.7 mmHg, p = 0.03 ) and lowest average age - Ch 52.9 ± 14.5 years versus NCh 59.8 ± 14.9 years, p = 0.03). During follow-up of 25 months, mortality was 66.7% for Ch and 37.3% in NCh (p = 0.019). The Chagas disease etiology was an independent marker of poor prognosis in multivariate analysis with risk ratio of 2.75 (HF 95.0%, from 1.35 to 5.63). CONCLUSION: in patients with advanced HF, Chagas disease is an important predictor of the worst prognosis.

[Is it necessary to suspend betablockers in decompensated heart failure with low output?]. / É necessário suspender o betabloqueador na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada com baixo débito?

BACKGROUND: there is evidence that the suspension of betablockers (BB) in decompensated heart failure may increase mortality. Dobutamine (dobuta) is the most commonly used inotrope in decompensation, however, BB and dobuta act with the same receptor with antagonist actions, and concurrent use of both drugs could hinder compensation. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate whether the maintenance of BB associated with dobuta difficults cardiac compensation. METHODS: we studied 44 patients with LVEF < 45% and the need for inotropics. Divided into three groups according to the use of BB. Group A (n=8): those who were not using BB at baseline; Group B (n=25): those who used BB, but was suspended to start dobuta; Group C (n = 11): those who used BB concomitant to dobuta. To compare groups, we used the Student t, Fisher exact and chi-square tests. Considered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS: mean LVEF 23.8 ± 6.6%. The average use of dobuta use was similar in all groups (p = 0.35), and concomitant use of dobutamine with BB did not increase the length of stay (BB 20.36 ± 11.04 days vs without BB 28.37 ± 12.76 days, p = NS). In the high dose, BB was higher in patients whose medication was not suspended (35.8 ± 16.8 mg/day vs 23.0 ± 16.7 mg/day, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: maintaining BB associated with dobutamine did not increase the length of hospitalization and was not associated with the worst outcome. Patients who did not suspend BB were discharged with higher doses of the drug.

[Angiotensin II receptor blocker add-on therapy for low cardiac output in decompensated heart failure].

BACKGROUND: During heart failure (HF) decompensation, an intense activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurs; however, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) cannot block it completely. Otherwise, the addition of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) can be useful when the inotropic dependence occurs. We evaluated the efficacy of the ARB-ACEI association on dobutamine withdrawal in advanced decompensated HF. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of association angiotensin receptor blocker--angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to withdraw the intravenous inotropic support in decompensated severe heart failure. METHODS: In a case-control study (N = 24), we selected patients admitted at the hospital due to HF that had been using dobutamine for more than 15 days, with one or more unsuccessful drug withdrawal attempts; optimized dose of ACEI and ejection fraction (EF) < 0.45. Then, the patients additionally received ARB (n=12) or not (control, n=12). The outcome was the successful dobutamine withdrawal, evaluated by logistic regression, with a p < 0.05. RESULTS: The EF was 0.25 and the age was 53 years, with a dobutamine dose of 10.7 microg/kg x min. The successful drug withdrawal was observed in 8 patients from the ARB group (67.7%) and in 2 patients from the control group (16.7%). The odds ratio (OR) was 10.0 (95%CI: 1.4 to 69.3; p = 0.02). The worsening in renal function was similar (ARB group: 42% vs. control group: 67%; p=0.129). CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, the ARB-ACEI association was associated with successful dobutamine withdrawal in advanced decompensated heart failure. The worsening in renal function was similar in both groups. Further studies are necessary to clarify the issue.

Adição de Bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada / Adición de bloqueante del receptor de angiotensina II en la insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada / Angiotensin II receptor blocker add-on therapy for low cardiac output in decompensated heart failure

FUNDAMENTO: Durante a descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca, ocorre uma intensa ativação do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, entretanto, o uso de inibidor da enzima de conversão de angiotensina (IECA) não pode bloqueá-lo completamente. De outro modo, a adição de bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II (BRA) pode ser útil quando ocorre a dependência de inotrópico. Avaliamos a eficiência da associação BRA-IECA para retirada da dobutamina na insuficiência cardíaca avançada e descompensada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da associação de bloqueador do receptor AT1 de angiotensina II ao inibidor de enzima de conversão, para a retirada da dobutamina em pacientes com dependência de suporte inotrópico decorrente da descompensação aguda da insuficiência cardíaca crônica. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo caso-controle (N = 24), selecionamos pacientes internados por descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca e com uso por mais de 15 dias de dobutamina, ou uma ou mais tentativas sem sucesso de retirada; dose otimizada de IECA; e FEVE < 0,45. Os pacientes então receberam adicionalmente BRA (n = 12) ou não (controle, n = 12). O desfecho foi o sucesso na retirada da dobutamina, avaliado pela regressão logística, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A fração de ejeção foi de 0,25, e a idade de 53 anos, com dose de dobutamina de 10,7 μg/kg.min. O sucesso na retirada de dobutamina ocorreu em oito pacientes do grupo BRA (67,7 por cento), e em dois no grupo controle (16,7 por cento). A "odds ratio" foi de 10,0 (intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento:1,4 a 69,3; p = 0,02). A piora da função renal foi semelhante (grupo BRA: 42 por cento vs. grupo controle: 67 por cento, p = 0,129). CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo piloto, a associação BRA-IECA foi relacionada ao sucesso na retirada da dobutamina, na insuficiência cardíaca avançada descompesada. A piora da função renal foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Estudos adicionais são necessários para esclarecer o assunto.

BACKGROUND: During heart failure (HF) decompensation, an intense activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurs; however, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) cannot block it completely. Otherwise, the addition of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) can be useful when the inotropic dependence occurs. We evaluated the efficacy of the ARB-ACEI association on dobutamine withdrawal in advanced decompensated HF. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of association angiotensin receptor blocker - angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to withdraw the intravenous inotropic support in decompensated severe heart failure. METHODS: In a case-control study (N = 24), we selected patients admitted at the hospital due to HF that had been using dobutamine for more than 15 days, with one or more unsuccessful drug withdrawal attempts; optimized dose of ACEI and ejection fraction (EF) < 0.45. Then, the patients additionally received ARB (n=12) or not (control, n=12). The outcome was the successful dobutamine withdrawal, evaluated by logistic regression, with a p < 0.05. RESULTS: The EF was 0.25 and the age was 53 years, with a dobutamine dose of 10.7 μg/kg.min. The successful drug withdrawal was observed in 8 patients from the ARB group (67.7 percent) and in 2 patients from the control group (16.7 percent). The odds ratio (OR) was 10.0 (95 percentCI: 1.4 to 69.3; p = 0.02). The worsening in renal function was similar (ARB group: 42 percent vs. control group: 67 percent; p=0.129). CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, the ARB-ACEI association was associated with successful dobutamine withdrawal in advanced decompensated heart failure. The worsening in renal function was similar in both groups. Further studies are necessary to clarify the issue.

FUNDAMENTO: Durante la descompensación de la insuficiencia cardiaca, ocurre una intensa activación del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, sin embargo, el empleo de inhibidor de la enzima de conversión de angiotensina (IECA) no puede bloquearlo completamente. De otro modo, la adición de bloqueante del receptor de angiotensina II (BRA) puede ser útil cuando ocurre la dependencia de inotrópico. Evaluamos la eficiencia de la asociación BRA-IECA para retirada de la dobutamina en la insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada y descompensada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia de la asociación de bloqueante del receptor AT1 de angiotensina II al inhibidor de enzima de conversión, para la retirada de la dobutamina en pacientes con dependencia de soporte inotrópico que trascurre de la descompensación aguda de la insuficiencia cardiaca crónica. MÉTODOS: En un estudio caso-control (N = 24), seleccionamos a pacientes internados por descompensación de la insuficiencia cardiaca y con empleo por más de 15 días de dobutamina, o una o más intentos sin éxito de retirada; dosis optimizada de IECA; y FEVI < 0,45. Así que los pacientes recibieron adicionalmente BRA (n = 12) o no (control, n = 12). El desenlace fue el éxito en la retirada de la dobutamina, evaluado por la regresión logística, con p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: La fracción de eyección fue de 0,25, y la edad de 53 años, con dosis de dobutamina de 10,7 μg/kg.min. El éxito en la retirada de dobutamina ocurrió en ocho pacientes del grupo BRA (67,7 por ciento), y en dos en el grupo control (16,7 por ciento). La "odds ratio" fue de 10,0 (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento:1,4 a 69,3; p = 0,02). El empeoramiento de la función renal se halló similar (grupo BRA: 42 por ciento vs grupo control: 67 por ciento, p = 0,129). CONCLUSIÓN: En este estudio piloto, la asociación BRA-IECA se relacionó al éxito en la retirada de la dobutamina, en la insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada descompensada. El empeoramiento de la función ...

Microneurography and venous occlusion plethysmography in heart failure: correlation with prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Microneurography and venous occlusion plethysmography can be considered methods of assessment of the sympathetic activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intensity of the sympathetic activity through microneurography and venous occlusion plethysmography in patients with heart failure (HF) and correlate this intensity with prognosis. METHODS: 52 patients with HF (ejection fraction < 45% at the echocardiogram): 12 with FCII and 40 with FCIV. After compensation, the muscular sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) in the peroneal nerve (microneurography) and the muscular blood flow (MBF) in the forearm were evaluated (venous occlusion plethysmography). After an 18-month follow-up, the patients were divided in 3 groups: 12 with FCII, 19 with FCIV that did not die and 21 with FCIV that died. The intensity of the sympathetic activity was compared in the three different groups. RESULTS: Patients with FCII presented lower MSNA (p=0.026) and higher MBF (p=0.045) than the ones with FCIV that did not die. The patients with FCIV that died presented higher MSNA (p<0.001) and lower MBF (p=0.002) than the patients with FCIV that did not die. ROC curve: cutoff >53.5 impulses/min for MSNA (S=90.55. E=73.68%) and < 1.81 ml/min/100gr for MBF (S=90.4%. E=73.7%). Kaplan-Meier curve: higher survival with MSNA < 53.5 impulses/min (p<0.001), and/or MBF >1.81 ml/min/100gr (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis: the higher the MSNA and the lower the MBF, the higher is the probability of death. CONCLUSION: The intensity of the MSNA and the MBF can be considered prognostic markers in advanced HF.

Microneurografia e pletismografia de oclusão venosa na insuficiência cardíaca: correlação com prognóstico / Microneurografía y pletismografía de oclusión venosa en la insuficiencia cardiaca: correlación con pronóstico / Microneurography and venous occlusion plethysmography in heart failure: correlation with prognosis

FUNDAMENTO: Microneurografia e pletismografia de oclusão venosa podem ser considerados métodos de avaliação da atividade simpática. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a intensidade da atividade simpática através da microneurografia e da pletismografia de oclusão venosa em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, e correlacionar essa intensidade com prognóstico. MÉTODOS: 52 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (FE <45 por cento ao ecocardiograma), sendo 12 em CFII e quarenta em CFIV. Após compensação avaliou-se a atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) no nervo peronero (microneurografia), e o fluxo sanguíneo muscular (FSM) no antebraço (pletismografia de oclusão venosa). Após seguimento de 18 meses os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: 12 em CFII, 19 em CFIV que não morreram e 21 em CFIV que morreram. A intensidade da atividade da simpática foi comparada nos três diferentes grupos. RESULTADOS: CFII apresentaram menor ANSM (Atividade Nervosa Simpática Muscular) (p=0,026) e maior FSM (p=0,045) que os CFIV que não morreram. CFIV que morreram apresentaram maior ANSM (p<0.001) e menor FSM (p=0,002) que os CFIV que não morreram. Curva ROC: valor de corte >53,5 impulsos/min para ANSM (S=90,55. E=73,68 por cento) e <1,81 ml/mn/100gr para FSM (S=90,4 por cento. E=73,7 por cento). Curva Kaplan-Meier: sobrevida maior com ANSM <53,5 impulsos/min (p<0,001), e ou FSM >1,81 ml/min/100gr (P<0,001). Análise de regressão logística: quanto maior a ANSM e menor o FSM, maior é a probabilidade de morte. CONCLUSÃO: A intensidade da ANSM e do FSM podem ser considerados marcadores prognósticos na insuficiência cardíaca avançada.

BACKGROUND: Microneurography and venous occlusion plethysmography can be considered methods of assessment of the sympathetic activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intensity of the sympathetic activity through microneurography and venous occlusion plethysmography in patients with heart failure (HF) and correlate this intensity with prognosis. METHODS: 52 patients with HF (ejection fraction < 45 percent at the echocardiogram): 12 with FCII and 40 with FCIV. After compensation, the muscular sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) in the peroneal nerve (microneurography) and the muscular blood flow (MBF) in the forearm were evaluated (venous occlusion plethysmography). After an 18-month follow-up, the patients were divided in 3 groups: 12 with FCII, 19 with FCIV that did not die and 21 with FCIV that died. The intensity of the sympathetic activity was compared in the three different groups. RESULTS: Patients with FCII presented lower MSNA (p=0.026) and higher MBF (p=0.045) than the ones with FCIV that did not die. The patients with FCIV that died presented higher MSNA (p<0.001) and lower MBF (p=0.002) than the patients with FCIV that did not die. ROC curve: cutoff >53.5 impulses/min for MSNA (S=90.55. E=73.68 percent) and < 1.81 ml/min/100gr for MBF (S=90.4 percent. E=73.7 percent). Kaplan-Meier curve: higher survival with MSNA < 53.5 impulses/min (p<0.001), and/or MBF >1.81 ml/min/100gr (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis: the higher the MSNA and the lower the MBF, the higher is the probability of death. CONCLUSION: The intensity of the MSNA and the MBF can be considered prognostic markers in advanced HF.

FUNDAMENTO: Microneurografía y pletismografía de oclusión venosa se pueden considerar como métodos de evaluación de la actividad simpática. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la intensidad de la actividad simpática a través de la microneurografía y de la pletismografía de oclusión venosa en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, y correlacionar esa intensidad con pronóstico. MÉTODOS: Un total de 52 pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (FE <45 por ciento al ecocardiograma), 12 de ellos en clase funcional II (CFII) y 40 en clase funcional IV (CFIV). Tras la compensación, se evaluaron la actividad nerviosa simpática muscular (ANSM) en el nervio peronero (microneurografía), y el flujo sanguíneo muscular (FSM) en el antebrazo (pletismografía de oclusión venosa). Tras el seguimiento de 18 meses, se dividieron a los pacientes en tres grupos: 12 individuos en CFII, 19 en CFIV que no murieron y 21 en CFIV que murieron. La intensidad de la actividad simpática se la comparó en los tres diferentes grupos. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes en CFII presentaron menor actividad nerviosa simpática muscular (p=0,026) y mayor FSM (p=0,045) que los en CFIV que no murieron. Los individuos en CFIV que murieron presentaron mayor ANSM (p<0.001) y menor FSM (p=0,002) que los en CFIV que no murieron. Curva ROC: valor de corte >53,5 impulsos/min para ANSM (S=90,55. E=73,68 por ciento) y <1,81 ml/mn/100gr para FSM (S=90,4 por ciento. E=73,7 por ciento). Curva Kaplan-Meier: sobrevida mayor con ANSM <53,5 impulsos/min (p<0,001), y/ó FSM >1,81 ml/min/100gr (P<0,001). Análisis de regresión logística: cuanto mayor sea la ANSM y menor el FSM, mayor será la probabilidad de muerte. CONCLUSIONES: La intensidad de la ANSM y del FSM puede considerarse como marcadores pronósticos en la insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada.