Electrical design of the flexible imaging diffraction diagnostic for laser experiments (FIDDLE) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)-Requirements, design, and performance.

The Flexible Imaging Diffraction Diagnostic for Laser Experiments (FIDDLE) is a newly developed diagnostic for imaging time resolved diffraction in experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It builds on the successes of its predecessor, the Gated Diffraction Development Diagnostic (G3D). The FIDDLE was designed to support eight Daedalus version 2 sensors (six more hCMOS sensors than any other hCMOS-based diagnostic in NIF to date) and an integrated streak camera. We will review the electrical requirements, design, and performance of the electrical subsystems that were created to support this large number of cameras in the FIDDLE. The analysis of the data that the FIDDLE is intended to collect relies heavily on the accurate and well-understood timing of each sensor. We report camera-to-camera timing jitter of less than 100 ps rms and sensor integration times of 2.2 ns FWHM in 2-2 timing mode. Additionally, diffraction experiments on the NIF produce electric fields (EMI) on the order of 1 kV/m, which have been observed to negatively impact the performance of some electrical components of the FIDDLE. We report on the results of testing hCMOS camera electronics in a similar EMI environment generated in an offline lab. We also summarize the use of a novel approach to using a vector network analyzer as an EMI leak detector to understand and reduce the negative impacts of EMI on the FIDDLE.

Analysis and mitigation of an oscillating background on hybrid complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (hCMOS) imaging sensors at the National Ignition Facility.

Nanosecond-gated hybrid complementary metal-oxide semiconductor imaging sensors are a powerful tool for temporally gated and spatially resolved measurements in high energy density science, including inertial confinement fusion, and in laser diagnostics. However, a significant oscillating background excited by photocurrent has been observed in image sequences during testing and in experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Characterization measurements and simulation results are used to explain the oscillations as the convolution of the pixel-level sensor response with a sensor-wide RLC circuit ringing. Data correction techniques are discussed for NIF diagnostics, and for diagnostics where these techniques cannot be used, a proof-of-principle image correction algorithm is presented.

Error analysis of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the errors in the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) has been previously performed for children with intellectual disabilities but has not been investigated for those with cerebral palsy (CP). This study aimed to investigate whether the types and positions of errors made by individuals with CP differed from those made by typically developing (TD) controls. METHODS: Forty-five participants with CP aged 4-18 years and 30 TD children aged 3-9 years underwent RCPM testing. We first compared the RCPM performance and error characteristics between the groups and then examined the association between RCPM and the severity of CP and receptive vocabulary in the CP group. RESULTS: The results showed that while mean total scores in the two groups were comparable, the types and positions of errors made by individuals with CP differed from those of TD controls. The development of non-verbal intelligence in children with CP increased with age; when controlling for age, non-verbal intelligence was significantly correlated with all three functional levels of CP severity and receptive vocabulary. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable insights into the problem-solving strategies employed by children with CP.

Epidemiology of post-COVID conditions beyond 1 year: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of post-COVID conditions beyond 12 months and identify factors associated with the persistence of each condition. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey. METHODS: We conducted the survey among patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and visited our institute between February 2020 and November 2021. Demographic and clinical data and data regarding the presence and duration of post-COVID conditions were obtained. We identified factors associated with the persistence of post-COVID conditions using multivariable linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Of 1148 surveyed patients, 502 completed the survey (response rate, 43.7%). Of these, 393 patients (86.4%) had mild disease in the acute phase. The proportion of participants with at least one symptom at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after symptom onset or COVID-19 diagnosis was 32.3% (124/384), 30.5% (71/233), 25.8% (24/93), and 33.3% (2/6), respectively. The observed associations were as follows: fatigue persistence with moderate or severe COVID-19 (ß = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06-0.99); shortness of breath with moderate or severe COVID-19 (ß = 1.39, 95% CI = 0.91-1.87); cough with moderate or severe COVID-19 (ß = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.40-1.29); dysosmia with being female (ß = -0.57, 95% CI = -0.97 to -0.18) and absence of underlying medical conditions (ß = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.82 to -0.05); hair loss with being female (ß = -0.61, 95% CI = -1.00 to -0.22), absence of underlying medical conditions (ß = -0.42, 95% CI = -0.80 to 0.04), and moderate or severe COVID-19 (ß = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.41-1.54); depressed mood with younger age (ß = -0.02, 95% CI = -0.04 to -0.004); and loss of concentration with being female (ß = -0.51, 95% CI = -0.94 to -0.09). CONCLUSIONS: More than one-fourth of patients after recovery from COVID-19, most of whom had had mild disease in the acute phase, had at least one symptom at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after onset of COVID-19, indicating that not a few patients with COVID-19 suffer from long-term residual symptoms, even in mild cases.

Characterization of the hardened single line of sight camera at the National Ignition Facility.

The hardened single line of sight camera has been recently characterized in preparation for its deployment on the National Ignition Facility. The latest creation based on the pulse-dilation technology leads to many new features and improvements over the previous-generation cameras to provide better quality measurements of inertial confinement fusion experiments, including during high neutron yield implosions. Here, we present the characterization data that illustrate the main performance features of this instrument, such as extended dynamic range and adjustable internal magnification, leading to improved spatial resolution.

Post COVID-19 condition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of post coronavirus disease (COVID-19) condition of the Omicron variant in comparison to other strains. STUDY DESIGN: A single-center cross-sectional study. METHODS: Patients who recovered from Omicron COVID-19 infection (Omicron group) were interviewed via telephone, and patients infected with other strains (control group) were surveyed via a self-reporting questionnaire. Data on patients' characteristics, information regarding the acute-phase COVID-19, as well as presence and duration of COVID-19-related symptoms were obtained. Post COVID-19 condition in this study was defined as a symptom that lasted for at least 2 months, within 3 months of COVID-19 onset. We investigated and compared the prevalence of post COVID-19 condition in both groups after performing propensity score matching. RESULTS: We conducted interviews for 53 out of 128 patients with Omicron and obtained 502 responses in the control group. After matching cases with controls, 18 patients from both groups had improved covariate balance of the factors: older adult, female sex, obesity, and vaccination status. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of each post COVID-19 condition between the two groups. The number of patients with at least one post COVID-19 condition in the Omicron and control groups were 1 (5.6%) and 10 (55.6%) (p = 0.003), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of post Omicron COVID-19 conditions was less than that of the other strains. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to investigate the precise epidemiology of post COVID-19 condition of Omicron, and its impact on health-related quality of life and social productivity.

Nightlife clusters of coronavirus disease in Tokyo between March and April 2020.

We analysed associations between exposure to nightlife businesses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 PCR test results at a tertiary hospital in Tokyo between March and April 2020. A nightlife group was defined as those who had worked at or visited the businesses. We included 1517 individuals; 196 (12.9%) were categorised as the nightlife group. After propensity score matching, the proportion of positive PCR tests in the nightlife group was significantly higher than that in the non-nightlife group (nightlife, 63.8%; non-nightlife, 23.0%; P < 0.001). An inclusive approach to mitigate risks related to the businesses needs to be identified.

The centrality of workers to sustainability based on values: Exploring ergonomics to introduce new rationalities into decision-making processes.

This article presents the results of an academic research project connecting the discipline of ergonomics (and work-related issues) with the theme of sustainability. Despite the stated aim of creating value for stakeholders, including employees, companies face difficulties in introducing effective sustainability policies. The research question addressed in this article is the following: How can companies improve their decision-making processes to increase workers' wellbeing using policies integrating issues related to corporate sustainability and ergonomics? Currently, corporate sustainability is focused mainly on the triple bottom line (TBL) concept. In this context, the integration of ergonomics is fragmented and arguably separate from strategic human-resource functions (which have largely been the primary promoter of the internal-social component of corporate sustainability). This research argues that corporate sustainability requires a new step, improving the decision-making process, with the inclusion of more types of rationalities and the recognition of the centrality of workers in the process of creating sustainable action. When corporate sustainability policies focus on worker centrality, they open space for the integration of ergonomics as a pillar of an organization's corporate sustainability strategy. Based on a complex view of work systems, ergonomics can introduce values aligned with sustainability and promote cooperation in organizations. Different stakeholders working at companies can make use of different concepts proposed by ergonomics and other work sciences to support changes in their decision-making processes. In view of broader sustainability objectives, integrating different work-related considerations can help improve performance, including productivity, quality and health.

Adherence to personal protective equipment use among nurses in Japanese tertiary care hospitals: what determines variability?

BACKGROUND: Though nurses have frequent contact with patients, their personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance rate is low, which poses a significant challenge in infection control. AIM: To investigate the relative influence of specific factors on PPE compliance. METHODS: A sequential two-stage mixed-methods design was applied. In a qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted from May to July 2018. In a quantitative study, a nationwide, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2019, in which a questionnaire was mailed to 735 nurses in 28 tertiary care hospitals in Japan. FINDINGS: In the quantitative study, 435 (59.2%) analysable responses were obtained. In the linear regression analysis, the lack of the knowledge that 'standard precaution was the fundamental infection countermeasure applied when patients had signs of infections, and these countermeasures could be terminated if there was no infection found' was significantly associated with decreased PPE adherence, whereas an antimicrobial-resistant bacteria outbreak or a ward shutdown due to an outbreak and the belief 'I must never be the cause of spreading infection' were significantly associated with increased PPE adherence. The ß of standard coefficients and t-values of the items were -0.344, -7.784, 0.090, 2.089, 0.088, 2.018, respectively. CONCLUSION: This survey systematically identified nursing-associated factors that contribute to PPE compliance. As a practical approach to ensure positive outcomes, we suggest educating nurses by providing adequate knowledge on appropriate PPE use and sharing outbreak or ward shutdown experiences.

Relationship between pain and hesitation during movement initiation after distal radius fracture surgery: A preliminary study.

We investigated the relationship between pain and hesitation during movement initiation among 11 adult female patients who had undergone surgery for a distal radius fracture. Data on the patients' pain at rest, pain during movement and score on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale were analyzed. Movement characteristics were assessed by the administration of a finger tapping (FT) task using the thumb and index finger, with the movement repeated 10 times, recorded and analyzed to determine the patient's hesitation when opening or closing her thumb/forefinger during the task. Hesitation of movement initiation was significantly correlated with subjective factors such as pain at rest, pain during movement, and rumination. Pain was not significantly correlated with the physical range of motion. Our findings suggest that hesitation during movement initiation for the FT task may be a type of behavior that is affected by subjective pain. Movement hesitation is a novel clinical sign indicating the possible progression of acute pain into chronic pain. The kinematic evaluation described herein is a convenient clinical measurement that captures a subjective factor.

Restoring movement representation and alleviating phantom limb pain through short-term neurorehabilitation with a virtual reality system.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We developed a quantitative method to measure movement representations of a phantom upper limb using a bimanual circle-line coordination task (BCT). We investigated whether short-term neurorehabilitation with a virtual reality (VR) system would restore voluntary movement representations and alleviate phantom limb pain (PLP). METHODS: Eight PLP patients were enrolled. In the BCT, they repeatedly drew vertical lines using the intact hand and intended to draw circles using the phantom limb. Drawing circles mentally using the phantom limb led to the emergence of an oval transfiguration of the vertical lines ('bimanual-coupling' effect). We quantitatively measured the degree of this bimanual-coupling effect as movement representations of the phantom limb before and immediately after short-term VR neurorehabilitation. This was achieved using an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) for PLP intensity and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). During VR neurorehabilitation, patients wore a head-mounted display that showed a mirror-reversed computer graphic image of an intact arm (the virtual phantom limb). By intending to move both limbs simultaneously and similarly, the patients perceived voluntary execution of movement in their phantom limb. RESULTS: Short-term VR neurorehabilitation promptly restored voluntary movement representations in the BCT and alleviated PLP (NRS: p = 0.015; 39.1 ± 28.4% relief, SF-MPQ: p = 0.015; 61.5 ± 48.5% relief). Restoration of phantom limb movement representations and reduced PLP intensity were linearly correlated (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VR rehabilitation may encourage patient's motivation and multimodal sensorimotor re-integration of a phantom limb and subsequently have a potent analgesic effect. SIGNIFICANCE: There was no objective evidence that restoring movement representation by neurorehabilitation with virtual reality alleviated phantom limb pain. This study revealed quantitatively that restoring movement representation with virtual reality rehabilitation using a bimanual coordination task correlated with alleviation of phantom limb pain.

TAK1 regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis through SREBP.

Sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription factors regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. SREBP activity is tightly regulated to maintain lipid homeostasis, and is modulated upon extracellular stimuli such as growth factors. While the homeostatic SREBP regulation is well studied, stimuli-dependent regulatory mechanisms are still elusive. Here we demonstrate that SREBPs are regulated by a previously uncharacterized mechanism through transforming growth factor-ß activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a signaling molecule of inflammation. We found that TAK1 binds to and inhibits mature forms of SREBPs. In an in vivo setting, hepatocyte-specific Tak1 deletion upregulates liver lipid deposition and lipogenic enzymes in the mouse model. Furthermore, hepatic Tak1 deficiency causes steatosis pathologies including elevated blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels, which are established risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and are indeed correlated with Tak1-deficiency-induced HCC development. Pharmacological inhibition of SREBPs alleviated the steatosis and reduced the expression level of the HCC marker gene in the Tak1-deficient liver. Thus, TAK1 regulation of SREBP critically contributes to the maintenance of liver homeostasis to prevent steatosis, which is a potentially important mechanism to prevent HCC development.

Locomotor improvement of spinal cord-injured rats through treadmill training by forced plantar placement of hind paws.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental training model of rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Osaka, JapanObjective:To investigate the effect of forced treadmill training by plantar placement (PP), as compared with dorsal placement (DP), of the dorsal paws on the locomotor behaviors of spinal cord-injured rats. METHODS: The spinal cord was contusion-injured at the thoracic level. Rats were divided into three groups: forced training involving stepping by PP and DP and non-forced training/assistance (nT). Training began 1 week after injury and was conducted for 4 weeks. Locomotor behaviors were estimated using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, dorsiflexion of the hind paws and footprints of the hind paws. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the spinal cord lesions were conducted after 4 weeks of training. RESULTS: The values, respectively, of PP, DP and nT groups at 4 weeks of training were as follows: BBB scores were 15.6±0.8, 7.7±1.3 and 10.3±0.4. The paw dorsiflexion angles were 34.1±5.2, 16.4±2.4 and 23.6±3.0 degrees, respectively. The stride angles were 5.1±0.9, 13.7±4.9 and 17.8±4.0 degrees for the left paws. Cavity volumes were 10.3±2.1, 31.0±2.0 and 28.2±4.9%. In addition to cavities, there were astrocyte-devoid areas containing some loose tissues, through which many axons extended longitudinally. CONCLUSIONS: The BBB score, dorsiflexion angle and stride angle were consistently improved in the PP group. Cavity formation was more reduced, and many axons extended through coarse tissues formed in astrocyte-devoid areas at the lesion in the PP group. Forced training by PP of the hind paws promoted the behavioral and histological improvement of rats with SCI.

Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonist mosapride on human gastric accommodation.

BACKGROUND: Impaired gastric accommodation is one of the major features of functional dyspepsia. Mosapride citrate is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) agonist, which is shown to improve upper abdominal symptoms. However, effect of mosapride on gastric accommodation was not clear. We tested the hypothesis that mosapride enhances the gastric accommodation in normal individuals. METHODS: Fourteen male healthy volunteers completed this study. Single administration of mosapride or placebo was performed randomly with more than 1-week interval. Subjects swallowed a triple-lumen polyvinyl tube with a polyethylene bag. The bag was positioned in the proximal stomach and the minimal distending pressure (MDP) was determined. The ramp distension starting from the MDP was then performed and subjects were instructed to score their perception using ordinate scales. Next the intra-bag pressure was set at MDP + 2 mmHg and a liquid meal was administered 30 min later, and the intra-bag volume was recorded for 60 min. We compared the MDP, perception scores, and the intra-bag volume changes by administering placebo and mosapride. KEY RESULTS: Minimal distending pressure was not significantly different in subjects receiving mosapride or placebo. Treatment with mosapride had no effect on intra-bag pressures or volumes inducing first sensation or discomfort. Gastric accommodation, expressed as the difference between pre- and postmeal intra-bag volumes, and the percent change of the intra-bag volumes by the meal was significantly enhanced by mosapride compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: This is the first study clearly demonstrating that single administration of 5-HT4 agonist can enhance gastric accommodation in humans. (Umin.ac.jp, number UMIN000014063).

TAK1 control of cell death.

Programmed cell death, a physiologic process for removing cells, is critically important in normal development and for elimination of damaged cells. Conversely, unattended cell death contributes to a variety of human disease pathogenesis. Thus, precise understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying control of cell death is important and relevant to public health. Recent studies emphasize that transforming growth factor-ß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a central regulator of cell death and is activated through a diverse set of intra- and extracellular stimuli. The physiologic importance of TAK1 and TAK1-binding proteins in cell survival and death has been demonstrated using a number of genetically engineered mice. These studies uncover an indispensable role of TAK1 and its binding proteins for maintenance of cell viability and tissue homeostasis in a variety of organs. TAK1 is known to control cell viability and inflammation through activating downstream effectors such as NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). It is also emerging that TAK1 regulates cell survival not solely through NF-κB but also through NF-κB-independent pathways such as oxidative stress and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) kinase activity-dependent pathway. Moreover, recent studies have identified TAK1's seemingly paradoxical role to induce programmed necrosis, also referred to as necroptosis. This review summarizes the consequences of TAK1 deficiency in different cell and tissue types from the perspective of cell death and also focuses on the mechanism by which TAK1 complex inhibits or promotes programmed cell death. This review serves to synthesize our current understanding of TAK1 in cell survival and death to identify promising directions for future research and TAK1's potential relevance to human disease pathogenesis.

Altered cerebellum development and dopamine distribution in a rat genetic model with congenital hypothyroidism.

Thyroid hormones play crucial roles in the development and functional maintenance of the central nervous system. Despite extensive studies of the neural function of thyroid hormones, little is known about the effects of hypothyroidism on behavioural traits and the mechanisms underlying such effects. In the present study, we report an investigation of congenitally hypothyroid mutant rdw rats, revealing a novel function of thyroid hormones in the central nervous system. The rdw rats were subjected to behavioural analyses such as the rotarod test, open field test and circadian activity measurement. To determine the cause of behavioural disorders, cerebellar morphogenesis was examined by immunohistochemical analysis, and the axonal transport of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and western blotting. The effects of thyroxine administration to the rdw rats were examined by behavioural analysis. The rdw rats showed severe impairment of motor coordination and balance. This could be explained by the fact that the rats showed severe retardation of cerebellar morphogenesis, which correlates with the small somata and poor dendritic arborisation of Purkinje cells and retarded migration of granule cells particularly during the first two postnatal weeks. Moreover, the rdw rats showed hypoactivity, characterised by decreased circadian locomotor activity. After weaning, thyroxine administration improved the dwarfism in rdw rats but had no effect on cerebellar function. In addition, the rdw rats showed anxiety and depression intrinsically to novel surroundings. Interestingly, the rdw rats showed high levels of dopamine in the substantia nigra and low levels in the striatum, an important centre for the coordination of behaviour. Furthermore, low levels of tubulin in the striatum were detected, indicating the aberrant axonal transport of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway as a result of the reduced delivery of microtubules. These findings indicate an important function of thyroid hormones in cerebellar formation and in the regulation of axonal transport of dopamine. Moreover, rdw rats will be useful for studies of brain function and behavioural disorders in congenital hypothyroidism.

A case of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

We report on an 11-year-old girl who developed steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (NS) at the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and clinical and renal histological findings suggested that her NS would be associated with SLE-related podocytopathy. Although initial treatment with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone was ineffective, following treatment with cyclosporine and an angiotensin receptor blocker was effective for her nephrotic proteinuria. She had developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was started instead of cyclosporine. At present, 45 months after the onset, she is in remission of both NS and SLE. This case indicates that NS associated with SLE-related podocytopathy should be included in the spectrum of glomerulopathy accompanying SLE, also in the pediatric population.

Snapping pes syndrome after total knee arthroplasty.

Snapping syndrome rarely occurs at the knee joint. This is the first report of snapping pes syndrome after total knee arthroplasty. Surgeons should be aware of the presence of such a case and pay attention to the fact that snapping symptoms could be caused by a residual bony prominence and a change in alignment after total knee arthroplasty.

Altered somatosensory barrel cortex refinement in the developing brain of Mecp2-null mice.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene. In previous studies, monoaminergic dysfunctions have been detected in patients with RTT and in a murine model of RTT, the Mecp2-null mouse. Therefore, the pathogenesis of RTT is thought to involve impairments in the monoaminergic systems. However, there have been limited data showing that the impairment of monoamines leads to early symptoms during development. We used histochemistry to study the somatosensory barrel cortex in the B6.129P2(C)-Mecp2(tm1.1Bird) mouse model of RTT. The barrel cortex is widely used to investigate neuronal development and its regulation by various neurotransmitters including 5-HT. 5-HT levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC/EC), and serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT1B receptor mRNAs were measured in the somatosensory cortex, thalamus and striatum on postnatal days (P) 10, P20 and P40. Mecp2-null mice (Mecp2-/y) had significantly smaller barrel fields than age-matched wild-type controls (Mecp2+/y) on P10 and P40, but the topographic map was accurately formed. Levels of 5-HT, and SERT and 5-HT1B receptor mRNA expression in the somatosensory cortex did not differ significantly between the Mecp2-null and wild-type mice on P10. However, thalamic 5-HT was reduced in Mecp2-null mice. Our data indicate that a lack of MeCP2 may disturb the refinement of the barrel cortex in the early postnatal period. Our findings suggest that a decrease in thalamic 5-HT might be involved in this phenomenon.