Security providing leadership and work stress in Spanish Air Force.

Leadership plays a key role in the well-being of military personnel, either contributing to health improvement or, conversely, becoming a source of stress. In the present study we propose that security providing leadership can reduce work stress in the military context. Furthermore, we suggest that security-providing leaders exert their positive influence on work stress by creating a psychological safety climate and preventing organizational dehumanization. A sample of 204 members (72.5% men) of the Spanish Air Force volunteered to participate in this empirical study and completed an online questionnaire and both the direct and indirect structural equation models were analyzed. Results show a negative relationship between security providing leadership and work stress. Additionally, organizational dehumanization and psychological safety climate act as mediators in this relationship. These results support this novel approach to leadership in the military context. They also offer new ways to create better organizational environments. By treating their subordinates in a personalized manner and supporting them, security-providing leaders can improve employees' perceptions of psychological safety climate and combat feelings of organizational dehumanization, which, in turn, can reduce work stress.

Temporal mapping of derived high-frequency gene variants supports the mosaic nature of the evolution of Homo sapiens.

Large-scale estimations of the time of emergence of variants are essential to examine hypotheses concerning human evolution with precision. Using an open repository of genetic variant age estimations, we offer here a temporal evaluation of various evolutionarily relevant datasets, such as Homo sapiens-specific variants, high-frequency variants found in genetic windows under positive selection, introgressed variants from extinct human species, as well as putative regulatory variants specific to various brain regions. We find a recurrent bimodal distribution of high-frequency variants, but also evidence for specific enrichments of gene categories in distinct time windows, pointing to different periods of phenotypic changes, resulting in a mosaic. With a temporal classification of genetic mutations in hand, we then applied a machine learning tool to predict what genes have changed more in certain time windows, and which tissues these genes may have impacted more. Overall, we provide a fine-grained temporal mapping of derived variants in Homo sapiens that helps to illuminate the intricate evolutionary history of our species.

A Brain Region-Specific Expression Profile for Genes Within Large Introgression Deserts and Under Positive Selection in Homo sapiens.

Analyses of ancient DNA from extinct hominins have provided unique insights into the complex evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, intricately related to that of the Neanderthals and the Denisovans as revealed by several instances of admixture events. These analyses have also allowed the identification of introgression deserts: genomic regions in our species that are depleted of "archaic" haplotypes. The presence of genes like FOXP2 in these deserts has been taken to be suggestive of brain-related functional differences between Homo species. Here, we seek a deeper characterization of these regions and the specific expression trajectories of genes within them, taking into account signals of positive selection in our lineage. Analyzing publicly available transcriptomic data from the human brain at different developmental stages, we found that structures outside the cerebral neocortex, in particular the cerebellum, the striatum and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus show the most divergent transcriptomic profiles when considering genes within large introgression deserts and under positive selection.

Burnout: A Review of Theory and Measurement.

A growing body of empirical evidence shows that occupational health is now more relevant than ever due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on burnout, an occupational phenomenon that results from chronic stress in the workplace. After analyzing how burnout occurs and its different dimensions, the following aspects are discussed: (1) Description of the factors that can trigger burnout and the individual factors that have been proposed to modulate it, (2) identification of the effects that burnout generates at both individual and organizational levels, (3) presentation of the main actions that can be used to prevent and/or reduce burnout, and (4) recapitulation of the main tools that have been developed so far to measure burnout, both from a generic perspective or applied to specific occupations. Furthermore, this review summarizes the main contributions of the papers that comprise the Special Issue on "Occupational Stress and Health: Psychological Burden and Burnout", which represent an advance in the theoretical and practical understanding of burnout.

Security Providing Leadership: A Job Resource to Prevent Employees' Burnout.

Leadership styles in work contexts play a role in employees' well-being, contributing to better health or, on the contrary, being a source of stress. In this study we propose that security providing leadership may be considered as a resource to prevent employees' job burnout. First, we examine the relationship between employees' perception of their leader's degree of security in providing leadership and the employees' degree of job-related burnout. Second, the underlying processes by which leaders as security providers exert their influence on burnout are analyzed with a focus on the mediating role of two variables: an organizational climate oriented to psychological safety and organizational dehumanization. A total of 655 Spanish employees (53.7% women) completed a paper-and-pencil self-report questionnaire. To recruit participants, we employed an exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling. Results, using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test hypotheses, show that security providing leadership was related negatively to burnout. Furthermore, psychological safety climate and organizational dehumanization mediated the relationship between security providing leadership and burnout. These findings support the attachment approach to leadership and open new avenues for creating better organizational environments. Security-providing leaders, by supporting employees and treating them in a personalized way, can enhance the psychological safety climate and prevent organizational dehumanization and consequent job burnout.

The link between authentic leadership, organizational dehumanization and stress at work / La relación entre el liderazgo auténtico, la deshumanización organizacional y el estrés en el trabajo

Organizational dehumanization has detrimental consequences for workers' well-being. Previous research has focused on organizational factors that trigger workers' dehumanization or stress at work. However, less is known about the factors that can protect workers against the detrimental effects of dehumanization. In the present research, we performed a correlational study (N = 930) and a direct replication of it (N = 913) to analyze 1) the mediation role of organizational dehumanization in the relationship between authentic leadership and stress at work, and 2) the possible moderation of organizational identification and the frequency of leader-follower interactions. The results indicated that higher authentic leadership predicted lower organizational dehumanization and stress at work. Moreover, organizational dehumanization mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and stress at work (AU)

La deshumanización organizacional tiene efectos muy perjudiciales para el bienestar profesional. Estudios previos se han centrado en identificar factores organizacionales que desencadenan la deshumanización de los trabajadores o el estrés en el contexto laboral. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco sobre los factores que pueden proteger a los trabajadores de los efectos negativos de la deshumanización. En esta investigación llevamos a cabo un estudio correlacional (N = 930) y una replicación directa (N = 913) para analizar 1) el papel mediador de la deshumanización organizacional en la relación entre liderazgo organizacional y estrés en el trabajo y 2) la posible moderación de la identificación con la organización y la frecuencia de la interacción líder-seguidores. Los resultados mostraron que un mayor nivel de liderazgo auténtico predecía un menor nivel de deshumanización organizacional y de estrés en el trabajo. Además, la deshumanización organizacional media en la relación entre liderazgo auténtico y estrés en el trabajo (AU)

A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents.

Although gambling is forbidden for minors, the prevalence of gambling among adolescents is increasing. In order to improve preventive interventions, more evidence on predictors of gambling onset is needed. A longitudinal study was proposed to (1) establish the prevalence of gambling; (2) identify factors associated with gambling behavior the following year; and (3) adjust a model to predict gambling behavior. A cohort of 1074 students (13-18 years old) was followed for 12 months. The prevalence of gambling reached 42.0% in the second measure. Boys gambled 2.7 times more than girls, and the highest percentages of gambling onset showed up between 13 and 14 years old. Gambling onset and maintenance was associated with gender, age, sensation-seeking, risk perception, self-efficacy for not gambling, parents' attitude towards gambling, group pressure (friends), subjective norm, exposure to advertising, accessibility, normative perception, gambling in T1 and parents gambling behavior. Gender, gambling in T1 and risk perception were significant in all three logistic adjusted regression models, with the fourth variable being sensation seeking, peer pressure (friends) and accessibility, respectively. It is suggested that universal prevention should be aimed preferably at children under 15 years old and to alert regulators and public administrations to the directly proportional relationship between accessibility and gambling onset.

Presenteeism, Overcommitment, Workplace Bullying, and Job Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Relationship.

Presenteeism is a hazardous behaviour that may have personal and organizational consequences. The main objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between presenteeism and job satisfaction and evaluate the role of overcommitment as a mediator and the role of work-related and personal bullying as moderators in these relationships. Results from 377 subjects showed that presenteeism and overcommitment are positively related to job satisfaction, with overcommitment being a mediator in the relationships. These relationships are moderated by work-related bullying but not by personal bullying. The findings are discussed, and implications, future research pathways, and limitations are noted.

Modern human changes in regulatory regions implicated in cortical development.

BACKGROUND: Recent paleogenomic studies have highlighted a very small set of proteins carrying modern human-specific missense changes in comparison to our closest extinct relatives. Despite being frequently alluded to as highly relevant, species-specific differences in regulatory regions remain understudied. Here, we integrate data from paleogenomics, chromatin modification and physical interaction, and single-cell gene expression of neural progenitor cells to identify derived regulatory changes in the modern human lineage in comparison to Neanderthals/Denisovans. We report a set of genes whose enhancers and/or promoters harbor modern human single nucleotide changes and are active at early stages of cortical development. RESULTS: We identified 212 genes controlled by regulatory regions harboring modern human changes where Neanderthals/Denisovans carry the ancestral allele. These regulatory regions significantly overlap with putative modern human positively-selected regions and schizophrenia-related genetic loci. Among the 212 genes, we identified a substantial proportion of genes related to transcriptional regulation and, specifically, an enrichment for the SETD1A histone methyltransferase complex, known to regulate WNT signaling for the generation and proliferation of intermediate progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study complements previous research focused on protein-coding changes distinguishing our species from Neanderthals/Denisovans and highlights chromatin regulation as a functional category so far overlooked in modern human evolution studies. We present a set of candidates that will help to illuminate the investigation of modern human-specific ontogenetic trajectories.

The development and validation of the leader as security provider scale / Desarrollo y validación de la escala del líder como proveedor de seguridad

In three studies we examined, from an attachment perspective, the utility and the validity of a scale assessing followers' perceptions of leaders as security providers (LSPS). Based on the literature, we designed a 15-item scale tapping the five functions of a security-enhancing attachment figure (secure base, safe haven, proximity seeking, emotional ties, and separation distress) within organizational contexts. The scale showed acceptable reliability and a one-factor structure in all the studies. In Study 1 (N = 237), the LSPS was positively associated with transformational leadership and inversely associated with passive-avoidant leadership. Moreover, employees' perceptions of their leader as a security provider made a unique contribution to their satisfaction with the manager and perception of the manager's efficacy. In Study 2 (N = 263), the LSPS was positively associated with authentic leadership. Employees' ratings of their leader on the LSPS were positively associated with employees' organizational identification, work engagement, and work satisfaction. In Study 3 (N = 263), we found that employees' perceptions of their leader as a security provider had a protective effect on their job burnout. The findings indicate that research on the follower-leader relationship can benefit from the adoption of an attachment perspective

A través de tres estudios examinamos desde una perspectiva basada en la teoría del apego la utilidad y la validez de una escala que mide la percepción que los seguidores tienen de sus líderes como proveedores de seguridad LSPS. Con base en estudios previos, se diseñó una escala de 15 elementos que cubrían las cinco funciones de la figura de apego que aumenta la seguridad (base segura, puerto seguro, búsqueda de proximidad, lazos emocionales y malestar por la separación) en contextos organizativos. En todos los estudios la escala mostraba una fiabilidad aceptable y una estructura unifactorial. En el estudio 1 (N = 237), se encontró que las puntuaciones en la escala LSPS estaban positivamente relacionadas con el liderazgo transformacional y negativamente con el liderazgo pasivo-evitador. En el estudio 2 (N = 263), se encontró que la escala LSPS estaba positivamente relacionada con el liderazgo auténtico y con la identificación organizacional, la implicación en el trabajo y la satisfacción en el trabajo de los empleados. Finalmente, en el estudio 3 (N = 263) se encontró que las percepciones de los empleados de su líder como proveedor de seguridad tenían un efecto protector sobre el burnout. Estos hallazgos en su conjunto indican que la investigación de las relaciones entre líderes y seguidores puede beneficiarse si se adopta una perspectiva basada en el apego

Authentic Leadership and Employees' Innovative Behaviour: A Multilevel Investigation in Three Countries.

The innovativeness of individual employees is a vital source of competitive advantage of firms, contributing to societal development. Therefore, the aim of this multilevel study was to examine how entrepreneurial firm owners' authentic leadership relates to their employees' innovative behaviour. Our conceptual model postulates that the relationship between business owners' authentic leadership (as perceived by their employees) and their employees' innovative behaviour is mediated by employees' personal initiative and their work engagement. Hypotheses derived from this model were tested on data collected from 711 employees working in 85 small firms from three European countries: the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. The results of the multilevel modelling confirmed our model, showing that when business owners are perceived as more authentic leaders, their employees show higher personal initiative and are more engaged at work and, in turn, identify more innovative solutions to be implemented in the organization. A cross-national difference was observed: employees from Spain (in comparison to Dutch and Polish employees) reported engaging less frequently in innovative behaviour. These research findings suggest that the innovative behaviour of employees can be boosted through leadership training, improving the quality of relationships between leaders and subordinates, and strengthening employees' personal initiative and work engagement.

Predicting Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Values and the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Integrating predictions from the theory of human values with the theory of planned behavior (TPB), our primary goal is to investigate mechanisms through which individual values are related to entrepreneurial career intentions using a sample of 823 students from four European countries. We find that openness and self-enhancement values relate positively to entrepreneurial career intentions and that these relationships are partly mediated by attitudes toward entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and, to a lesser extent, by social norms. Values and TPB constructs partially mediated cross-country differences in entrepreneurial intentions. Spanish students showed lower entrepreneurial intentions as compared to Dutch, German, and Polish students, which could be traced back to lower self-enhancement values (power and achievement), less positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and differences in social norms.

Design and validation of a Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire (CUIQ) for adolescents. / Diseño y validación de una escala de intención de consumo de cannabis (CUIQ) para adolescentes.

In Spain, one in four 14 to 18-year-old adolescents has used cannabis during the last twelve months. Demand for treatment has increased in European countries. These facts have prompted the development of preventive interventions that require screening tools in order to identify the vulnerable population and to properly asses the efficacy of such interventions. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), widely used to forecast behavioural intention, has also demonstrated a good predictive capacity in addictions. The aim of this study is to design and validate a Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire (CUIQ) based on TPB. 1,011 teenagers answered a set of tests to assess attitude towards use, subjective norms, self-efficacy towards non-use, and intention to use cannabis. CUIQ had good psychometric properties. Structural Equation Modelling results confirm the predictive model on intention to use cannabis in the Spanish adolescent sample, classified as users and non-users, explaining 40% of variance of intention to consume. CUIQ is aimed at providing a better understanding of the psychological processes that lead to cannabis use and allowing the evaluation of programmes. This can be particularly useful for improving the design and implementation of selective prevention programmes.

En España, uno de cada cuatro jóvenes de 14 a 18 años declara haber consumido cannabis en el último año. La demanda de tratamiento ha aumentado en todos los países europeos. Ello ha motivado el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas que requieren instrumentos para el cribado de la población en riesgo y la evaluación de la prevención. La Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAP), ampliamente utilizada para predecir las intenciones conductuales, ha mostrado una buena capacidad predictiva en el campo de las adicciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar un Cuestionario de Intención de Consumo de Cannabis (CUIQ, Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire) basado en la TAP. 1011 adolescentes completaron una batería de cuestionarios que se compone de cuatro subescalas: actitud hacia el consumo, norma subjetiva, autoeficacia hacia la abstinencia e intención de consumo. El Cuestionario CUIQ obtuvo buenas características psicométricas. Las ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron el modelo predictivo sobre la intención de consumo en adolescentes españoles (consumidores y no consumidores), llegando a explicar el 40% de la varianza. El CUIQ tiene como objetivo una mejor comprensión del proceso psicológico que conduce al consumo de cannabis y permitir la evaluación de programas. Esto puede ser especialmente útil para mejorar el diseño e implementación de programas de prevención selectiva.

Diseño y validación de una escala de intención de consumo de cannabis (CUIQ) para adolescentes / Design and validation of a Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire (CUIQ) for adolescents

En España, uno de cada cuatro jóvenes de 14 a 18 años declara haber consumido cannabis en el último año. La demanda de tratamiento ha aumentado en todos los países europeos. Ello ha motivado el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas que requieren instrumentos para el cribado de la población en riesgo y la evaluación de la prevención. La Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAP), ampliamente utilizada para predecir las intenciones conductuales, ha mostrado una buena capacidad predictiva en el campo de las adicciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar un Cuestionario de Intención de Consumo de Cannabis (CUIQ, Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire) basado en la TAP. 1011 adolescentes completaron una batería de cuestionarios que se compone de cuatro subescalas: actitud hacia el consumo, norma subjetiva, autoeficacia hacia la abstinencia e intención de consumo. El Cuestionario CUIQ obtuvo buenas características psicométricas. Las ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron el modelo predictivo sobre la intención de consumo en adolescentes españoles (consumidores y no consumidores), llegando a explicar el 40% de la varianza. El CUIQ tiene como objetivo una mejor comprensión del proceso psicológico que conduce al consumo de cannabis y permitir la evaluación de programas. Esto puede ser especialmente útil para mejorar el diseño e implementación de programas de prevención selectiva

In Spain, one in four 14 to 18-year-old adolescents has used cannabis during the last twelve months. Demand for treatment has increased in European countries. These facts have prompted the development of preventive interventions that require screening tools in order to identify the vulnerable population and to properly asses the efficacy of such interventions. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), widely used to forecast behavioural intention, has also demonstrated a good predictive capacity in addictions. The aim of this study is to design and validate a Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire (CUIQ) based on TPB. 1,011 teenagers answered a set of tests to assess attitude towards use, subjective norms, self-efficacy towards non-use, and intention to use cannabis. CUIQ had good psychometric properties. Structural Equation Modelling results confirm the predictive model on intention to use cannabis in the Spanish adolescent sample, classified as users and non-users, explaining 40% of variance of intention to consume. CUIQ is aimed at providing a better understanding of the psychological processes that lead to cannabis use and allowing the evaluation of programmes. This can be particularly useful for improving the design and implementation of selective prevention programmes

Validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia / Validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire in a Sample of University Students from Colombia

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora (CIE) en Colombia. Este cuestionario, desarrollado y validado en España (Rueda, Moriano, & Liñán, 2015), se enmarca dentro de la Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAI, Ajzen, 1991). La TAP resulta en la actualidad el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. Con una muestra de 316 estudiantes universitarios colombianos, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirma que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora. Disponer de escalas de medida fiables y validadas en distintos contextos culturales permite las comparaciones entre distintas entidades y/o para una misma entidad en diferentes momentos (por ejemplo, antes y después de impartir un curso orientado al emprendimiento). Un mejor conocimiento de los antecedentes psicosociales (actitudes hacia el emprendimiento, norma subjetiva y autoeficacia emprendedora) que conducen a jóvenes universitarios a emprender puede contribuir a un diseño más adecuado de los programas de formación emprendedora que se están impulsando en muchas universidades y desde otro tipo de instituciones.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Colombia. This questionnaire, developed and validated in Spain (Rueda, Moriano, & Linân, 2015), draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention nowadays. With a sample of 316 Colombian university students, the results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurial intentions. The availability of reliable measurement scales validated in different cultural contexts allows comparisons among institutions and/or within an institution along the time (e.g. before and after a course on entrepreneurship). A deep understanding of the psychosocial antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) that lead young university students to become entrepreneurs might contribute to a better design of the entrepreneurship education programmes that are being developed from universities and other institutions.

Transformational leadership and group potency in small military units: The mediating role of group identification and cohesion / El liderazgo transformacional y la potencia grupal en unidades militares pequeñas: el papel mediador de la identificación y cohesión grupales

In the present study, we examined an exploratory model to assess the relationship between transformational leadership and group potency and analyze the mediating role of group identification and cohesion. The research was conducted with squads of the Spanish Army. The sample was composed of 243 members of 51 squads of operational units. Our findings highlighted the importance of the transformational leadership style of command of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) due to its positive relationship with the group potency of the squad. We also analyzed the indirect relationships between transformational leadership and group identification and group cohesion and found that the latter variables played a mediating role between transformational leadership and group potency. The conclusions of this study are relevant due to the growing importance of transformational leadership and actions implemented at lower levels of the command chain for the success of missions of security organizations and defense (AU)

En el presente estudio se examina un modelo exploratorio que evalúa la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y potencia del grupo donde se analiza el papel mediador de la identificación de grupo y la cohesión grupal. La investigación se realizó con pelotones del ejército español. La muestra se compuso de 243 miembros de 51 pelotones de unidades operativas. Se destacan de los resultados la importancia del estilo de liderazgo transformacional en el mando de los suboficiales debido a su relación positiva con la potencia de grupo. Se analizaron las relaciones indirectas entre variables existiendo un papel mediador de la identificación y la cohesión entre liderazgo transformacional y la potencia del grupo. Las conclusiones de este estudio son relevantes debido a la importancia del liderazgo transformacional para ser ejercido en los niveles más básicos de la cadena de mando con objeto de obtener éxito en las misiones asignadas a las organizaciones de defensa y seguridad (AU)

Intenção empreendedora em estudantes universitários: adaptação e validação de uma escala (QIE) / Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE) / Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación de un cuestionario (QIE)

O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.

The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.

El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.

Intenção empreendedora em estudantes universitários: adaptação e validação de uma escala (QIE) / Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE) / Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación de un cuestionario (QIE)

O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.

The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.

El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.

Intenção empreendedora em estudantes universitários: adaptação e validação de uma escala (QIE) / Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE) / Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación de un cuestionario (QIE)

O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.

The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.

El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.

Capital psicológico positivo. Validación del cuestionario PCQ en España / Positive psychological capital. Validation of the Spanish version of the PCQ questionnaire

En este estudio se describe el constructo de capital psicológico positivo (Luthans y Youssef, 2004) y la validación en España de un instrumento para medirlo: el PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire). Este cuestionario mide cuatro aspectos diferentes, aunque relacionados entre sí, del concepto más amplio de capital psicológico. Estos aspectos son la autoeficacia, la esperanza, el optimismo y la resiliencia. Los resultados obtenidos (N = 372) a través del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron que la versión española del cuestionario presenta una alta fiabilidad, así como validez convergente y discriminante. Se discuten los resultados, aportaciones y limitaciones del presente estudio

This study describes the construct of positive psychological capital (Luthans and Youssef, 2004) and the validation of the Spanish version of the PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire) in a sample of 372 employees. This questionnaire measures four components, although related, of the broader concept of psychological capital. These components are self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience. Structural equation modeling revealed that the Spanish version of the questionnaire shows a high reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Results, and contributions, and limitations of the present study are discussed