Characterization and prediction of gambling behavior in adolescents using the COM-B model.

Gambling is an international phenomenon, posing a serious threat to adolescents who begin gambling at a young age. This study aims, to explore gambling behavior in adolescents and interpret its risk factors. We conducted a three-waves cohort longitudinal study assessing gambling and associated risk factors in south-eastern Spain. Data were analyzed using the Capabilities, Opportunities, Motivations, Behavior (COM-B) model and the partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) technique. Gambling was measured by frequency and money spent; associated factors were knowledge about gambling, parental attitude towards gambling, risk perception, normative perception, and intention to gamble. These items were assigned as indicators of each construct of the COM-B model-capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior-using the theoretical domains framework. Once the behavior was performed, feedback on future capability, opportunity, and motivation was observed. Results show that capability, determined by past experience, and opportunity, determined by parental attitudes, motivates adolescents to seek gambling experiences in the future. Identifying such factors that affect gambling behavior in adolescents and establishing relationships between them through a robust theoretical model is essential for designing effective interventions.

[Evaluation of the effectiveness of a school-based alcohol and cannabis prevention programme among adolescents.] / Evaluación de la eficacia de un programa de prevención escolar del consumo de alcohol y cannabis entre adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol and cannabis consumption in young people aged 14 to 18 years show high and stable prevalence and incidence. The Instituto de Adicciones de Madrid Salud (IAMS) within its prevention strategy aimed at adolescents and young people in Madrid, implements an universal 3-sessions school-based prevention program. To evaluate the effectiveness of a program aimed at alcohol and cannabis from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, Ajzen, 1991), we analysed the changes in consumption and intention of consumption, attitudes and subjective norm as well as in the risk perception. METHODS: Quasi-experimental design. Participants: Over 1,529 students belonging to 12 high schools in Madrid (M=15.36 years, DT=1.13, range: 13-18, 51.8% boys) Experimental group: N=790, intervention period October-December 2018. Control group: N=469. The Student's t test was used for the repeated means test. When the difference between the means was significant, the effect size was calculated using Cohen's d index. RESULTS: Alcohol: consumption (t=2.08, p<0.05, d=0.07), intention (t=3.01, p<0.01, d=0.12), risk perception (t=-502, p<0.001, d=0.20), attitudes (t=5.77, p<0.001, d=0.21), subjective norm (t=2.17, p<0.05, d=0.08). Cannabis: intention (t=2.98, p<0.01, d=0.11), risk perception (t=-3.99, p<0.001, d=0.14), attitudes (t=6.19, p<0.001, d=0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Students who received the intervention reduced the favourable attitudes and intention of alcohol and cannabis consumption and alcohol consumption, and increased the risk perception on both substances, with significant differences, but low effect sizes. Related to control group and regarding cannabis there were no significant differences. The program has been shown to be potentially effective, but would benefit from a review for fit to its theoretical framework.

OBJETIVO: El consumo de alcohol y cannabis entre jóvenes de 14 a 18 años muestra alta y mantenida prevalencia e incidencia. El Instituto de Adicciones de Madrid Salud (IAMS) dentro de su estrategia de prevención dirigida a adolescentes, desarrolla un programa de prevención universal de tres sesiones en ámbito educativo. Con el fin de evaluar la eficacia de dicho programa dirigido al consumo de alcohol y cannabis desde la Teoría de la Acción Planeada (TAP, Ajzen, 1991), se analizaron los cambios en el consumo e intención de consumo, actitudes y norma subjetiva, así como en la percepción de riesgo. METODOS: Diseño cuasi-experimental pretest-postest con grupo control equiparado. Participantes: 1.529 estudiantes distribuidos en 12 centros educativos de Madrid, (M=15,36 años, DT=1,13; rango: 13-18; 51,8% chicos). Grupo experimental: N=790 recibió la intervención en octubre-diciembre de 2018. Grupo control: N=469. Para el contraste de medias repetidas se utilizó el test t de Student. Cuando la diferencia entre las medias fue significativa, se calculó el tamaño del efecto mediante el índice d de Cohen. RESULTADOS: Alcohol: consumo (t=2,08, p<0,05, d=0,07), intención (t=3,01, p<0,01, d=0,12), percepción de riesgo (t=-502, p<0,001, d=0,20), actitudes (t=5,77, p<0,001, d=0,21), norma subjetiva (t=2,17, p<0,05, d=0,08). Cannabis: intención (t=2,98, p<0,01, d=0,11), percepción de riesgo (t=-3,99, p<0,001, d=0,14), actitudes (t=6,19, p<0,001, d=0,23). CONCLUSIONES: Los adolescentes que recibieron la intervención, redujeron las actitudes favorables e intención de consumo de alcohol y cannabis y el consumo de alcohol, y aumentaron la percepción de riesgo sobre ambas sustancias, con diferencias significativas, pero tamaños de efecto bajos. En relación al grupo control y respecto a cannabis no se encuentran diferencias significativas. El programa ha mostrado ser potencialmente eficaz, pero se beneficiaría de una revisión para un mejor ajuste a su marco teórico.

Evaluación de la eficacia de un programa de prevención escolar del consumo de alcohol y cannabis entre adolescentes / Evaluation of the effectiveness of a school-based alcohol and cannabis prevention programme among adolescents

Fundamentos: El consumo de alcohol y cannabis entre jóvenes de 14 a 18 años muestra alta y mantenida prevalencia e incidencia. El Instituto de Adicciones de MadridSalud (IAMS) dentro de su estrategia de prevención dirigida a adolescentes, desarrolla un programa de prevenciónuniversal de tres sesiones en ámbito educativo. Con el finde evaluar la eficacia de dicho programa dirigido al consumo de alcohol y cannabis desde la Teoría de la AcciónPlaneada (TAP, Ajzen, 1991), se analizaron los cambios enel consumo e intención de consumo, actitudes y norma subjetiva, así como en la percepción de riesgo. Métodos: Diseño cuasi-experimental pretest-postestcon grupo control equiparado. Participantes: 1.529 estudiantes distribuidos en 12 centros educativos de Madrid,(M=15,36 años, DT=1,13; rango: 13-18; 51,8% chicos).Grupo experimental: N=790 recibió la intervención enoctubre-diciembre de 2018. Grupo control: N=469. Parael contraste de medias repetidas se utilizó el test t deStudent. Cuando la diferencia entre las medias fue significativa, se calculó el tamaño del efecto mediante el índiced de Cohen. Resultados: Alcohol: consumo (t=2,08, p<0,05,d=0,07), intención (t=3,01, p<0,01, d=0,12), percepciónde riesgo (t=-502, p<0,001, d=0,20), actitudes (t=5,77,p<0,001, d=0,21), norma subjetiva (t=2,17, p<0,05,d=0,08). Cannabis: intención (t=2,98, p<0,01, d=0,11),percepción de riesgo (t=-3,99, p<0,001, d=0,14), actitudes (t=6,19, p<0,001, d=0,23). Conclusiones: Los adolescentes que recibieron laintervención, redujeron las actitudes favorables e intención de consumo de alcohol y cannabis y el consumo dealcohol, y aumentaron la percepción de riesgo sobre ambas sustancias, con diferencias significativas, pero tamaños de efecto bajos. (AU)

Background: Alcohol and cannabis consumption inyoung people aged 14 to 18 years show high and stableprevalence and incidence. The Instituto de Adicciones deMadrid Salud (IAMS) within its prevention strategy aimedat adolescents and young people in Madrid, implements anuniversal 3-sessions school-based prevention program. Toevaluate the effectiveness of a program aimed at alcoholand cannabis from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB,Ajzen, 1991), we analysed the changes in consumption andintention of consumption, attitudes and subjective norm aswell as in the risk perception.Methods: Quasi-experimental design. Participants:Over 1,529 students belonging to 12 high schools inMadrid (M=15.36 years, DT=1.13, range: 13-18, 51.8%boys) Experimental group: N=790, intervention periodOctober-December 2018. Control group: N=469. TheStudent’s t test was used for the repeated means test. Whenthe difference between the means was significant, the effectsize was calculated using Cohen’s d index.Results: Alcohol: consumption (t=2.08, p<0.05,d=0.07), intention (t=3.01, p<0.01, d=0.12), risk perception (t=-502, p<0.001, d=0.20), attitudes (t=5.77, p<0.001,d=0.21), subjective norm (t=2.17, p<0.05, d=0.08).Cannabis: intention (t=2.98, p<0.01, d=0.11), risk perception (t=-3.99, p<0.001, d=0.14), attitudes (t=6.19, p<0.001,d=0.23).Conclusions: Students who received the interventionreduced the favourable attitudes and intention of alcoholand cannabis consumption and alcohol consumption, andincreased the risk perception on both substances, with significant differences, but low effect sizes. Related to controlgroup and regarding cannabis there were no significant differences. The program has been shown to be potentiallyeffective, but would benefit from a review for fit to its theoretical framework.(AU)

Identity Leadership, Employee Burnout and the Mediating Role of Team Identification: Evidence from the Global Identity Leadership Development Project.

Do leaders who build a sense of shared social identity in their teams thereby protect them from the adverse effects of workplace stress? This is a question that the present paper explores by testing the hypothesis that identity leadership contributes to stronger team identification among employees and, through this, is associated with reduced burnout. We tested this model with unique datasets from the Global Identity Leadership Development (GILD) project with participants from all inhabited continents. We compared two datasets from 2016/2017 (n = 5290; 20 countries) and 2020/2021 (n = 7294; 28 countries) and found very similar levels of identity leadership, team identification and burnout across the five years. An inspection of the 2020/2021 data at the onset of and later in the COVID-19 pandemic showed stable identity leadership levels and slightly higher levels of both burnout and team identification. Supporting our hypotheses, we found almost identical indirect effects (2016/2017, b = -0.132; 2020/2021, b = -0.133) across the five-year span in both datasets. Using a subset of n = 111 German participants surveyed over two waves, we found the indirect effect confirmed over time with identity leadership (at T1) predicting team identification and, in turn, burnout, three months later. Finally, we explored whether there could be a "too-much-of-a-good-thing" effect for identity leadership. Speaking against this, we found a u-shaped quadratic effect whereby ratings of identity leadership at the upper end of the distribution were related to even stronger team identification and a stronger indirect effect on reduced burnout.

Authentic leadership and its effect on employees' organizational citizenship behaviours.

The studies that have verified the positive association of authentic leadership with organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs), have used global measures of both constructs. Therefore, the goal of this work is to analyze the effect of authentic leadership on employees' OCBs, specifically focusing on the relations of the four components of authentic leadership with the individual and organizational dimensions of the OCBs. The participants of this study were 220 Spanish employees (30.9% men and 69.1% women) who completed a questionnaire that included the variables of interest in this study: Authentic Leadership, OCB and Sociobiographical control variables. The results, obtained with stepwise multiple regression analysis, show that two components of authentic leadership-moral perspective and relational transparency-present significant relationships with OCB. Moreover, authentic leadership is a better predictor of employees' OCB when these behaviors are impersonal and directed towards the organization than when they are directed towards other people. These results have practical implications for human resources management in organizations, especially in selection processes and when training top executives.

[Bridge employment and retirees' personal well-being. A structural equation model with a European probabilistic sample]. / Empleo puente y bienestar personal de los jubilados. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con una muestra europea probabilística.

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to examine the relationships between antecedents and consequences of bridge employment activity; second, to analyze the mediator role both of quality and quantity of bridge employment activities in the relationship between antecedents and consequences. First wave panel data from the SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) were obtained from 1190 men and women in Europe, using structured interviews and questionnaires. Structural equation modeling analyses, including the sample without missing values (N=650), showed that both quantity and quality of bridge employment participation are predictors of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and quality of life in retirement. These results validate and expand the previous research on bridge employment activities and partial retirement.

Las reacciones de terceras partes ante la injusticia organizacional / Third-party reactions to organizational unfairness

To date, theory and research on organizational justice has focused on the victim’s perspective, and the third party’s perspective has received little systematic attention. In this study a model proposed by Skarlicki and Kulik (2005) on third-party reactions to employee mistreatment has been applied. Data were obtained from a sample (N= 586) of officers into the Spanish Army via a mailed survey regarding their perceptions of organizational unfulfilment of promises made during the professional soldiers’ recruitment campaign. Structural equation modelling was used and results showed that organizational unfulfilment of promises, employee performance and employee organizational commitment explained internal attributions blaming the organization. Moreover, collaborative organizational culture and internal attributions accounted a great percentage of variance in supervisors’ perceptions regarding organizational unfairness (AU)

Hasta el presente, la teoría y la investigación sobre la justicia organizacional se ha centrado en la perspectiva de la víctima y la visión de la tercera parte ha recibido poca atención sistemática. En este estudio ha sido aplicado un modelo propuesto por Skarlicki y Kulik (2005) sobre las reacciones de la tercera parte ante el maltrato a los empleados. Los datos fueron obtenidos de una muestra de oficiales del Ejército español (N= 586), a través de una encuesta por correo relativa a sus percepciones del incumplimiento organizacional de las promesas hechas durante la campaña de reclutamiento a los soldados profesionales. Se usó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y los resultados mostraron que el incumplimiento organizacional de las promesas, el rendimiento del empleado y el compromiso organizacional explicaban las atribuciones internas culpando a la organización. Además la cultura de colaboración y las atribuciones internas daban cuenta de un importante porcentaje de la varianza en las percepciones de los supervisores sobre la injusticia organizacional (AU)